LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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HANDY 



MECHANICAL POCKET COMPANION 



FOR THE 

Enginhhk, Businhss Man & Mechanic. 

CONTAINING 

Table of Metals, Strength of Materials, Wages, Board 

Measure, Scantling Measure, Cutting Screws by 

Lathe, Horse-Power of Shafting, Beltinc^, 

Circumferences, Areas, Squares, Quells 

Square Root, Cube Root 




COI\^PILED 5i\^ '^>4SH I NGTO^'^^^^, / 

A . 1^ . H A B B I IST . 



PUBLISHED BY 

The Home Pubushino Co., Detroit, Mich. 
1891. 



Entered according to Act of Congresa, in the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eighty-Jive, by 

Arthur W. Habbin, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wash- 
ington. 



PREFACE. 



This little collation of authorities and culling of ""con- 
densed and useful tables, rules, etc., is designed to meet a 
growing demand for something more practical and condse 
for the use of Mechanics, in all the different departments 
of Mechanical industries. 

It has been arranged with great care, selected from the 
best authorities, just the right thing and an endeavor 
made to put them in the right place. 

This volume gives more practical and less theoretical • 
knowledge than can be found in any other book yet offered 
to the practical Mechanic, and at a price within the reach 
of all. 

The idea has been to have this book published in such a 
shape that it can be carried in a pocket so that it may be 
referred to at any time. 

A. W. H. 



THE CHEMICAL KINGDOM. 

NAME, WHEN DISCOVERED, BY WHOM, SYMBOLS, 
COLOR AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 



Name. 


Dis- 
cov. 


By whom. 


sy- 
m. 


Color. 


Sp'c. 
G'ty. 


Aluminum. 


isas 


Davy. 


ir 


White 


2.60 


Antimony. 


1460 


Basil-Valentine 


Sb 


Bluish White 


6.70 


Arsenic. 


1733 


Brandt. 


As 


Gray 


5.88 


Barium. 


1808 


Davy. 


Ba 


Dark Gray 


1.50 


Bismuth. 


1529 


Agricola. 


Bi 


Yellow'h W'te 


9.80 


Boran. 


1808 


Davy. 


B 


White 


2.00 


Bromine. 


1826 


Balard. 


Br 


Brownish R'd 


2.97 


Cadmium. 


1817 


Stromeyer. 


Cd 


White 


8.60 


Caesium. 


1860 


Bunsen. 


Cs 


Blue 


1.50 


Calcium. 


1808 


Davy. 


Ca 


White 


3.52 


Carbon. 




Ancients. 


C 


Black 




Cerium. 


1803 


Berzelius. 


Ce 


Gi-ay White 




Chlorine. 


1774 


Scheele. 


CI 


Greenish 


2.49 


Chromium. 


1797 


Vanquelin. 


Cr 


Grayish W'te 


6.00 


Cobalt. 


1733 


Brandt. 


Co 


Gray White 


8.90 


Columbium. 


1801 


Hatchett. 


Cb 


Iron Gray 


5.50 


Copper. 




Ancients. 


Cu 


Red 


8.90 


Didymium. 


1841 


Mosander. 


D 






Erbium. 


1841 


Mosander. 


E 


White 




Fluorine. 






V 


Colorless 


1.29 


Gallium. 


1875 


Lecoq. 


? 






Gold. 




Ancients. 


An 


Yellow 


19.26 


Glucinum. 


1828 


Wohler. 


G 


White 




Hydrogen. 


1766 


Cavendish. 


H 


Colorless 


.07 


Indium. 


1863 


Reichter. 


In 


Bluish 


7.42 


Iodine. 


1812 


Courtois. 


I 


Grayish Bla'k 


4.95 


Iridium. 


1803 


Tennant. 


Ir 


White 


18.68 


Iron. 




Ancients. 


Fe 


Bluish Gray 


7.90 


Lanthanum. 


1841 


Mosander. 


La 


Red 




Lead. 




Ancients. 


Pb 


Blue 


11.44 


Lithium. 


1817 


Bunsen. 


L 


White 


.59 


Magnesium. 


1808 


Davy. 


Mg 


Silver White 


3.70 


Manganese. 


1774 


Gahn. 


Mn 


Gray White 


8.00 


Mercury. 




Ancients. 


Hg 


White 


13.60 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 
Chemical Kingdom. (Continued.) 



Name. 


Dis- 
cov. 


By Whom. 


Sy- 
m. 


Color. 


S. 
G. 


Molybdenum. 


1782 


Hi elm. 


]\I 


Gray 


8.60 


Nickel. 


1751 


Cronstedt. 


Ni 


White 


8.80 


Nitrogen. 


1772 


Rutheford. 


N 


Colorless 


.97 


Osmium. 


1803 


Tennant. 


OS 


Bluish Black 


10.00 


Oxygen. 


1774 


Priestley. 





Colorless 


1.11 


Palladium. 


1803 


Wallaston. 


Pd 


Bluish Wh'te 


11.80 


Phosphorus. 


1669 


Brandt. 


P 


Yellow 


2.00 


Platinum. 


1741 


Wood. 


Pt 


Bluish Wh'te 


21.50 


Potassium 


1807 


Davy. 


K 


Gray White 


.87 


Rhodium. 


1803 


Wallaston. 


Ro 


(Grayish W'te 


10.60 


Rubidium. 


1860 


Bunsen. 


Rb 


Red 




Ruthenium. 


1847 


Claus. 


Ru 


White 




Selenium. 


1818 


Berzelius. 


Se 


Dark Brown 


4.82 


Silicon. 


1824 


Berzelius. 


Si 


Brown 




Silver. 




Ancients. 


Ag 


White 


10.50 


Sodium. 


1808 


Davy. 


nI 


Gray White 


.97 


Strontium. 


1808 


Davy. 


Sr 


Gray 


2.50 


Sulphur. 




Ancients. 


S 


Yellow 


1.99 


Tantalum. 


1802 


Ekeberg. 


Ta 






Tellurium. 


1798 


Klaproth. 


Te 


Bluish Wh'te 


6.20 


Thallium. 


1861 


Crookes. 


Tl 


Green 




Thorium. 


1828 


Berzelius. 


Th 


White 




Tin. 




Ancients. 


Su 


White 


7.30 


Titanium. 


1789 


Gregor. 


Ti 


Red 


5.30 


Tungsten. 


1781 


De Layurt. 


W 


Brown' h B'k 


7.40 


Uranium. 


1789 


Klaproth 


U 


Gray 


8.00 


Vanadium. 


1830 


Sefstrom. 


V 


White 




Yttrium. 


1828 


Wohler. 


Y 


White 




Zinc. 


1540 


Paracelsus. 


Zn 


Bluish Wh'te 


7.00 


Zirconium. 


1824 


Berzelius. 


Zr 


White 





Metal boring and turning. 

Boring Cast-iron— Divide 25 by the diameter of the cylin- 
der in Inches for the revolutions per minute. • 
" Wrought-Iron-The speed is one fifth greater than 

for cast-iron. 
*• Brass— The speed is one half that, for cast-iron. 
Turning Cast-Iron— The speed is twice that of boring. 

Wrought-Iron— The speed is one fifth greater than 
that for cast-iron. 
" Brass— The speed is twice that of boring. 
Verticle Boring— The speed may be twice that of horizon- 
tal boring. 
The feed depends upon the stability of the machine and 
depth of cut. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



Iron turning m\^ Boring by means of the Slide rest. 





Hi 


^1 


.293 


p 




II 


1^1 




I^S 


|.3 


|S^ 


is 


I'g^ 




115 


S.a 


«^^ 


5.S 


«o| 


5.S 




'SB 


SSI 

o 


1 


50. 


25 


2. 


1 


25. 


25 


1. 


2 


25. 


30 


1.667 


2 


12.500 


30 


.833 


3 


16.67 


35 


1.430 


3 


8.330 


35 


.714 


4 


12.50 


40 


1.250 


4 


6.250 


40 


.425 


5 


10. 


45 


1.120 


5 


5. 


45 


.566 


6 


8.32 


50 


1. 


6 


4.160 


50 


.500 


7 


-7.15 


60 


.834 


7 


3.570 


60 


.417 


8 


6.25 


70 


.716 


8 


3.125 


70 


.358 


9 


5.55 


80 


.626 


9 


2.770 


80 


.313 


10 


5. 


90 


.554 


10 


2.500 


90 


.278 


15 


. 3.33 


100 


.500 


15 


1.660 


100 


.250 


20 


2.50 






20 


1.250 







Velocities of Wood-ivorking Machinery in Feet or 

Kevolutions p^r Minute. 

Circular Saws, at periphery, 6000 to 7000 feet. 

Band Saws, 2500 feet. 

Gang Saws, 20 inch stroke, 120 strokes, per minute. 

Scroll Saws, 300 strokes, per minute. 

Planing machine cutters at periphery, 4000 to 6000 feet. 

Work under planing machine, 1-20 of an inch for each 

cut. 
Molding-machine cutters, 3500 to 4000 feet. 
Squaring-up-machine cutters, 7000 to 8000 feet. 
Wood-Carving drills, 5000 revolutions. 
Machine augers, II/2 inch in diameter, 900 revolutions. 
Machine augers, 8/4 inch in diameter, 1200 revolutions. 
Gang Saws require for 45 superficial feet of pine per hour, 

one Horse Power. 
Circular Saws require for 75 superficial feet of pine per 

hour, one Horse Power. 
In oak or hard wood, B/4 ths of the above quantity require 

one Horse Power. 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table to calculate the Pitch of a Toothed Wheel when 
the radius and number of teeth are given; and the Rad- 
ius, when the Pitch and number of teeth are given, from 
10 to 159 teeth. 



No. 


Radi- 


No. 


Radi- 


No. 


Radi- 


No. 


Radi- 


No. 


Radi- 


T'h 


us. 


T'h 


us. 


T'h 


us. 


T'h 


us. 


T'h 


us. 


10 


1.618 


40 


6.373 


70 


11.144 


100 


15.918 


130 


20.692 


11 


1.774 


41 


6.532 


71 


11.303 


101 


16.077 


131 


20.851 


12 


1.932 


42 


6.691 


72 


11.463 


102 


16.236 


132 


21.010 


13 


2.089 


43 


6.850 


73 


11.622 


103 


16.395 


133 


21.169 


14 


2.247 


44 


7.009 


74 


11.781 


104 


16.554 


134 


21.328 


15 


2.405 


45 


7.168 


75 


11.940 


105 


16.713 


135 


21.488 


16 


2.563 


46 


7.327 


76 


12.099 


106 


16.873 


136 


21.647 


17 


2.721 


47 


7.486 


77 


12.258 


107 


17.032 


137 


21.806 


18 


2.869 


48 


7.645 


78 


12.417 


108 


17.191 


138 


21.965 


19 


3.038 


49 


7.804 


79 


12.576 


109 


17.350 


139 


22.124 


20 


3.196 


50 


7.963 


80 


12.735 


110 


17.509 


140 


22.283 


21 


3.355 


51 


8.122 


81 


12.895 


111 


17.668 


141 


22.442 


22 


3.513 


52 


8.281 


82 


13.054 


112 


17.827 


142 


22.602 


23 


3.672 


53 


8.440 


83 


13.213 


113 


17.987 


143 


22.761 


24 


3.830 


54 


8.599 


84 


13.370 


114 


18.146 


144 


22.920 


25 


3.989 


55 


8.758 


85 


13.531 


115 


18.305 


145 


23.079 


26 


4.148 


56 


8.917 


86 


13.690 


116 


18.464 


146 


23.238 


27 


4.307 


57 


9.076 


87 


13.849 


117 


18.623 


147 


23.397 


28 


4.465 


58 


9.235 


88 


14.008 


118 


18.782 


148 


23.556 


29 


4.624 


59 


9.394 


89 


14.168 


119 


18.941 


149 


23.716 


30 


4.788 


60 


9.553 


90 


14.327 


120 


19.101 


150 


23.874 


31 


4.942 


61 


9.712 


91 


14.486 


121 


19.260 


151 


24.034 


32 


5.101 


62 


9.872 


92 


14.645 


122 


19.419 


152 


24.193 


33 


5.260 


63 


10.031 


93 


14.804 


123 


19.578 


153 


24.352 


34 


5.419 


64 


10.190 


94 


14.963 


124 


19.737 


154 


24.511 


35 


5.578 


65 


10.349 


95 


15.122 


125 


19.896 


155 


24.620 


36 


5.737 


66 


10.508 


96 


15.281 


126 


20.055 


156 


24.830 


37 


5.896 


67 


10.667 


97 


15.440 


127 


20.214 


157 


24.989 


38 


6.055 


68 


10.826 


98 


15.600 


128 


20.374 


158 


25.148 


39 


6.214 


69 


10.985 


99 


15.759 


129 


20.533 


159 25.307 



Hule i— Divide the required radius bv the radius opposite 
the given number of teeth in the table; the quo- 
tient will be the required pitch of the wheel. 

Example— "To find the Pitch of a wheel whose radius is 43 
inches, that shall contain 90 teeth. 
Required radius 43-^-14.327=3 inch pitch. 

Rule 2— Multiply the radius opposite the given number of 
teeth by the pitch required; the product will be the 
required radius of the wheel. 

Exmnple—To find the radius of a wheel that shall contain 
48 teeth of 21/2 inch pitch. 
In the table, radius 7. 645 x 2. 5= 19 ^ inches nearly. 



POCKET COMPANION. 
PROPORTION SCALES FOR GEARING. 



Fig. 2 




Figure 1 contains the proportions, in which the pitch is 
supposed to be divided into 15 equal parts. 

The construction of this scale is very simple. Thus let 
A. B. be divided into 15 equal parts, and draw B. C. per- 



10 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

pendicular to it; and again divide B. C. into a determinate 
number of parts from B. actual measures of the pitches 
for which the scale is intended to be used; that is. Ba=V2 
inch; B & = 1 inch: Be — 2 inches, and so on, and join a 
and A, b and A. c and A, and so on. To complete the 
scale, draw 15 parallels to B C from the points numbered 
in the line A B, numbering their intersections (if thought 
proper) with the line A C in the same order; and also the 
two parallels T and U, (which are full lines in diagram,) eq- 
uidistant from the parallels on each side of them. 

The scale is thus ready for use, and its principle is self- 
evident. To get from it the several proportions for a given 
pitch, say 3 inches =B(^, let the compasses be extended 
from the intersection of the parallel marked T, with the 
line A B, to the point where it intersects the line A d; this 
will be the part of the tooth from the pitch line to the 
point, and equivalent to 51/2 parts of the pitch, (viz. ofBd,) 
similarly the compasses being extended from the inter- 
section of the parallel U, with the line A B, to its point of 
intersection of the line A d, will give the part of the length 
of the tooth from the pitch line to the root, and equiva- 
lent to 64 parts of the pitch. For the whole length of the 
tooth (if wanted in one measurement) set the compasses 
to the point where the parallel marked 12 meets the line 
A B, and extend to its point of intersection of the line 
A d at s. the length is 12 parts of the pitch B d; the work- 
ing depth is in like manner found from the parallel mark- 
ed 11; the thickness from that marked 7; and the width 
of space from that marked 8. The proportions for any 
other given pitch comprised in the scale are found in pre- 
cisely the same way, and if the scale be well constructed 
they may be measured off with the utmost accuracy. To 
save confusion it is, however, better in practice to insert 
in the diagram only those parallels, namely, T. U. 12, 11 
8. 7, which are required; the others are not requisite, and 
by inattention may lead to error. 

The description of the scale as here given supposes that 
lateral clearance is constantly i^of the pitch; but as it is 
commonly desired that this should vary slightly with the 
pitch relatively increasing as pitch decreases, two other 
lines, ran andp q, have been introduced into the scale, to 
enable such modification to be adopted, should it be requir- 
ed. These lines are drawn at such angles as to give a clear- 
ance at 6 inches pitch of l-18th, which is increased at | inch 
pitch to ^. From these lines the thickness and space are 
to be taken, instead of using the lines marked 7 and 8, 
setting the compasses in the points of intersection with the 
pitch lines, and extending perpendicularly to tJie liJie A B; in 
other words, the shortest distance from the point of inter- 
section with the pitch line to the line A B,'is the required 
measure of the space when the line 2^ Q is taken, and of 
the thickness of tooth when the line m n is taken. 



POCKET COMPANION. 11 

Figure 2 is more complete than the one described, and 
when well constructed insures, with moderate care, a de- 
gree of accuracy and uniformity, in the construction of the 
various sizes of wheels for which it is employed, that can 
hardly be otherwise attained. The principle of its construc- 
tion is in effect the same as that described, but its use is 
more extended; the diameter of the wheel being found 
from it simultaneously with the length and thickness of 
tooth, width of space, and clearances. The scale is adapt- 
ed to wheels of all the pitches, from 1/2 inch up to 3 inches. 

The mode of construction is this : having drawn the line 
A D of any convenient length, raise the perpendicular C B 
to it, also of any convenient length. On the line A D lay 
off the greatest pitch off the scale from C to A; then from 
C towards D lay of seven times the pitch once or twice, ac- 
cording to the sizes of wheels of which the scale is intended 
to be applied. In the scale given, double of seven times 
the pitch is laid off, namely, 42 inches; then each of these 
great divisions being subdivided into 11 equal parts, one of 
these parts will be equal to four teeth upon the radius of 
the wheel, so that the whole line C D will be divided into 
88 radial pitches. Next on the line C B set off the pitches 
which may be required in the scale, and through these 
points draw the 24 parallels to A D, terminating in the lines 
A B and D B. Then each parallel measured from the line 
B C to its point of termination in B D, is the radius of a 
wheel of 88 teeth of the particular pitch marked against it 
on the line A B. They also express the radii of wheels hav- 
ing less than 88 teeth when measured only to the corres- 
ponding point in the line joining B, and the divisional on C 
D, against which the number of teeth is marked. Thus 
the radius of a wheel of 52 teeth and 1% pitch, is r s=15t5 
inches very nearly. 

The scale may also be used when the number of teeth 
exceeds 88; for example, to find the radius of a wheel hav- 
ing 100 teeth. Thus having found the radius answering to 
88 teeth, upon the same parallel take off the measure an- 
swering to the difference 100—88=12 teeth; and the two mea- 
sures together will be the radius required. 

To adapt the scale to odd numbers of teeth, the first div- 
ision on the right of C is divided into single radial pitches. 
io that the radius of any wheel may be measured off with- 
out having recourse to calculation of any kind Thus, for 
example, if the wheel is intended to contain 50 teeth, the 
compasses being extended from 52 to the intersection of 
the parallel answering to the particular pitch to where it 
meets the line joining Q and B, will give the radius requi- 
red, that is, a radius answering to 52—2=50 teeth; and any 
other number of teeth when not marked against the base 
may be found in the same way. 

For the proportions of the teeth, set off C a=/o of the 
pitch, then will A «=^ of the pitch, which corresponds to 



12 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



the depth from the point of the tooth to the pitch line. 
Again, set off C &=/;5th of the 3 inch pitch, and i\ on 
the parallel against the 1 inch pitch, this will be the thick- 
ness of the tooth, allowing from a jifteenth for clearance 
on the largest pitch, to a tentli on those from 7/h inch and 
under; and A h will be the width of space, including the 
clearance. Lines being drawn from those points to B com- 
plete the diagram. 

To use the scale, lay off the addendum of the tooth; that 
is, length beyond the pitch line, equal to A a- ^r^ pitch, 
and the same length marked off within the pitch line will 
give the whole working depth of the tooth, namely, i% pitch. 
Then with the measure C a— /^ pitch in the compasses, 
mark off the whole length of the tooth, and this will allow 
j^ at the bottom for clearance. Again, set off the thickness 
of tooth =C 6, and the space = A h which will contain the 
clearance for the particular pitch, varying from iV to ful- 
ly T^TT on the small pitches. 

The amount of bottom clearance is here presumed to be 
uniformly yV of the pitch; but if it be thought advisable to 
make this vary as in the case of the lateral clearance, it 
will then be necessary to insert a third line ^ B in the scale, 
and so related to a B that the space a c shall be through- 
out equal to the depth of tooth from the pitch circle to the 
root, and giving any bottom clearance that may be desired. 



Table of Diametral Pitch, with its Equivalent Circular 
Pitch Opposite on the Adjoining Column. 



















"S 


;-i 


IS 


^ 


u* 


g 


u 


Jw 






is 


1^ 

'6^ 


ii 


is 


5 ^ 

-tjS 


Is 




O 


S 


Q 


Q 


o 


s 


2 


1.57 


11 


.280 


15 in. 


1.79 


f in. 


4.19 


2i 


1.39 


12 


.262 


U " 


2.09 


il" 


4.57 


2i 


1.25 


14 


.224 


1/^^' 


2.18 


1 " 


5.03 


2? 


1.14 


16 


.196 


n " 


2.28 


T%" 


5.58 


3 


1.05 


18 


.174 


h% '' 


2.39 


h " 


6.28 


3i 


.898 


20 


.157 


U " 


2.51 


h'' 


7.18 


4 


.785 


22 


.143 


1^^" 


2.65 


i " 


8.38 


5 


.628 


24 


.130 


11 " 


2.79 


1^*' 


10.06 


6 


.524 


26 


.120 


i^s'' 


2.96 


i " 


12.56 


7 


.448 


28 


.112 


1 - 


3.14 


fs" 


16.75 


8 


.392 


30 


.104 


u •' 


3.35 


h " 


25.12 


•9 


.35 


32 


.098 


S " 


3.59 


i\i " 


50.24 


10 


.314 






w 


3.86 







POCKET COMPANION. 



13 



Simple Rules on Gearing. 

The following rules will apply to both Bevel and Spur 
Gears. When the term *' pitch " is used it always signifies 
diai|ietral (not circular) pitch. 

For illustrations we will use gears having 64 teeth and 8 
pitch. 

To Find Pitch Diameter:— Divide the number of teeth 
by the pitch: 64-^8=8 in. p. diam. 

To Find No. Of Teeth :— Multiply the pitch diam. by the 
pitch: 8 in. X8=64, No. of teeth. 

To Find The Pitch :— Divide the number of teeth by the 
pitch diam. 64^8 in. =8, pitch, 

To Find Outside Diam. Of Spur Wheels:— Add 2 to the 
number of teeth and divide by the pitch: 64+2=66-5-8=814 
in. o. d. 

To Find Circular Pitch:— Divide the decimal 3.1416 the 
diametrical pitch: 3.1416-s-8=.3927 in. 

To Find The Distance Between The Centers Of Two 
Spur Gears :— Divide half the sum of the teeth of both 
gears by the pitch: 64+64=128-^2=64^8=8 in. centers. 

A simple rule to determine the face of bevel gears Is ta 
make them seven times the pitch: 8 pitch bevel will thus 
be % in. face. 

The following table gives the breadth of teeth for trans- 
mitting with safety, different powers at various speeds, 
under ordinary circumstances; the width being 2tV times 
the pitch; for increasing the wear, however, in practice^ 
with coarse pitch, the breadth is usually three or four times 
the pitch. 







^ ^ 


Velocity of the wheel at the pitch 


fl* 




i„5^ S 






Circle. 






PI 


I^H 


CO a^ 


■^ G^ 




iU 


m 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


H.P. 


H.P. 


H.P. 


H.P. 


H.P. 


4 


1.9 


2.8 


8.5 


19 


25i 


32 


45 


70i 


3^ 


1.6 


2.45 


7.3 


141 


ill 


m 


341 


54 


3 


1.4 


2.1 


6.3 


11 


18 


25 


39i 


2h 


1.2 


1.75 


5.2 


n 


10 


12* 


m 


27i 


2 


0.95 


1.4 


4.2 


41 


61- 


8 


11 


171 


11 


0.83 


1.22 


3.6 


3^ 


5 


61 


Sh 


13i 


U 


0.71 


1.05 


3.1 


21 


3i 


4^ 


61 


10 


ji 


0.59 


0.87 


2.6 


2 


2^ 


Sh 


41 


6f 


11 

■•■8 


0.53 


0.79 


2.3 


U 


2k 


2i 


3:^ 


54 




0.48 


0.7 


2.1 


n 


If 


2 


21 


41 


1 


0.41 


0.61 


1.82 


1 


11 


n 


2h 


3t 




0.36 


0.52 


1.57 


fu 


-% 


n 


n 


2i- 


1 


0.33 


0.43 


1.31 


h 




a 


1 


l-^ 


h 


0.24 


0.35 


1.05 


fo 


i 


i 


/u 


liV 



14 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

TABLE FOR CUTTING SCREWS BY LATHE. 



1 


No. 

of 

Te'th 


1 


Number 


1 


Number 


i 


Number 


1 


1 


of Teeth. 


1 


of Teeth. 




of Teeth. 


•s 






'S 










o 










'S 










d 




% 


d 








% 


d 








<£> 


d 








'^ 


p^ 


d 




;h 


d 






^ 


^ 


d 








U 


d 






a; 




o 

'S 

3 


^ 

1 




o 
'S 

"a! 


1 


d 
o 




1 

0/ 


o 
a; 


1 


i 






o 


1 


5 
c 


^ 
^ 

2 




^H 






^ 


'6 


'O 




;-l 


!-l 


'h 








ft; 


■rJ 


'O 


m 


xi 




W) 


A 


-a 





^ 


be 


-s 


-a 


S 




be 


^ 


-o 


S 


S 


bfl 




fi 


G 




G 


-IS 




e) 


+J 


C 






c 






-E3 


-C3 


fl 


'S 


1 




O 


1^ 


Ul 


m 


1 


'S 




CO 


m 




i 


1 


CO 


m 




i 




J 


g 








5 


1 








1 


d 








H^ 


T 


80 


40 


8i 


40 


55 


20 


60 


18 


40 


60 


20 


120 


32 


30 


"80 


20 


120 


U 


80 


50 


8| 


90 


85 


20 


90 


181 


80 


IGO 


20 


150 


33 


40 


110 


20 


120 


U 


80 


60 


8i 


60 


70 


20 


75 


19 


50 


95 


20 


100 


34 


SO 


85 


20 


120 


ll 


80 


70 


9| 


90 


90 


20 


95 


19^ 


80 


120 


20 


130 


35 


60 


140 


20 


150 


2 


90 


90 


9! 


40 


60 


20 


65 


20 


60 


100 


20 


120 


36 


30 


90 


20 


120 


21 


80 


90 


10 


60 


75 


20 


80 


20i 


40 


90 


20 


90 


38 


30 


95 


20 


120 


2| 


80 


100 


m 


50 


70 


20 


75 


21 


80 


120 


20 


140 


39 


40 


120 


20 


130 


21 


80 


110 


11 


60 


55 


20 


120 


22 


60 


110 


20 


120 


40 


30 


100 


20 


120 


3 


80 


120 


12 


90 


90 


20 


120 


221 


80 


120 


20 


150 


42 


50 


140 


20 


150 


3i 


80 


180 


121 


60 


85 


20 


90 


22| 


80 


130 


20 


140 


44 


30 


110 


20 


120 


3i 


80 


140 


13 


90 


90 


20 


130 


281 


40 


95 


20 


100 


45 


30 


90 


20 


150 


31 


80 


150 


18i 


60 


90 


20 


90 


24 


65 


120 


20 


130 


45^ 


40 


130 


20 


140 


4 


40 


80 


13l 


80 


100 


20 


110 


25 


60 


100 


20 


150 


50 


30 


100 


20 


150 


4i 


40 


85 


14 


90 


90 


20 


140 


25i 


30 


85 


20 


90 


52 


35 


130 


20 


140 


4i 


40 


90 


14i 


60 


90 


20 


95 


26 


70 


130 


20 


140 


52^ 


40 


140 


20 


150 


41 


40 


95 


15 


90 


90 


20 


150 


27 


40 


90 


20 


120 


55 


30 


110 


20 


150 


5 


40 


100 


16 


60 


80 


20 


120 


27^ 


40 


100 


20 


110 


56 


30 


120 


20 


140 


5^ 


40 


110 


16i 


80 


100 


20 


130 


28* 


75 


140 


20 


150 


60 


30 


120 


20 


150 


6 


40 


120 


16i 


80 


110 


20 


120 


28^ 


30 


90 


20 


95 


65 


30 


130 


20 


150 


6i 


40 


130 


17 


45 


85 


20 


90 


30 


70 


140 


20 


150 


70 


30 


140 


20 


150 


7 


40 


140 


m 


80 


100 


20 


140 






















71 


40 


150 
































8 


80 


120 












1 



















The foregoing table shows the train of wheels to be used 
In cutting screws varying in pitch from 1 to 70 threads to the 
inch; the leading or guide screw is supposed to have two 
threads per inch, yet may the table be still employed when 
the leading screw has four threads to the inch, for the 
same train of wheels would suit for cutting screws of 
double fineness; and similarly when the leading screw has 
only 1 thread to the inch, a screw of only one-half the 
fineness will be uroduced with any train given in the table. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



15 



Rule for Gearing Up Engine Lathes for Screw Cutting. 

Read from the lathe index the number of threads per 
inch cut by equal gears and multiply it by any number that 
will give for a product a gear on the index; put this gear 
upon the stud, then multiply the number of threads per 
inch to be cut by the same number and put the resulting 
gear upon the screw. 

Example.— To cut III/2 threads per inch, We find on the 
index that 48 into 48 cuts 6 threads per inch, then 
6x4—24, gear on stud, 
and 11V2X4=46, " " screw. 
Any multiplier may be used so long as the products in- 
clude gears that belong with the lathe. For instance, in- 
stead of 4 as a multiplier we may use 6. 

Thus 6x6=36, gear upon stud, 
and 111/2X6=69, '' " screw. 

Table giving tlie proportions of the U. S. or Sellers, 
Standard threads for screws, nuts and bolts. 







(D fi ■ 


d 






(D C 


d 




!/2 


^•S 












Ok 


'a 










^'3'^* 
■^^g 

§S^ 
S^!^ 


'dp 




0^ 

g 






-If 




2|o 




qCO 


s 

^ 


■J^ 


'$§ 


5^ 


s 


.2§ 


^§ 




fi« 


& 




fl« 


s- 


k 


20 


.185 


.0062 


2 


4i 


1.712 


.0277 


J% 


18 


.24 


.0074 


21- 


4i 


1.962 


.0277 


-1 


16 


.294 


.0078 


2i 


4 


2.176 


.0312 


/s 


14 


.344 


.0089 


21 


4 


2.426 


.0312 


i 


13 


.4 


.0096 


3 


3i 


2.629 


.0357 


T% 


12 


.454 


.0104 


3i 


3| 


2.879 


.0357 


1 


11 


.507 


.0113 


3* 


3i 


3.1 


.0384 


i 


10 


.62 


.0126 


3| 


3 


3.317 


.0413 


1 


9 


.731 


.0138 


4 


3 


3.567 


.0413 


1 


8 


.837 


.0156 


4i 


21 


3.798 


.0435 


11 


7 


.94 


.0178 


U 


21 


4.028 


.0454 


u 


7 


1.065 


.0178 


4| 


2I 


4.256 


.0476 


11 


6 


1.16 


.0208 


5 


2J 


4.48 


.05 


u- 


6 


1.284 


.0208 


5j 


2I 


4.73 


.05 


J^ 


5^ 


1.389 


.0227 


5. 


2| 


4.953 


.0526 


1? 


5" 


1.491 


.025 


52 


2| 


5.203 


.0526 


1^ 


5 


1.616 


.025 6 1 


2i- 


5.423 


.0555 



16 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table showing the number of Threads to the inch for 

each diameter of Screw bolts and Screw taps. 

(English Standard.) 

Screw bolts. Screw taps. 







1^ 




V-Threads. 


Sq. Taper T's. 


S.S 


Diam. 


T'ds 


Diam. T'ds 


H"^ 


h"^ 


in Ins. 


to In. 


in Ins. to In. 


1^- 


24 


2^ 


4 


j% 


18 


A 


9 




20 


24 


4 




16 


i 


9 


^% 


18 


2? 


Sh 


/6 


14 


/. 


8 


% 


16 


3 


Sh 


h 


12 


-■ ■ 


7 


/g 


14 


3i 


3i 


^. 


11 


^ 


7 




12 


84 


3i 


-i 


11 




7 


1 


11 


3? 


3 


1^ 


10 


H 


7 


-3- 


10 


4 


3 


£ 


10 




6 


1 


9 


4^ 


2| 


fi 


9 


li 


6 




8 


44 


2| 


-2 


9 




6 




7 


4^ 


2| 


it 


8 


ii 


6 


li 


7 


5 


2j 




8 




5 




6 


5. 


2| 


li 


7 


Is 


4 




6 


5^ 


21 


U 


7 




4 




5 


54 


2i 




6 


1 


3 




5 


6 


2^ 


ji 


6 




3 




4^ 






If 


5 




2? 


2 


4i 






I4: 


5 




2i 





Proportions of Flange and Soljd half-lap Couplings 




Flange. Half-Lap. 


1 


ft 


CO „ 








1 


h 






c 
ft 

1 


1 


ft 


5 




s 


1 


1 


s 




s 




ft 




1 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


1 


5 


-? 


n- 


2 


3 




34 


1 


1 


3 


54 


1 


1^ 


6^ 


^ 


3i 


24 


3 


1 


4.? 


14 


14 


44 


6^ 


Ig 


2 


8 


It^. 


4^ 


3 


4 


I 


6 


2 


1? 


54 


«i 


1^ 


24 


94 


l^ 


5^ 


3^ 


4 


1 


7} 


24 


2 


64 


94^ 


2. 


3 


11 


n 


6} 


4 


4 




84 


3 


2h 


7} 


10^ 


24 


^ 


121 


14 


7* 


44 


4 




9? 


34 


2g 


8i 


12^ 


2k 


4 


14 


If 


8 


5 


6 




11 


4 


2- 


9 


134 


34 


4^ 


154 


11 


8^ 


54 


6 




124 


44 


2 


93 


m 


3^ 


5 


17 


2 


9? 


6 


6 


Is 


13i 


5 


2. 


104 


\hi 


4 


6 


20 


21 


lU 


7 


6 


Ig 


16 






' 





Flange Couplings are a common and useful kind tor 



POCKET COMPANION. 



17 



small and medium shafts, up to about 6 in, diameter. 

Solid Couplings are perhaps the best of all for small shafts 
up to, say, 41/2 or 5 inches diameter, for large shafts they 
become clumsy and heavy. 

TABLE of the Diameters and Circumferences of 
angle iron hoops, with angles inside and outside. 
From 6 inch to 6 feet diameter. 





Angle 


Angle 






Angle 


Angle 


Diam- 


Outward 


Inward 


Diam- 


Outward 


Inward 


eter. 


Circum- 


Circum- 


eter. 


Circum- 


Circum- 




ference. 


ference. 






ference. 


ference. 


Ft. in. 


Ft. m. 


Ft. in. 


Ft. 


in. 


Ft. in. 


Ft. in. 


6 


1 5i 


1 8i 


2 


4 


6 10 


7 Hi 


7 


1 8* 


1 Hi 


2 


5 


7 1 


8 3i 


8 


1 111 


2 31 


2 


6 


7 31 


8 6f 


9 


2 21 


2 6f 


2 


7 


7 61 


8 10| 


10 


2 5i 


2 lOi 


2 


8 


7 91 


9 U 


11 


2 8| 


3 11 


2 


9 


8 01 


9 5 


1 


2 111 


3 5 


2 


10 


8 31 


9 8f 


1 1 


3 2 


3 8i 


2 


11 


8 6* 


9 111 


1 2 


3 5 


3 111 


3 





8 9i 


10 3i 


1 3 


3 71 


4 31 


3 


3 


9 61 


11 n 


1 4 


3 101 


4 61 


3 


6 


10 3 


11 111 


1 5 


4 if 


4 m 


3 


9 


10 111 


12 10 


1 6 


4 4f 


5 11 


4 





11 m 


13 8| 


1 7 


4 7| 


5 5 


4 


3 


12 5J 


14 61 


1 8 


4 111 


5 8i 


4 


6 


13 2i 


15 4| 


1 9 


5 n 


5 111 


4 


9 


13 11 


16 31 


1 10 


5 41 


6 35 


5 





14 71 


17 n 


1 11 


5 71 


6 65 


5 


3 


15 4i 


17 111 


2 


5 lOi 


6 10- 


5 


6 


16 li 


18 10 


2 1 


6 i 


7 If 


5 


9 


16 m 


19 8i 


2 2 


6 4| 


7 5 


6 





17 7 


20 61 


2 3 


6 7^ 


7 81 











In the Table of A7igle Outwards, the breadth or thick- 
ness of the Angle Iron must he added to the circumfer- 
ence; thus— suppose you require to form a ring of 2 inch 
Angle Iron, 1 ft. 6 in. inside diameter add 2 in. to the diam- 
eter =1 ft. 8 in. and you will find the circumference or 
length of Iron to be 4 ft. 115/8 in. 

In the Table of Angle Inwards, the above rule is revers- 
ed, and the breadth or thickness of Iron must be subtract- 
ed from the outside diameter; thus— required a ring of 3 
in. Angle Iron 2 ft. outside diameter, subtract 3 in. from 
the diameter=l ft. 9 in. and you will find the circumference 
or length of Iron to be 5 ft. 117/8 in. 
2 



18 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table showing the proper thickness for Steam-Cylinders, 
from 6 to 90 inches in diameter. 



V 




^1 

ii 


H^ 






11 

m 


Ii 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


6 


.44 


28 


1.595 


50 


2.75 


72 


3.905 


8 


.545 


30 


1.7 


52 


2.855 


74 


4.01 


10 


.65 


32 


1.805 


54 


2.96 


76 


4.115 


12 


.755 


34 


1.91 


56 


3.065 


78 


4.22 


14 


.86 


36 


2.015 


58 


3.17 


80 


4.325 


16 


.965 


38 


2.12 


60 


3.275 


82 


4.43 


18 


1.07 


40 


2.225 


62 


3.38 


84 


4.535 


20 


1.175 


42 


2.33 


64 


3.485 


86 


4.64 


22 


1.28 


44 


2.435 


66 


3.59 


88 


4.745 


24 


1.385 


46 


2.54 


68 


3.695 


90 


4.85 


26 


1.49 


48 


2.645 


70 


3.8 







Proportions of Plummer-Blocks. 



"Sbb 


'S.n 


5^ 


"S 


.^S 


'S 


«^ 


.a 


^ a 


^<D 


Xi a: 


.'^'^-O 


. M 


©"m 


'S& 


1^ 


II 


1^ 




1 s 

ft 




Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. In. 


Inches. 


In. In. 


U 


2^ 


24- 


9 


7 


^ 


1 xl 


2 


3 


21 


lOi 


8 


1 


: XI4 


2^ 


3^ 


3,^ 


1 


9i 


1 


fxU 


3 


4 


Sh 


1 u 


IO5 


a 


l-xi^ 


b^ 


?^ 


31 


1 3 


llj 


1 


^-Xlj 


4 


5 


44 


1 4 


1 Oi 


z 


1 xl- 


^ 


5* 


4| 


1 6 


1 u 


1 


1-1 X 11 


5 


6 


5^ 


1 7^ 


1 3 


n 


14 X2 


5i 


6i 


51 


1 9 


1 44 


14 


1^x24 


6 


7 


65 


1 lOi 


1 5 


14 


n X 24 


7 


8 


7? 


2 1 


1 7 


u 


11 X2^ 


8 


9 


85 


2 5 


1 11 


If 


2 X2| 


9 


10 


94 


2 61 


2 


n Two 


If X 2^- 


10 


11 


10 


2- 8 


2 1 


11 " 


l|x2i 


11 


12 


11 


2 10 


2 3 


1? '' 


2 X2f 


12 


13 


12 


3 


2 4 


2 '• 


21 X 3 



POCKET COMPANION. 19 

Proportions of Sunk Keys for Wheels and Pulleys. 
Diam. of shaft in Ins. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 



Breadth of key. 
Thicltness of kej. 
Depth sunlc in shaft. 
Depth sunk in wheel. 



3/g 


5/8 


7/g 


M' 


13/8 


25 


.84 


43 


.HI 


.10 


.125 


.15 


.175 


.20 


.15 


.215 


.28 


.345 


.41 



15/8 
.71 
.225 



Diam. of shaft in Ins. | 7 | 8 | 9 



10 



11 I 12 



Breadth of key. 
Thickness of key. 
Depth sunk in shaft. 
Depth sunk in wheel. 



17/8 


21/8 


23/8 


25/8 


27/8 


.80 


.89 


.98 


1.07 


1.16 


.25 


.275 


.30 


.825 


.85 


.55 


.615 


.68 


.745 


.81 



31/8 

1.25 

.875 

.875 



The depth sunk in the shaft and in the wheel is measur- 
ed at the side of the key, and not at its center. 

The thickness of Metal round the Ete of Pulleys. 





Diameter of Shaft in Inches. 


1(2 1 3 1 4 1 5 


1 6 


fi'gii 


Thickness round eye in inches. 


1 


8 


1 


n 








2 


1 


n 


n 


If 


u 


11 


3 




u 


li 


u 


If 


11 


4 




11 


u 


11 


li 


1| 


5 




u 


ii 


11 


l| 


2 


6 






If 


If 


2 


21 


7 






11 


2 


2* 


2i 


8 






2 


2i 


2i 


2i 


9 






2i 


2i- 


21 


24 



Table of the greatest admissible distances between the 

bearings of continuous shafts, subject to no transverse 

strain except from their own weights. 



Diam. 
of shaft 


Distance between 
bearings in feet. 


Diam. 
of shaft 
in Ins. 


Distance between 
bearings in feet. 


in Ins. 


Wrought 
iron. 


Steel. 


Wrought 
iron. 


Steel. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 


12.27 
15.46 
17.70 

19.48 
20.99 
22.30 


12.61 

15.89 
18.19 
20.02 
21.57 
22.92 


7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 


23.48 
24.55 
25.53 
26.44 
27.80 
28.10 


24.13 
25.23 
26.24 

27.18 
28.05 

28.88 



20 



HANDY MECHANICAL. 



Average Cutter Speed and Feed on Soft Cast Iron 
Surfaces. 

The figures are adapted to calculations in milling upon 
soft cast-iron surfaces, and are subject to change to accom- 
pany variations in condition and character of work. In 
order to figure accurately upon milling work, the speed of 
cutter and amount of feed per revolution nmst be observed 
—that known, the computation is simple, as follows : 
Multiply the immber of revolutions of cutter per minute by 
the length of feed at one revolution and the product is 
inches per minute that can be milled. Allowing about 40 
ft. per minute for surface speed of cutter, a 1/2 inch cutter 
should run at 300 revolutions per minute, with a feed of 
1-150 of an inch to a revolution, giving a result of 2 ins. of 
light milling per minute. An inch cutter would make 150 
revolutions per minute, with a feed of 1-100 of an inch on a 
moderately heavy cut, allowing 11/2 inches of milling per 
minute. A 3 inch cutter would run 50 revolutions per min- 
ute, with a feed of 1-50 of an inch on heavy work, giving 
a result of 1 inch of milling per minute. The above are 
examples selected from observed results in practical shop 
usage. 



The following table of metallic baths is given in 
Parkes Chemical Essays. 





Edge tools to be tempered 


Composition 
of the baths. 


Tern. 


I*Io. 


in the various baths. 






Far. 




Lead. 


Tin. 




1 


Lancets, in a bath composed of 


7 


4 


420° 


2 


Other Surgical Instruments. 


7i 


4 


430° 


3 


Razors. &c.. 


8" 


4 


442° 


4 


Pen knives and some imple- 










ments of Surgery. 


8i 


4 


450° 


5 


Larger pen knives, scalpels &c, 


10 


4 


470° 


6 


Scissors, shears, garden hoes, 










cold chisels, &c. 


14 


4 


490° 


7 


Axes, firmer chisels, plane 










irons, pocket knives, &c. 


19 


4 


509° 


8 


Table knives, large shears, &c. 


30 


4 


530° 


9 


Swords, watch springs, &c. 


48 


4 


550° 


10 


Large springs, daggers, augers, 










small fine saws. &c. 


50 


2 


558° 


11 


Pit saws, hand saws, and some 


Boilii 


ig 






particular springs. 


Linsee( 


ioil. 


600° 


12 


Articles which we require to be 


Melting 








still somwhat softer. 


Lead. 




612° 



430°? 

440° i: 


Tools for 
metals. 


470°) 

490° S: 


For wood & 
screw taps. 


500° ) 
520° f 
530°) 


Hatchets, 
chisels, 
saws, &c. 


550°) 

570° y 


Springs. 


590°) 
610° f 
.630° ) 


To3 soft for 
the above 
purposes. 



POCKET COMPANION. 21 

TEMPERING STEEL. 

1 Very pale straw yellow. 

2 A shade of darker " 

3 Darker straw '• 

4 Still darker straw " 

5 A brown '• 
A yellow, tinged slightly with purple. 

7 Light purple. 

8 Dark 

9 Dark blue. 

10 Paler '• 

11 Still paler blue. 

12 Still paler blue, with a tinge of green. 630' 

TEMPERING RECIPES. 

Case-Hardening with Prussiate of Potash.— Heat the 
articles after polishing to a bright red. rub the surface over 
with the prussiate of potash, allow it to cool to a dull red, 
and immerse it in water. 

Case-Hardening mixtures.— Three parts of prussiate of 
potash to one part of sal-ammoniac, mixed, or two parts 
of sal-ammoniac, two parts of bone dust, and one part of 
prussiate of potash. 

Case-Hardening. -Place horn, hoof, bone-dust, or shreds 
of leather, together with the article to be case-harden^-a, 
in an iron box subject to a blood-red heat, then immerse 
the article in cold water. 

Tempering Boring Instruments.— Heat the tool to a 
blood-red heat; hammer it until it is nearly cold; reheat it 
to a blood-red heat, and plunge it into a mixture of 2 ozs. 
each of vitriol, soda, sal-ammoniac and spirits of nitre. 1 
oz. of oil of vitriol, 1/2 oz. of saltpeter, and 3 gallons of 
water, retaining it there until it is cold. 

To Give Iron A Temper To Cut Porphyry.— Make your 
Iron red-hot, and plunge it into distilled water from 
nettles, and acanthus, or in the very juice pounded out 
from these plants. 

Tempering Baths For Steel.— Twenty gallons of 
spermaceti oil; 20 lbs. beef suet rendered; 1 gallon of neats- 
foot oil; 1 lb of pitch; 3 lbs. black resin. 

These two last articles must be previously melted to- 
gether, and then added to the other ingredients; when the 
whole must be heated in a proper iron vessel, with a close 
cover fitted to it, until the moisture is entirely evaporated, 
and the composition will take fire on a flaming body being 
presented to its surface, but which must be instantly ex- 
tinguished again by putting on the cover of the vessel. 



22 



HANDY MFXIIANICAL, 



This recipe will only last for a lew weeks constant use. 

For Saws &c.— The composition is 2 lbs. suet, and a i,^ 
lb. of beeswax to everv gallon of whale-oil. these are boiled 
together, and will serve for thin works and most kinds of 
steel. The addition of black resin, to the extent of 
about 1 lb; to the gallon, makes it serve for thicker pieces 
and for those that refused to harden before; but the resin 
should be added with judgment, or works will become too 
hard and brittle. The composition is useless when it has 
been constantly employed for about a month; the period 
depends, however, on the extent to which it is used, and 
the, trough should be thoroughly cleaned out before new 
mixture is placed in it. 

Practical Thickness In Decimals of an Inch of Good 
Plate Iron in Steam-Boilers, Single Riveted. 

P— Steam pressure in pounds per square inch above atmos- 
XjJiere. 





Diameter of Boiler in Inches. 


P. 


10 15 


20 


25|30 


35 


40 50 


60 70 


80 


90 


100 


120 


150 


10 


.10 


.10 


"IT 


.11 


.12 


l2 


.13 


.13 


.14 


.14 


l5 


.15 


.15 


.16 


.17 


15 


.10 


.10 


.11 


.12 


.13 


.13 


.13 


.14 


.15 


.15 


.16 


.18 


.19 


.19 


.22 


20 


.11 


.11 


.12 


.12 


.13 


.14 


.14 


.15 


.16 


.17 


.18 


.20 


.20 


.22 


.26 


25 


.11 


.12 


.12 


.13 


.14 


.15 


.15 


.16 


.18 


.19 


.20 


.22 


.23 


.25 


,30 


30 


.12 


.13 


.13 


.14 


.14 


.15 


.16 


.18 


.19 


.20 


.22 


.24 


.25 


.28 


.33 


40 


.12 


.13 


,14 


.15 


.16 


.16 


.18 


.20 


.22 


.24 


.26 


.28 


.30 


.34 


.40 


50 


.13 


.14 


.15 


.16 


.18 


.18 


.20 


.22 


.25 


.28 


.30 


.33 


.35 


.40 


.47 


60 


.14 


.14 


.16 


.17 


.19 


.20 


.22 


.25 


.28 


.32 


.34 


.37 


.40 


.46 


.55 


70 


.14 


.15 


.17 


.18 


.20 


.22 


.24 


.28 


.31 


.35 


.38 


.42 


.45 


.52 


.60 


80 


.15 


.16 


.18 


.20 


.22 


.23 


.26 


.30 


.34 


.38 


.42 


.46 


.50 


.58 


.70 


90 


.15 


.17 


.19 


.21 


.24 


.25 


.28 


.32 


.37 


.42 


.46 


.50 


.55 


.60 


.77 


100 


.15 


.18 


.20 


.22 


.25 


.27 


.30 


.35 


.40 


.45 


.50 


.55 


.60 


.70 


.85 


120 


.16 


.19 


.22 


.25 


.28 


.31 


.34 


.40 


.46 


.52 


.58 


.60 


.70 


.80 


1.00 


150 


.17 


.22 


.26 


,30 


.33 


.36 


.40 


.47 


.55 


.60 


.70 


.77 


.85 


1.00 


1.20 


200 


.20 


.25 


.30 


.35 


.40 


.45 


.50 


.60 


.70 


.80 


.90 


1.00 


1.10 


1.30 


1.60 



Facts for Boiler Makers. 

Bankine's Riveting i?w?e.<?.— Diameter of Rivet for Plates 
less than 1/2" thick to be equal to twice the thickness of the 
plate. For plates 1/2" and upwards II/2 times thickness of 
plate. The length of rivet iron required to make the 
"head" equals 21/2 times the diameter of the rivet. 

Boiler Maker^s Rule.— In addition to the thickness of 
the plates the following allowance is made for the head, 
both giving the whole length of rivets. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



23 



Rivet. 


Cold Riveted. 


Hot Riveted. 


8/8 inch. 

1/2 *V 
5/8 " 
3/4 " 


5/8 inch. 

?8 " 


7/s inch. 

11/8 " 



For boilers the rivets are 134 inch from center to center 
in single riveting, and 2 inches in double riveting; flues the 
same. 

To have a tight fit in the sections for a boiler or other 
tubular work, make tlie inside diameter of the inside tube 
equal to the Inside diameter of the outside tube, less 6 
times the thickness of the iron. 

Fairbairn's Table of Dimensions of Rivets for Boilers. 



Thick, of 

Plate in 

Inches. 



Diam. 

of Rivet 

in Ins. 



Length 




Lap in 


Lap in 


Equiv't. 


of Rivet 


Pitch in 


single 


double 


length 


to head 


inches. 


Joints 


Joints 


of Head 


in Ins. 




in Ins. 


in Ins. 


in Ins. 


1 


U 


U 


2,\ 


1 

2 


n 


U 


U 


. 2i 


1 


n 


11 


M 


3^ 




n 


li 


2 


3i 


1 


2\ 


2 


21 


31 


11 


2i 


21- 


2i 


4* 


11 


2i 


2h 


22 


4-1 


n 


3 


2| 


3 


5 


11 


3i- 


3 


31 


5i 


. ir 



i 



11 



Lloyd's Rule for Shipbuilding. 


Diam of 
Rivets. 


5/8" 


34" 


?8" 


r 


Thick- 
ness of 
Plates. 


T% 


1% 


h 


ill 


16 


n 


\l 


M 


\% 


11 


ii 


1 



Rivets to be 14" larger in diameter in the stem stern 
post, and keel. 

Boiler pressure allowed as per Government Rule—Diam- 
eter of Boiler in inches. 

For Iron 14 thick -^ 4.620. 

" 5-16 " V 5.775. 

*' 3-8 .'' -^ 6.930. 

Example.— Pressure allowed for Boiler 8 feet diameter, 

3-8 iron, 8 X 12 = 90 ^ 6.930 = 72.18 pounds. 



24 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table showing the Diminu- 
tion of Iron Boiler-Plates 
at High Temperatures; the 
maxim Tenacity being at 
550° =65.000 lbs. per square 
inch. 
Iron Boilers. 



Table showing the Diminu- 
tion of strength of Cop- 
per Boiler-Plates by addi- 
tion to the Temperature the 
cohesion at 32° being 32.800 
lbs. per square inch. 
Copper Boilers. 





*-' t*^ T 




'W P>s_« 










Temp. 


OoLU 


Temp. 


^S^^ 


Temp. 


Dim- 


Tem. 


Dim- 


obser- 




obser- 




above 


inu- 


above 


inu- 


ved. 


ved. 


32° 


tion. 


32° 


tion. 




QH'o 




fiHo 










550° 


.0000 


824° 


.2010 










570° 


.0869 


932° 


.3324 


90° 


.0175 


660° 


.3425 


596° 


.0899 


947° 


.3593 


180° 


.054 


769° 


.4398 


600° 


.0964 


1030° 


.4478 


270° 


.0926 


812° 


.4944 


630° 


.1046 


1111° 


.5514 


360° 


.1513 


880° 


.5581 


662° 


.1155 


1115° 


.6000 


450° 


.2046 


984° 


.6691 


722° 


.1436 


1159° 


.6011 


460° 


.2133 


1000° 


.6741 


732° 


.1491 


1187° 


.6352 


513° 


.2446 


1200° 


.8861 


734° 


.1535 


1237° 


.6622 


529° 


.2558 


1300° 


1.0000 


766° 


.1589 


1245° 


.6715 










770° 


.1627 


1317° 


.7001 











Table 


G 


ven 


Horse-Power of Boilers the Following 






Sizes: at 60 lbs. Pressure. 


~r:r 


4J* 








^ 




02 


^ 








, -tJ 




1 

s 


t 

1 


i 




1. 

5 




1 

o 

W 


1 

i 


1 

CO 

1 


i 




1- 
s 




1 

1 


72 


18 


70 


18 


4 


1502 


100 


54 12 


60 


12 


3 


624 


H 


72 


16 


90 


16 


3i- 


1472 


98 


48 


16 


40 


16 


3^ 


683 


46 


72 


16 


112 


16 


3 


1596 


99 


48 


16 


49 


16 


3 


684 


46 


72 


15 


112 


15 


3 


1400 


93 


48 


15 


49 


15 


3 


642 


43 


60 


18 


65 


18 


3i 


1200 


80 


48 


14 


49 


14 


3 


600 


40 


60 


17 


65 


17 


3i 


1148 


76 


48 


13 


49 


13 


3 


555 


37 


60 


16 


65 


16 


^ 


1075 


72 


48 


12 


49 


12 


3 


513 


34 


60 


16 


80 


16 


3 


1088 


72 


48 


11 


65 


11 


2h 


542 


36 


60 


15 


80 


15 


3 


1020 


68 


48 


10 


65 


10 


2| 


495 


33 


60 


14 


80 


14 


3 


952 


63 


42 


15 


38 


15 


3 


508 


34 


60 


13 


80 


13 


3 


884 


59 


42 


14 


38 


14 


3 


476 


32 


54 


18 


50 


18 


31 


951 


63 


42 


13 


38 


13 


3 


441 


30 


54 


17 


50 


17 


3^ 


900 


60 


42 


12 


38 


12 


3 


408 


27 


54 


16 


50 


16 


3| 


795 


53 


42 


11 


45 


11 


21 


390 


26 


54 


16 


60 


16 


3 


832 


55 


42 


10 


45 


10 


n 


355 


24 


54 


15 


60 


15 


3 


780 


52 


42 


9 


45 


9 


2h 


320 


22 


54 


14 


60 


14 


3 


728 


48 


42 


8 


45 


8 


2* 


285 


19 


54 


13 


60 


13 


3 ( 676! 45 1 


42 


7 


45 


7 2| ! 


248 16 



POCKET COMPANION. 
ALLOYS and COMPOSITION. 



25 

















A 




'S 




;^ 










o 








Name of Metal. 


^ 






'cD 




s 


P 


f-i 


S s 




a 






^ 


^ 




s 


a> 


et O 




o 


c 


d 


o 




1i 


.1 


> 






o 


s 


H 


5 


^ 


■^ 


w 


c^ 


o 


Argentan. 


55. 


24. 




21. 






1 




Argentiferous. 


50. 


2.5 


2.5 


40. 


2.5 




Iron. 2.5 




Babbitts Metal. 


3.7 




89. 






7.3 








Brass Common. 


84.3 
75. 


5.2 
25. 


10.5 














" Engine 




















bearings. 


50. 


1.8 


6.5 














" Hard. 


79.3 


6.4 


14.3 














'' Loc'm'tive 




















bearings. 


50. 


2.5 


5. 




5. 










'• Math'ical 




















Instrum'ts 


92.2 




7.8 














'• Pinchbeck 


80. 


20. 
















'• K. Tombec 


88.8 


11.2 
















•' Rolled. 


74.3 


22.3 


3.4 














'* Tutenag. 


50. 


31. 




19. 












'• Tenacious. 


88.9 


2.8 


8.3 














•• Wheels. 


90. 




10. 














'• White. 


10. 


80. 


10. 














" Wire. 


67. 


33. 
















'• Glands. 


65. 


.5 


8. 














" Yellow. 


40. 


20. 
















" Richer. 


50. 


10. 
















" Red. 


70. 


10. 






5. 










Britannia me'l. 






25. 






2.5 








when fus'd add 












2.5 


25. 






Box metal. 


80. 


10. 
















Bronze. Yellow. 


100.8 


46.8 


2.4 














" Red. 


130.5 


19.5 
















" Alloy. 


80. 


2. 


18. 














'' Cymbals. 


80. 




20. 














'' Gun met'l. 


90. 
93. 




10. 

7. 














" Medals. 


93. 




7. 














" Statuary. 


91.4 


5.5 


1.4 




1.7 










Bell metal I'rge. 


80. 




20. 














Chinese Silver. 


65.1 


19.3 




13. 








2.48 


12. 


" w'te cop'er. 


40.4 


25.4 


2.6 


31.6 












Church Bells. 


80. 
69. 


5.6 


10.1 
31. 




4.3 










Clock 


72. 




26.5 








Iron. 1.51 




Electrotype m't. 






4. 




100. 


3. 








Flanges to stand 




















Brazing. 


64. 


2. 






2. 











26 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Alloys and Composition {Continued). 



Name of Metal. 













tA 
































£^ 










o 




s 


d 






^ 


s 


2 


a 




« 


5? 




'ji 
















o 


is; 


H 


'^ 


^ 


-si 


S 



(ierman Silver. 

fine, 

(rongs, 

(tur Metal for 
bearings. 

House Bells. 

Lathe Bushes. 

Mach'ery b'r'gs. 
'* " hard. 

Metal that ex- 
pands in co' ling. 

Muntz Metal. 

Musical Bells. 

Nickel-silver 
"com. English 

Nickel-S. Paris- 
ian. 

Pewter Best. 

Printing Char 

acters. 
Sheathi'g Metal 
Speculum " 

Stereotype Met. 

Tough Br 'ss En- 
gine work. 

Tough Brass 

heavy bearings. 

Telescopic Mir- 

■ rors. 

Temper 

White Metal. 
" " hard. 



38.8 
40.4 
49.5 
8L6 


88.4 
25.4 
24. 


18.4 


88.8 
31.6 
24. 


90.8 

77. 

80. 

87.5 

77.4 


9.7 

7. 


.3 
23. 
20. 
12.5 
15.6 




90. 

87.5 


60. 


12.5 




60. 


17.8 




22.2 


66. 


13.6 


86. 

80. 


19.3 


56. 
66. 
50. 


45. 
21. 


22. 
29. 
10. 




100. 


15. 


15. 




160. 


5. 


25. 




66.6 
33.4 
11. 

69.8 


11. 

25.8 


33.4 

66.6 

42.6 

4.4 





75. 



16.7 



14. 



20. 



Arsenic. 12. 
100. 16. 



85.2 



2.6 
2.5 



Lead. 

2 parts 
1 •' 



Melting points of alloys. 
Tin. Bismuth. Melting Point. 

3 parts. 5 parts. 



212 degrees. 

246 

286 

836 

334 



POCKET COMPANION. 



27 



Horse-power which can be 
safely carried by shafts for 
prime movers gears, well 
supported by bearings, and 
making 100 revolutions per 
minute. 



Horse-power which can be 
safely transmitted by shafts 
making 100 revolutions per 
mniute, in which the trans- 
verse strain, if any, need 
not be considered. 







1 








CO 


II 




H. P. 


H. P. 


H.P. 




H. P. 


H. P. 


H. P. 


1.20 


1.00 


1.60 


0.60 


1.20 


2.00 


3.20 


1.20 


1.25 


1.95 


3.12 


1.17 


1.25 


3.90 


6.24 


2.34 


1.50 


3.37 


5.39 


2.03 


1.50 


6.74 


10.78 


4.06 


1.75 


5.36 


8.58 


3.22 


1.75 


10.72 


17.16 


6.44 


2.00 


8.00 


12.80 


4.80 


2.00 


16.00 


25.60 


9.60 


2.25 


11.39 


18.22 


6.83 


2.25 


22.78 


36.44 


13.66 


2.50 


15.62 


24.99 


9.37 


2.50 


31.24 


49.98 


18.74 


2.75 


20.80 


33.28 


12.48 


2.75 


41.60 


66.56 


24.96 


3.00 


27.00 


43.20 


16.20 


3.00 


54.00 


86.40 


32.40 


3.25 


34.33 


54.93 


20.60 


3.25 


68.56 


109.86 


41.20 


3.50 


42.87 


68.59 


25.72 


3.50 


85.74 


137.18 


51.44 


3.75 


52.73 


84.37 


31.64 


3.75 


105.46 


168.74 


63.28 


4.00 


64.00 


102.40 


38.40 


4.00 


128.00 


204.80 


76.80 


4.25 


76.77 


122.83 


46.06 


4.25 


153.54 


245.66 


92.12 


4.50 


91.12 


145.79 


54.67 


4.50 


182.24 


291.58 


109.34 


4.75 


107.17 


171.47 


64.30 


4.75 


214.34 


342.94 


128.60 


5.00 


125.00 


200.00 


75.00 


5.00 


250.00 


400.00 


150.00 


5.25 


144.70 


231.52 


86.82 


5.25 


289.40 


463.04 


173.64 


5.50 


166.37 


266.19 


99.82 


5.50 


332.74 


532.38 


199.64 


5.75 


190.11 


304.18 


114.06 


5.75 


380.22 


608.36 


228.12 


6.00 


216.00 


345.60 


129.60 


6.00 


432.00 


691.20 


259.20 


6.25 


244.14 


390.62 


146.49 


6.25 


488.28 


781.24 


292.98 


6.50 


274.62 


439.39 


164.78 


6.50 


549.24 


878.78 


329.56 


6.75 


307.55 


492.08 


184.53 


6.75 


615.10 


984.16 


369.06 


7.00 


343.00 


548.80 


205.80 


7.00 


686.00 


1097.60 


411.60 


7.25 


381.08 


609.73 


228.65 


7.25 


762.16 


1219.46 


457.30 


7.50 


421.87 


674.99 


253.13 


7.50 


843.74 


1349.98 


506.26 


7.75 


465.48 


744.77 


279.29 


7.75 


930.96 


1489.54 


558.58 


8.00 


512.00 


819.20 


307.20 


8.00 


1024.00 


1638.40 


614.40 


8.25 


561.52 


898.43 


336.91 


8.25 


1123.04 


1796.86 


673.82 


8.50 


614.12 


982.59 


368.47 


8.50 


1228.24 


1965.18 


736.94 


8.75 


669.92 


1071.87 


401.95 


8.75 


1339.84 


2143.74 


803.90 


9.00 


729.00 


1166.40 


437.40 


9.00 


1458.00 


2332.87 


874.80 


9.25 


791.45 


1266.32 


474.87 


9.25 


1582.90 


2532.64 


949.74 


9.50 


857.37 


1371.79 


514.43 


9.50 


1714.74 


2743.58 


1028.86 


9.75 


926.86 


1482.98 


556.12 


9.75 


1853.72 


2965.96 


1112.24 


10.00 


1000.00 


1600.00 


600.00 


10.00 


2000.00 


3200.00 


1200.00 



Rule:— Multiply the power given in the Tables by the 
number of revolutions made by the shaft per min- 
ute; divide the product by 100; the quotient will be the 
power which can be safely carried. 



28 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



c4 (^q C^ (?f CO CO CO CO* CO rfi r}H rjH* rjH T^f^ iri ia lO u:j (;D «5 



c<^c<^:^icocoo6cocoo6Tt<TJ^Tt^■TJ^Olr£u:jlOu^*0';o 



cooo c^tmccooo 'm CO its c^ t-h CO CO qo c<icn 
c<i (m' CO CO CO co' CO co" rt^* T^* Tt<' Tj^' T}^' ui iri ic o yD CO cD 



cooi ^co^ficcooo CO tj^ »o 00 OQ Tfi c- as irq CO t> 

(^is^COCOCOCO*COCO■^'<^TJ^TtH"^kOlOlOldcdc£5cD 



I> Oi C<J CO lO CO !> Oi T-H Tti ITS CjO Oi CO lO 00 TflOQO 

c^ (^^ CO co' co" co' co' CO* T^* Tt* rj^' Ti^ T^^' lO lo id CO* CO i;© CO 



C<IrtHiOCOt> (M Tt* CO CO rH lO CO 05 i—liO CO QO 
C<1 CO CO CO CO CO CO Tf^ T^' Tt^* Tt^ rJH lO iri lO* to* CO CO* CO* CO 



CO rH CO t> 00 rH 00 lO C^ 00 (M CO O CQ CO I^- Oi 

c<icococo*co*coco"^"^Ti^Tj?Tj5ir£ioiococ6cococo* 



00rHTMOI>'I>;OSC<l'^CO0q ^ CO I> OS OQ tJ^ lO S<1 

c<i CO CO CO CO CO CO Tj? Tji r^' •^* irf iri ir£ iri CO CO CO* t^* i^-' 



osrHrfnoaoa^ ^cO'^i>a5»-j'^oor-c<^ir2C5^co 

C^ CO* CO* CO CO CO* rt^* rt^* Tji Tf! T*^ id iiri lO CO CO CO CO t> l>^ 



cqirscoo^ ^,-Hri^iooo ^c<iiqc?5cocoi>.c<ico"^ 
cococ:ococoT}5T»5T}^TjHT^»didididcbcococ^i>t> 



•J9M0cI 
9SJ0H 



^ -2 



.3 '^ 

-a £ 



rHCOCOC- ^rHC^ICOC-; ^C<lrJHCOCOlOI>OOCO'^_CO 

CO* CO CO CO '^* Tt^* Tj^ Tt^* T^* id »d id id CO CO CO CO i>* !>' i> 



(rcjirsc-asrHtM-^OD ^c^Jr^coasiocooi ^-^^loc^^ 
cocococo-riHTj^T^T^idididididcocococ-^C"^ i>t> 



COCOOO C<lTt<CO C^r^^COC^ ^C^OiC^JTtHOC ^C<1 

cococoTjH*Tt^*-<^*TjHLd»didididcocococ^i>i>odoD 



lOC^ '>q-?t<LOI>C<lrt^C030a5COaSrHT*^CO ."^co 

coco"?*^'^ ■^'rt''^* id id ud id idcocoi>c^t>ad 00* 00 



coo^n-H-^cooooirficoxic^i-^ooi— ("Ttioqi-Hiooq 
cocd'**rt^*'^'Tf^T(H*ididid-:ocococ^t>i>ODodoDai 



C-r-lrf<CO00 (MCOOSrH CO 00 i-HrfC7iCOI>-^ '"1'^ 

cO'^"«j^'^-^tdidididcocDcoi:^i>c^oo*odasa5ai 



r*^ CO OJ T-( ITS CO 00 C<J CO ^ C^J -^^ Ci "^^ 00 C<l CO 00 

T^' •^* T^ t:^ id id id id CO* CO* c^ c^* t>* !>•* 00* 00* aJ as oi c^ 



lotr- c^irsc^oscotr-r-iirsc^ T*<a5coi> .'^'^ 

■x^T^idididididcocdc^t^i>oo'oDQda5aiooo 



oot-iioqo cocojiC<jcoair-(iocooqioco ^th 
Tj5idididco*cdcocoi>*i>c^ododa5*a:JoOrHT-Iffq 



loaicocoaiC^Tt^OiCoc^ ^co ^i>;tj^c^ ^cortjco 

ididcococot^^t^c^odooaJasc^Oi-HrHCQC^icocd 



^ococ-Goa.o^^2S^^^^^!^SS8 









ft (t-S 

;?3 &£)X3 
'3 



POCKET COMPANION. 



29 



Transmitting Elificiency of Iron shafting at different 
speeds, as Prime mover or Head stiaft carrying Main Driv- 
ing Pulley or gear well supported by bearings. 

Cold Rolled Iron Shafting. 



~ 2' 


Number 


of Revolutions pei 


• Minute. 


"-. '-^H 


60 1 80 


1 100 


1 125 1 150 1 175 


200 1 250 1 300 




Horse-Power. 


11/^ 


2.7 


3.6 


4.5 


5.6 


6.7 


7.9 


9.0 


11. 


18. 


1% 


4.8 


5.6 


7.1 


8.9 


10.6 


12.4 


14.2 


18. 


21. 


2 


6.4 


8.5 


10.7 


18. 


16. 


19. 


21. 


26. 


82. 


21/4 


9. 


12. 


15. 


19. 


23. 


26. 


30. 


88. 


46. 




12. 


17. 


21. 


26. 


81. 


36. 


41. 


52. 


62. 


2% 


16. 


22. 


27. 


34. 


41. 


48. 


55. 


70. 


82. 


8 


21. 


29. 


36. 


45. 


54. 


68. 


72. 


90. 


108. 




27. 


36. 


45. 


57. 


68. 


80. 


91. 


114. 


186. 


31/2 


84. 


45. 


57. 


71. 


87. 


100. 


114. 


142. 


172. 


33/4 


42. 


56. 


70. 


87. 


105. 


123. 


140. 


174. 


210. 


4 


51. 


69. 


82. 


106. 


128. 


149. 


170. 


212. 


256. 


41/2 


73. 


97. 


121. 


151. 


182. 


212. 


243. 


302. 


364. 



Turned Iron Shafting. 



Number of Revolutions per Minute. 



60 j 80 I 100 I 125 I 150 | 175 | 200 | 250 | 300 



Horse-Power. 



2.6 
3.8 
5.4 
7.5 

10. 

13. 

16. 

20. 

25. 

30. 

43. 

60. 



8.4 


4.8 


5.4 


6.4 


7.5 


8.6 


10.7 


5.1 


6.4 


8. 


9.6 


11.2 


12.8 


16. 


7.8 


8.1 


10. 


12. 


14. 


16. 


20. 


10. 


12.5 


15. 


18. 


22. 


25. 


81. 


18. 


16. 


20. 


24. 


28. 


32. 


40. 


17. 


20. 


25. 


80. 


35. 


40. 


50. 


22. 


27. 


34. 


40. 


47. 


54. 


67. 


27. 


84. 


42. 


51. 


59. 


68. 


85. 


88. 


42. 


52. 


63. 


73. 


84. 


105. 


41. 


51. 


64. 


76. 


89. 


102. 


127. 


58. 


72. 


90. 


108. 


126. 


144. 


180. 


80. 


100. 


125. 


150. 


175. 


200. 


250. 



12.9 
19.2 
24. 

37. 

48. 

60. 

81. 
102. 
126. 
153. 
216. 
300. 



To find the Hqrse-Power of other speeds not in the table. 

Rule.— Multiply the power given in the 100 revolutions 
column, by the number of revolutions made by the shaft 
per minute; divide the product by 100: the auotient will be 
the power which can be safely carried. 



30 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Transmitting Efficiency of Iron shafting at different 

speeds, as Second movers or Line shafting, Bearings 

8 feet apart. 







Cold Rolled 


Iron S 


HAFTIN 


G. 






OS 


Nmnber of Revolutions per Minute. 




100 i 125 i 150 1 175 i 200 1 225 1 250 1 300 


350 




Horse-Power. 


liM 


6.7 


8.4 


10.1 


11.8 


18.5 


15-2 


16.8 


20. 


2;^. 


lo/H 


8.6 


10.7 


12.8 


15. 


17.1 


19.3 


21.5 


26. 


81. 


18/4 


10.7 


18.4 


16. 


18.7 


21.5 


24.2 


26.8 


82. 


89. 


17'8 


18.2 


16.5 


19.7 


23. 


26.4 


29.6 


82.9 


89. 


46. 


2 


16. 


20. 


24. 


28. 


82. 


86. 


40. 


48. 


56. 


21/8 


19. 


24. 


29. 


88. 


38. 


48. 


48. 


57. 


67. 


21/4 


22. 


28. 


84. 


89. 


45. 


50. 


56. 


68. 


80. 


2Hh 


27. 


88. 


40. 


47. 


53. 


60. 


67. 


70. 


94. 


2V^ 


81. 


89. 


47. 


54. 


62. 


69. 


78. 


98. 


109. 


234 


41. 


52. 


62. 


78. 


88. 


98. 


104. 


125. 


145. 


8 


54. 


67. 


81. 


94. 


108. 


121. 


184. 


162. 


189. 


3V4 


68. 


86. 


103. 


120. 


137. 


154. 


172. 


205. 


240. 



Turned Iron Shafting. 



Number of Revolutions per Minute. 



100 I 125 I 150 ! 175 I 200 | 225 | 250 | 300 | 350 



Horse-Power. 



6. 

7.8 

8.9 

10.6 

12.6 

15. 

17. 

23. 

30. 

38. 

47. 

71. 



7.4 


8.9 


10.4 


11.9 


13.4 


14.9 


17.9 


9.1 


10.9 


12.7 


14.5 


16.3 


18.2 


21.8 


11.1 


13.8 


15.5 


17.7 


20. 


22.2 


26.6 


18.2 


15.9 


18.5 


21.2 


28.8 


26.5 


81.8 


15.8 


19. 


22. 


25. 


28. 


81. 


88. 


18. 


22. 


26. 


29. 


88. 


87. 


44. 


21. 


27. 


30. 


84. 


39. 


48. 


52. 


29. 


84. 


40. 


46. 


52. 


58. 


69. 


87. 


45. 


52. 


60. 


67. 


75. 


90. 


47. 


57. 


66. 


76. 


85. 


9t). 


114. 


59. 


71. 


88. 


95. 


107. 


119. 


148. 


89. 


107. 


125. 


142. 


160. 


178. 


218. 



20.9 

25.4 

81. 

37. 

44. 

52. 

60. 

81. 
105. 
183. 
167. 
249. 



To find the Horse-Power of other speeds not in the table. 

Rule.— Multiply the power given in the 100 revolutions 
column, by the number of revolutions made by the shaft 
per minute; divide the product by 100; the quotient will be 
the power which can be safely carried. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



31 



Transmitting Efficiency of Iron shafting for simply Trans- 
mitting Power and short counters. 







Cold Rolled 


RON Shafting. 






«♦_ a: 

O S 


Number of Revolutions per Minute. 


ic 


100 i 125 


150 1 175 1 200 1 267 | 300 | 367 


400 


5^ 




Horse-Power. 




11/4 


6.5 


8.1 


9.7 


11.3 


13. 


17.4 


19.5 


23.9 


26. 


jab 


8.5 


10.7 


12.8 


15. 


17. 


22.7 


25.5 


31. 


84. 


IV2 


11.2 


14. 


16.8 


19.6 


22.5 


30. 


33. 


41. 


45. 


l^ft 


14.2 


17.7 


21.2 


24.8 


28.4 


38. 


42. 


52. 


57. 


l^A 


18. 


22. 


27. 


31. 


35. 


47. 


53. 


65. 


71. 


1% 


22. 


27. 


33. 


38. 


44. 


58. 


65. 


79. 


87. 


2 


26. 


33. 


40. 


46. 


53. 


71. 


80. 


97. 


106. 


21/^ 


32. 


40. 


47. 


55. 


63. 


84. 


95. 


116. 


127. 




38. 


47. 


57. 


66. 


76. 


101. 


114. 


138. 


152. 


2E/q 


44. 


55. 


66. 


77. 


88. 


118. 


133. 


1(>3. 


178. 


2V2 


52. 


65. 


78. 


91. 


104. 


138. 


155. 


190. 


207. 


23/4 


69. 


84. 


99. 


113. 


138. 


184. 


207. 


254. 


277. 



Turned Iron Shafting. 



Number of Revolutions per Minute. 



100 I 125 I 150 I 175 I 200 | 267 i 300 | 367 | 400 



Horse-Power. 



6.7 
8.6 

10.7 

13.2 

16. 

19. 

22. 

27. 

31. 

41. 

54. 



8.4 


10.1 


11.8 


13.5 


17.9 


20.8 


24.8 


10.7 


12.8 


15. 


17.1 


22.8 


25.8 


81.5 


13.4 


16. 


18.7 


21.5 


28. 


32. 


39. 


16.5 


19.7 


^23. 


26.4 


35. 


89. 


48. 


20. 


24. 


28. 


32. 


42. 


48. 


58. 


24. 


29. 


33. 


38. 


51. 


57. 


70. 


28. 


34. 


39. 


45. 


60. 


68. 


88. 


33. 


40. 


47. 


53. 


70. 


79. 


96. 


39. 


47. 


54. 


62. 


83. 


93. 


114. 


52. 


62. 


73. 


83. 


111. 


125. 


158. 


67. 


81. 


94. 


108. 


144. 


162. 


198. 


86. 


103. 


120. 


137. 


182. 


205. 


250. 



27. 

34.3 

43. 

52. 

64. 

76. 

90. 
105. 
125. 
167. 
216. 
273. 



To find the Horse-Power of other speeds not in the table. 

Rule.— Multiply the power given in the 100 revolutions 
column, by the number of revolutions made by the shaft 
per minute; divide the product by 100; the quotient will be 
the power which can be safely carried. 



32 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table of Horse-Power which may be transmitted by open 

Single Beits to Pulleys running 100 Revolutions per 

minute. The diameters of the Driving and 

Driven Pulley being equal. 



si 

o 






Width 


of Belt in Inches. 






2 


21/2 


3 


1 31/2 


4 1 


41/2 


5 


6 


Horse-Power. 


Tns. 


















« 


.44 


.54 


.65 


.76 


.87 


.98 


1.09 


1.31 


M/o 


.47 


.59 


.71 


.83 


.95 


1.07 


1.19 


1.42 


7 


.51 


.64 


.76 


.89 


1.01 


1.14 


1.27 


1.53 


71/o 


.55 


.68 


.82 


.95 


1.09 


1.23 


1.36 


1.64 


8 ■ 


.58 


.73 


.87 


1.02 


1.16 


1.31 


1.45 


1.75 


81/b 


.62 


.77 


.93 


1.08 


1.24 


1.39 


1.55 


1.86 


9 


.65 


.82 


.98 


1.15 


1.31 


1.48 


1.64 


1.97 


91/9 


.69 


.86 


1.04 


1.21 


1.39 


1.56 


1.74 


2.08 


10 


.73 


.91 


1.09 


1.27 


1.45 


1.63 


1.81 


2.18 


11 


.80 


1.00 


1.20 


1.40 


1.60 


1.80 


2.00 


2.40 


1^ 


.87 


1.09 


1.31 


1.53 


1.75 


1.97 


2.18 


2.62 


18 


.95 


1.18 


1.41 


1.65 


1.89 


2.12 


2.36 


2.83 


14 


1.02 


1.27 


1.52 


1.77 


2.02 


2.27 


2.53 


3.05 


15 


1.09 


1.36 


1.64 


1.91 


2.19 


2.46 


2.73 


3.29 


16 


1.16 


1.45 


1.74 


2.03 


2.32 


2.61 


2.91 


8.48 


17 


1.24 


1.55 


1.85 


2.16 


2.47 


2.78 


3.09 


8.70 


18 


1.31 


1.64 


1.96 


2.29 


2.62 


2.95 


3.27 


8.92 


19 


1.39 


1.73 


2.07 


2.42 


2.76 


3.11 


3.45 


4.14 


^.^0 


1.45 


1.82 


2.18 


2.55 


2.91 


3.27 


3.64 


4.36 


'^1 


1.52 


1.91 


2.29 


2.67 


3.05 


3.44 


3.82 


4.58 


^ 


1.60 


2.00 


2.40 


2.80 


3.20 


3.60 


4. 


4.80 


23 


1.67 


2.09 


2.51 


2.93 


3.35 


3.75 


4.18 


5.02 



o 


Width of Belt in Inches. 


4 


5 


6 


1 8 1 10 1 12 1 


14 1 


16 


HORSE-POW^ER. 


Ins. 


















24 


8.5 


4.4 


5.2 


7. 


8.7 


10.5 


12.2 


14. 


25 


3.6 


4.5 


5.5 


7.3 


9.1 


10.9 


12.7 


14.5 


26 


8.8 


4.7 


5.7 


7.6 


9.5 


11.3 


13.2 


15.1 


27 


3.9 


4.9 


5.9 


7.8 


9.8 


11.8 


13.7 


15.6 


28 


4.1 


5.1 


6.1 


8.1 


10.2 


12.2 


14.3 


16.3 


29 


4.2 


5.8 


6.8 


8.4 


10.5 


12.6 


14.8 


16.9 


80 


4.4 


5.4 


6.6 


8.7 


10.9 


13.1 


15.3 


17.4 


81 


4.5 


5.6 


6.8 


9. 


11.3 


13.5 


15.8 


18. 


82 


4.7 


5.8 


7. 


9.3 


11.6 


14. 


16.3 


18.6 


83 


4.8 


6. 


7.2 


9.6 


12. 


14.4 


16.8 


19.2 


84 


4.9 


6.2 


7.4 


9.9 


12.4 


14.8 


17.3 


19.8 


35 


5.1 


6.4 


7.6 


10.2 


12.7 


15.3 


17.9 


20.4 



POCKET COMPANION. 
Horse-Power of Belts— (Continued). 



4 






Width of Belt in Inches. 






4 


1 5 


1 6 


1 8 


1 10 1 


12 1 


14 1 


16 


Horse-Power. 


86 


5.2 


6.5 


7.8 


10.5 


13.1 


15.7 


18.3 


20.9 


37 


5.4 


6.7 


8.1 


10.8 


13.5 


16.2 


18.9 


21.5 


38 


5.5 


6.9 


8.3 


11. 


13.8 


16.6 


19.3 


22.1 


89 


5.7 


7.1 


8.5 


11.3 


14.2 


17. 


19.9 


22.7 


40 


5.8 


7.3 


8.7 


11.6 


14.7 


17.5 


20.4 


23.3 


42 


6.1 


7.6 


9.2 


12.2 


15.3 


18.2 


21.4 


24.3 


44 


6.4 


8. 


9.6 


12.8 


16. 


19.2 


22.4 


25.6 


46 


6.7 


8.4 


10. 


13.4 


16.7 


20.1 


23.4 


26.8 


48 


7. 


8.8 


10.4 


14. 


17.4 


21. 


24.4 


28. 


50 


7.2 


9. 


10.9 


14.6 


18.2 


21.8 


25.4 


29. 


54 


7.8 


9.8 


11.8 


15.6 


19.6 


23.6 


26.4 


31.2 


60 


8.8 


10.8 


13.1 


17.4 


21.8 


26.2 


80.6 


34.8 


66 


9.6 


12. 


14.4 


19.2 


24. 


28.8 


33.6 


88.4 


72 


10.4 


13. 


15.6 


21. 


26.2 


31.4 


36.6 


41.8 


78 


11.4 


14.2 


17. 


22.6 


28.4 


34. 


39.8 


45.4 


84 


12.2 


15.2 


19.4 


24.4 


30.6 


36.4 


42.8 


48.6 



^ 






Width 


of Belt in Inches. 






o 
















18 


20 


22 


1 24 1 26 


1 28 


30 


32 


Horse-Power. 


Ins. 


















24 


16 


17 


19 


21 


23 


24 


26 


28 


80 


19 


22 


24 


26 


28 


31 


33 


35 


86 


24 


26 


29 


31 


34 


37 


39 


42 


88 


25 


28 


30 


33 


36 


39 


41 


44 


40 


26 


29 


32 


35 


38 


41 


44 


47 


42 


28 


31 


34 


36 


40 


43 


46 


49 


44 


29 


32 


35 


38 


42 


45 


48 


51 


48 


31 


35 


38 


42 


45 


49 


52 


56 


50 


33 


3() 


40 


44 


47 


51 


54 


58 


54 


35 


39 


43 


47 


50 


53 


58 


62 


60 


39 


44 


48 


52 


57 


61 


65 


70 


66 


43 


48 


53 


58 


62 


67 


72 


77 


72 


47 


52 


58 


63 


68 


73 


78 


■ 84 


78 


51 


57 


62 


68 


74 


80 


85 


91 


84 


55 


61 


67 


73 


79 


86 


91 


97 


96 


63 


70 


76 


84 


90 


98 


104 


112 


120 


78 


88 


96 


104 


114 


122 


130 


140 


144 


94 


104 


116 


126 


136 


146 


156 


168 



The Horse-Power of Double Belts is 10-7 of that given 
in the Tables. 



84 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Rule :--Multiply the power given in the Tables by the 
number of revolutions made by the pulley i)er minute; 
divide the product by 100, the quotient will be the power 
transmitted. 



The 


following table exhibits the necessary width of belts 


to transmit different number of Horse-Power. 


^'i 




Diameter of Pulleys and Drums in feet 




o% 


2 


3 1 4 1 5 1 6 ! 7 


1 8 


1 9 


1 10 


sS 




Width of Belt in Inches 






1 


1.8 


1.2 


0.9 


0.7 


0.6 


0.5 


0.45 


0.4 


0.3 


2 


3.6 


2.4 


1.8 


1.4 


1.2 


1.0 


0.9 


0.8 


0.7 


3 


5.4 


3.6 


2.7 


2.1 


1.8 


1.5 


1.3 


1.2 


1.0 


4 


7.2 


4.8 


3.6 


2.9 


2.4 


2.0 


1.8 


1.6 


1.4 


5 


9.0 


6.0 


4.5 


3.6 


3.0 


2.5 


2.2 


2.0 


1.8 


6 


10.8 


7.2 


5.4 


4.3 


3.6 


3.0 


2.7 


2.4 


2.1 


7 


12.6 


8.4 


6.3 


5.0 


4.2 


3.5 


3.1 


2.8 


2,5 


8 


14.4 


9.6 


7.2 


5.7 


4.8 


4.1 


3.6 


3.2 


2.8 


9 


16.2 


10.8 


8.1 


6.4 


5.4 


4.6 


4.0 


3.6 


3.2 


10 


18.0 


12.0 


9.0 


7.2 


6.0 


5.1 


4.5 


4.0 


3.6 


12 


21.6 


14.4 


10.0 


8.6 


7.2 


6.1 


5.4 


4.8 


4.3 


14 


25.2 


16.8 


12.6 


10.0 


8.4 


7.1 


6.3 


5.6 


5.0 


16 


28.8 


19.2 


14.4 


11.5 


9.6 


8.2 


7.2 


6.4 


5.7 


18 


32.4 


21.6 


16.2 


12.9 


10.8 


9.2 


8.1 


7.2 


6.4 


20 


36.0 


24.0 


18.0 


14.4 


12.0 


10.2 


9.0 


8.0 


7.2 


25 


45.0 


30.0 


22.5 


18.0 


15.0 


12.8 


11.2 


10.0 


9.0 


30 


54.0 


36.0 


27.0 


21.6 


18.0 


15.4 


13.5 


12.0 


10.8 


35 


63.0 


42.0 


31.5 


25.2 


21.0 


17.9 


15.7 


14.0 


12.6 


40 


72.0 


48.0 


36.0 


28.8 


24.0 


20.5 


18.0 


16.0 


14.4 


45 


81.0 


54.0 


40.5 


32.4 


27.0 


23.1 


20.2 


18.0 


16.2 


50 


90.0 


60.0 


45.0 


36.0 


30.0 


25.7 


22.5 


20.0 


18.0 


55 




66.0 


49.5 


39.6 


33.0 


28.2. 


24.7 


22.0 


19.8 


60 




72.0 


54.0 


43.2 


36.0 


30.8 


27.0 


24.0 


21.6 


65 




78.0 


58.5 


46.8 


39.0 


33.4 


29.2 


26.0 


23.4 


70 




84.0 


63.0 


50.4 


42.0 


35.9 


31.5 


28.0 


25.2 


75 






67.5 


54.0 


45.0 


38.5 


33.7 


30.0 


27.0 


80 






72.0. 


57.6 


48.0 


41.1 


36.0 


32.0 


28.8 


85 






76.0 


61.2 


5L0 


43.6 


38.2 


34.0 


30.6 


90 






81.0 


64.8 


54.0 


46.2 


40.5 


36.0 


32.4 


95 








68.4 


57.0 


48.8 


42.9 


38.0 


34.2 


100 








72.0 


60.0 


51.4 


45.0 


40.0 


36.0 



Example.— What should be the width of belt to trans- 
mit 14 horse-power from a w^ater wheel, having on its shaft 
a 5 feet drum. Find 14 in column marked * 'Horse-Power. ' • 
opposite this number in the table, in the column 5, mark- 
ed "Diameter of Pulleys and Drums in feet." will be 
found 10 inches, which is the required width of belt. 



POCKET COMPANION. 35 

Remarks on Belting. 

The average thickness of smgle belts is 3-16 of an inch, 
and when made of good ox- hide, well tanned, their break- 
ing strength, per inch of width, has been determined as 
follows ; 

In the solid leather, 675 lbs. 

At the rivet holes of splices. 362 '• 

At the lacing holes, 210 •• 

The safe working tension is assumed to be 45 lbs. per 
inch of width, which is equal to a velocity of about 60 
square feet per minute per horse-power, which is safe 
practice for single belts in good condition. 

About three-quarters of the trouble experienced in 
broken pulleys, hot boxes, etc., can be traced to the fault 
of tight belts. 

The smooth side of the belt should run next to the 
pulley, as it will drive 25 per cent, more than if run with 
flesh side. 

Belts that are dry and slip can be made to adhere more 
closely by putting on a little neats-foot or castor oil. The 
first is considered the best to use. Do not put rosm on the 
belts as it causes them to crack by making them hard. 

Where narrow belts are to run over small pulleys.— 15 
feet is a good average—the belt having a sag of IV2 to 2 
inches . 

For larger belts, working on larger pulleys, a distance of 
20 to 25 feet, with a sag of 21/2 to 4 inches. 

For main belts working on very large pulleys, tlie 
distance should be 25 to 30 feet, with a sag of 4 to 5 inches. 



Rules for Calculating the Speed of Drums 
and Pulleys. 
The diameter of the driver being given, to find its 
number of revolutions. 

Jb'iiZe.-— Multiply the diameter of the driver by number of 
its revolutions, and divide the product by the diameter of 
the driven, the quotient will be the number of revolutions 
of the driven. 

The diameter and revolutions of the driver being given, 
to find the diameter of the driven that shall make any 
given number of revolutions in the same time. 

/e%?e/— Multiply the diameter of the driver by its num- 
ber of revolutions and divide the product by the number 
of revolutions of the driven ; the quotient will be its 
diameter. 

To ascertain the size of the driver. 



36 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



72w^e;— Multiply the diameter of the driven by the num- 
ber of revolutions you wish to make, and divide the pro- 
duct by the revolutions of the driver; the quotient will be 
the diameter of the driver. 

N. B.- Ill ordering Pulleys, be careful to give the exact 
size of the Shaft on which they are to go, also state how 
you wish them finished on the face; Flat face for shiftnig 
belt, Rounding tor non-shifting belt. 



The following table shows the velocity of belts; the 
column marked "Revolution Shaft" shows the num- 
ber of revolutions which the line or driven shaft is 
supposed to make per minute; the column marked '"Diam- 
eter of Drum" shows the diameter of the drum on the 
line or driven shaft. 



i'S 


Diameter of Drum. 


0(n 


2 1 21/2 1 3 1 31/2 i 4 1 41/2 1 5 | 51/2 | 6 


si 


Number of Feet. 


100 


628 


785 


942 


1099 


1256 


1413 


1570 


1727 


1884 


no 


690 


863 


1036 


1208 


1381 


1554 


1727 


1899 


2072 


120 


758 


942 


1130 


1318 


1507 


1695 


1884 


2072 


2260 


i:-^ 


816 


1020 


1224 


1428 


16:^2 


1836 


2041 


2245 


2449 


140 


879 


1099 


1318 


1538 


1758 


1978 


2198 


2417 


2637 


150 


942 


1177 


1413 


1648 


1884 


2119 


2355 


2590 


2826 


IHO 


1004 


1256 


1507 


1758 


2009 


2260 


2512 


2763 


3014 


170 


1067 


1334 


1601 


1868 


2135 


2402 


2669 


2935 


3202 


180 


1130 


1413 


1695 


1978 


2260 


2543 


2826 


3108 


3391 


190 


1193 


1491 


1789 


2088 


2386 


2684 


2983 


3281 


3579 


200 


1256 


1570 


1884 


2198 


2512 


2826 


3140 


3454 


3768 



Example 1.— The line shaft is required to make 120 turns 
per minute, and it is desired to have the belt run 1800 feet 
per minute; required, the diameter of the driven drum. 
Find 120 in the column marked "Revolution Shaft;" 
opposite to this number in the table find 1800 or the near- 
est to it, which is 1884 feet; over this number in the column 
marked "Diameter of Drum," will be found 5 feet, the 
diameter of the drum. 

Example 2. —The line shaft makes 100 turns per minute, 
the diameter of the driven drum is 4 feet; required, the 
number of feet the belt moves a minute. Find 100 in the 
column marked "Revolution Shaft," opposite to the 
number in the table, and under 4 in the column marked 
" Diameter of Drnm, " will be found 1256 feet. 



The following table shows the width of the counter-belt 
that drives the counter-shaft, from which any number of 



POCKET COMPANION. 



a? 



large size board-planing machines from one to j'onr may 
be driven. The columns marked "Pulleys," shows the 
diameter of the smallest of the two pulleys on which the 
counter-belt runs; the columns marked "No. Machines," 
shows the number of machines to be driven. 



c/i 




No. Machines. 


CO No. Machines. 


p% 






1 




ii 


1 


2 13 1 4 


1 1 2 1 3 1 4 


Ah 


Width of Belt. 


Width of Belt. 


12 


Ik 


15 


22h 


30 


26 


3A- 


7 


101 


13| 


14 


6i 


13 


19i- 


26 


28 


3i 


61 


91 


12} 


16 


5i 


111 


m 


22J 


30 


3 


6 


9 


12 


18 


5 


10 


15 


20 


32 




5i 


m 


111 


20 


ih 


9 


13i 


18 


34 




51 


8 


lOA 


22 


4 


8,1- 


12f 


16^ 


36 




5 


ih 


10 


24 


32 


n 


Hi 


15 













Example— Required the width of a belt to drive two 
board-planing machines, the diameter of the smallest pul- 
ley being 20 [inches. Find 20 in the column marked "Ril- 
ley," opposite to this number in the table, and under 2 in 
the column marked "No. Machines," will be found 9 
inches, the required width of a counter-belt that drives a 
counter-shaft which drives two large size board-planing 
machines. 

Table of Foimr Transmitted hy Wire Ropes. 



Diam. 
of wh'el 1 
In feet. 



No. of 


Diam 


Rope. 


of 
Rope. 


24 


i 


23 


^ 


22 


P 


22 


M 


21 


h 


20 


1 


19 


{h 


18 


H 


17 


£ 


17 


4 


16 


5 


16 


1 



Revolutions per Minute. 



80 



I 100 



120 



140 



Horse-Power. 



4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 



3.3 

6.9 

10.7 

16.9 

22.0 

40.0 

55.0 

64.9 

93.4 

112.0 

141.0 

217.0 



4.1 


5.0 


8.6 


10.3 


13.4 


16.1 


21.1 


25.3 


27.5 


33.0 


41.5 


50.0 


58.4 


73.0 


75.5 


81.0 


99.3 


116.7 


140.0 


168.0 


148.0 


185.0 


259.0 


300.0 



5.8 
12.1 
18.7 
29.6 
38.5 
51.9 
82.5 
97.3 
124.1 



38 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



WEIGHTS of MATERIALS. 



Table Showing Standard Sizes of AMERICAN and 
ENGLISH Wire Gauges In Parts of an Inch. 



d si 




ill 


2 a> 2 




^1 


III 


111 
a J3 o 

C cS ce 


X ^ « 

III 

w6^ 


i 




Inch 


Inch 


Inch 


Inch 




Inch 


Inch 


m. 


In. 


(K)00 


.46 


15-32 


.454 


15-32 


18 


.0403 




.049 




000 


.4096 


13-32 


.425 


27-64 


19 


.0359 




.042 


3-64 


oo 


.3648 


23-64 


.380 


3-8 


20 


.0319 


1-32 


.035 







.3248 


21-61 


.340 


11-32 


21 


.0284 




.032 


1-32 


1 


.2893 


19-61 


.300 


19-64 


22 


.0253 




.028 




2 


.2576 


1-4 


.284 


9-32 


23 


.0225 




.025 




3 


.2294 


15-64 


.259 


1-4 


24 


.0201 




.022 




4 


.2043 


13-61 


.238 


15-16 


25 


.0179 


1-64 


.02 




5 


.1819 


3-16 


.220 




26 


.016 




.018 


1-64 


6 


.1620 


5-32 


.203 


13-64 


27 


.0142 




.016 




7 


.1443 


9-64 


.180 


3-16 


28 


.0126 




.014 




8 


.1285 


1-8 


.165 


5-32 


29 


.0112 




.012 




9 


.1144 




.148 


9-64 


30 


.012 




.01 




10 


.1019 


7-64 


.134 




31 


.01 




.009 




11 


.0907 


3-32 


.120 


1-8 


32 


.0079 




.008 




12 


.0808 




.109 


7-64 


33 


.007 




.007 




13 


.0719 


5-64 


.095 


3-32 


34 


.0063 




.005 




14 


.0641 




.083 




35 


.0056 




.004 




15 


i057 




.072 


5-64 


36 


.005 








16 


;0508 




.065 




37 










17 


.0452 


3-64 


.058 


1-16 


38 











Table showing the thickness and weight of Galvanized 
Sheet Iron by American gauge. 



Wire 


Thick- 


Weight 


Wire 


Thick- 


Weight 


Gauge. 


ness. 


per 
Sq Foot. 


Gauge. 


ness. 


per 
Sq Foot. 


No. 


Ins. 


oz. 


No. 


Ins. 


oz. 


30 


.012 


10 


22 


.0253 


21 


29 


.0112 


11 


21 


.0284 


24 


28 


.0126 


12 


20 


.0319 


28 


27 


.0142 


14 


19 


.0359 


33 


26 


.016 


15 


18 


.0403 


37 


25 


.0179 


16 


17 


.0452 


43 


24 


.0201 


17 


16 


.0508 


48' 


23 


.0225 


19 


14 


.0641 


60 



POCKET COMPANION. 



H9 



Table showing weight of Lead Pipe required for a given 
head (or fall) of water. 



t-t ;- 


2 . 


|i«S 


1-1 


k' 


^a 


20 


10 


30 


15 


40 


20 


50 


25 


75 


38 


100 


50 


150 


75 


200 


100 



Calibre in Inches. 



1/2 I 5/8 



1 I 114 I m 



Weight per foot in lbs. 



.38 

.5 

.68 

.75 
1. 

1.25 
1.38 
1.5 



.63 


.87 


1. 


1.5 


2. 


.75 


1.38 


1.5 


2. 


2.5 


1. 


1.75 


2. 


2.5 


3. 


1.25 


2. 


2.5 


3. 


4. 


1.63 


2.38 


3.38 


4. 


5. 


2. 


3. 


4.0 


5. 


7. 


2.5 


3.5 


4.5 


6. 


9. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


7. 


12. 



3. 

3.5 

4. 

5. 

6. 
10. 
12. 
15. 



The above weights of pipe are of sufficient strength to 
permit the water to be shut off, or stopped. When the 
water is permitted to run constantly, two-thirds of the 
above weight will answer. 



Lead Pipe. 



Weight per lineal foot. 

(AMERICAN). 





Thickness in Inches. 


iV 1 1/^ 


1% 1 1/4 1 % 1 1/2 ! 5/8 


34 


a|« 


Weight in Pounds. 


Ins. 

3/8 


.427 


.97 


1.65 


2.44 


4.38 










.548 


1.21 


2.01 


2.93 


5.11 


7.79 






5/g 


.670 


1.46 


2.38 


3.42 


5.85 


8.77 


12.2 




34 


.791 


1.70 


2.74 


3.90 


6.58 


9.75 


13.4 


17.6 


% 


.911 


1.95 


3.11 


4.39 


7.31 


10.7 


14.6 


19.1 


1 


1.08 


2.19 


3.47 


4.88 


8.04 


11.7 


15.8 


20.5 




1.28 


2.69 


4.21 


5.85 


9.5 


13 7 


18.3 


23.4 


IV2 


1.52 


3.18 


4.94 


6.83 


11. 


15.6 


20.7 


26.3 


IWd. 


1.76 


3.67 


5.67 


7.81 


12.4 


17.6 


23.2 


29.3 


2 


2.01 


4.16 


6.40 


8.78 


13.9 


19.5 


25.6 


32.2 




2.25 


4.65 


7.13 


9.76 


15.4 


21.5 


28.1 


35.1 


21/0 


2.49 


5.14 


7.86 


10.7 


16.8 


23.4 


30.5 


38.0 


234 


2.73 


5.63 


8.59 


11.7 


18.3 


25.4 


32.9 


41. 


3 


2.98 


6.12 


9.82 


12.7 


19.7 


27.3 


35.4 


43.9 


31/2 


3.46 


7.10 


10.8 


14.6 


22.7 


31.3 


40.8 


49.7 


4 


3.95 


8.08 


12.2 


16.6 


25.6 


35.2 


45.2 


55.6 



Joints to lead pipes require 1 lb. of solder for every inch 
diameter. 



40 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Weight of Lead Pipe. 
(English.) 





Com- 


Med- 


Strong 




mon. 


ium. 




1/2 in. bore w'g't per 15 ft. length. 


lbs. 
15 


lbs. 

18 


lbs. 
22 


^» \' ;; 


18 


22 


47 


^'^ 


24 


32 


42 


1 


42 


56 


64 


J!* ;; ^i 


42 


52 


63 


11/2 


50 


72 


84 


}?^ '; ;' 


70 


81 


90 


2 


84 


96 


112 



Weight and Dimensions of Leaden Balls. 

Number of balls in a pound from 1 5-16 ths to .237 

of an inch in Diameter. 



Diameter 


No. 


Diameter 


No. 


Diameter 


No. 


in Inches. 


in Inches. 


in Inches. 


1.67 


1 


.57 


25 


.301 


17U 


1.326 


2 


.537 


30 


.295 


180 


1.157 


3 


.51 


35 


.29 


190 


1.051 


4 


.505 


36 


.285 


200 


.977 


5 


.488 


40 


.281 


210 


.919 


6 


.469 


45 


.276 


220 


.873 


7 


.453 


50 


.272 


230 


.835 


8 


.426 


60 


.268 


240 


.802 


9 


.407 


70 


.265 


250 


.775 


10 


.395 


75 


.262 


260 


.75 


11 


.388 


80 


.259 


270 


.73 


12 


.375 


88 


.256 


280 


.71 


13 


.372 


90 


.252 


290 


.693 


14 


.359 


100 


.249 


300 


.677 


15 


.348 


110 


.247 


310 


.662 


16 


.338 


120 


.244 


320 


.65 


17 


.329 


130 


.242 


330 


.637 


18 


.321 


140 


.239 


340 


.625 


19 


.314 


150 


.237 


350 


.615 


20 


.307 


160 







Thickness and weight per square foot of Window Glass. 



NO Thick- 
^^"- ness. 


Weight. 


No. 


Thick- 
ness, 


Weight. 


12 
13 
15 

16 
17 
19 


Ins. 

.059 
.063 
.071 
.077 
.083 
.091 


oz. 
12 
13 
15 
16 
17 
19 


21 
24 
26 
32 
36 
42 


Ins. 

.1 

.111 

.125 

.154 

.167 

.2 


oz. 

21 

24 

26 

32 

36 

42 



POCKET COMPANION. 



41 



Diameter 


and nmnber of Pellets in 
(American Standard) 


an ounce 


of shot. 


Num- 


Diam. 


Pel 


Num- 


Diam. 

in 
Inches. 


Pel- 


ber. 


Inches. 


lets. 


ber. 


lets. 


Tr 


.21 


32 


5 


.12 


149 


T 


.20 


38 


6 


.11 


209 


BBB 


.19 


44 


7 


.10 


278 


BB 


.18 


49 


8 


.09 


375 


B 


.17 


58 


9 


.08 


560 


1 


.16 


69 


10 


.07 


822 


2 


.15 


82 


11 


.06 


982 


3 


.14 


98 


12 


.05 


1778 


4 


.13 


121 









Table Showing Weight per Foot of Sheet and Bar Bras.s. 





4 






^S^ 
^^^"g 


4J' 


If 


l-H 


Thickne 
Diamete 
Side, in 


|2 

CO g 


p 


ma 






11 
eg- 


pq o 
c o 

1^ 


1-16 


2.7 


.015 


.011 


1-16 


45.95 


4.08 


3.20 


1/8 


5.41 


.055 


.045 


8^6 


48.68 


4.55 


3.57 


3-16 


8.12 


.125 


.1 


51.4 


5.08 


3.97 


1/4 


10.76 


.225 


.175 


1/4 


54.18 


5.65 


4.41 


5-16 


13.48 


.350 


.275 


5-16 


56.85 


6.22 


4.86 


% 


16.25 


.51 


.395 


% 


59.55 


6.81 


5.35 


7-16 


19. 


.69 


.54 


7-16 


62.25 


7.45 


5.85 


1/2 


21.65 


.905 


.71 


1/2 


65. 


8.13 


6.37 


9-16 


24.3 


1.15 


.9 


9-16 


67.75 


8.83 


6.92 


% 


27.12 


1.4 


1.1 


5/8 


70.35 


9.55 


7.48 


11-16 


29.77 


1.72 


1.35 


11-16 


73. 


10.27 


8.05 


3/4 


32.46 


2.05 


1.06 


% 


75.86 


11. 


8.65 


13-16 


35.18 


2.4 


1.85 


13-16 


78.55 


11.82 


9.29 


7/8 


37.85 


2.75 


2.15 


?8 


81.25 


12.68 


9.95 


15-16 


40.55 


3.15 


2.48 


15-16 


84. 


13.5 


10.58 


1 


43.29 


3.65 


2.89 


1 


86.75 


14.35 


11.25 



Weight of Round 


Bolt 


Copper, 


PER Foot. 




Weight per foot 


Diam. 


Weight per foot 




in length. 




in length. 


3/8 inch. 


.424 lbs. 




11/4 inch. 


4.71 lbs. 


V2 " 


.755 '' 




ll '' 


5.71 " 


5/8 '• 


1.17 '' 




6.79 " 


3/4 " 


1.69 '* 




15/8 ' • 


7.94 '• 


?8 " 


2.31 " 




134. '* 


9.21 •' 


1 


3.02 " 




1?8 " 


10.61 - 


11/8 '• 


3.82 " 




2 


12.08 " 



42 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Plate or Sheet Iron, Brass, Copper and Lead. Weight 

of a Superficial Foot in Pounds. 

(Avoirdupois). 

Thickness in Parts of an Inch. 



Inch. 



1 1^ U i -1% I 



I 



I 



Iron in 
Brass •' 
Cop'er" 
Lead " 



lbs. 



2.5 


5. 


7.5 10. 


12.5 


15. 


17.5 


20. 


25. 


34. 


2.7 


5.5 


8.2 10.9 


13.6 


16.3 


19. 


21.8 


27.1 


32.5 


2.9 


5.8 


8.7 11.6 


14.5 


17.4 


20.3 


23.2 


28.9 


34.7 


3.7 


7.4 


11.1 14.8 


18.5 


22.2 


25.9 


29.6 


37. 


44.4 



35. 

37.9 
40.4 

57.8 



Thickness by the Birmingham wire-gauge, and in deci'als. 



Wire Gauge. 


0000. 1 000. 


00. 





1 


2 


3 


Thickness in 

decimals of 

an inch. 


.454 .425 


.380 .340 


.300 


.284 .259 
1 


Iron in lbs. 
Brass" " 
Copper " 


18.99 17.78 
21.11 19.76 
21.61 20.53 


15.89 
17.67 
18.37 


14.22 
15.81 
16.43 


12.5 

13.75 

14.5 


12. 

13.2 

13.9 


11. 

12.1 

12.75 



Thickness by the Birmingham wire-gauge, and in deci'als. 



Wire Gauge. 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


Thickness in 

decimals of 

an inch. 


.238 


.220 


.203 


.180 


.165 


.148 


.134 


Iron in lbs. 
Brass" " 
Copper " 


10. 
11. 
U.6 


8.74 
9.61 
10.1 


8.12 
8.93 
9.4 


7.5 

8.25 
8.7 


6.86 
7.54 
7.9 


6.24 
6.86 

7.2 


5.62 
6.18 
6.5 



Thickness by the Birmingham wire-gauge, and in deci'als. 



Wire Gauge. | 11 



12 



13" 



14 



15 1 16 



17 



Thick, in dec. 
of an inch. 


.120 


.109 


.095 


.083 .072 


.065 


.058 


Iron in lbs. 
Brass. " 
Copper." 


5. 
5.5 

5.8 


4.38 
4.81 

5.08 


3.75 3.12 
4.12 3.43 
4.34 3.6 


2.82 

3.1 

3.27 


2.5 
2.75 

2.9 


2.18 

2.4 

2.52 



Thickness by the Birmingham wire-gauge, and in deci'als. 



Wire Gauge. | 18 i 19 ! 20 | 21 j 22 j 23 ! 24 


Thick, in dec. 
of an inch. 


.049 


.042 


.035 


.032 


.028 


.025 


.022 


Iron in lbs. 
Brass. " 
Copper. " 


1.86 
2.04 
2.15 


1.7 

1.87 

1.97 


1.54 
1.69 

1.78 


1.4 

1.54 

1.62 


1.25 
1.37 
1.45 


1.12 
1.23 
1.3 


1. 

LI 

1.16 



POCKET COMPANION. 



43 



Cast-Iron Pijpes, 


Hollow Columns, 


orCvl 


Imlers 




Weight per lineal foot. 


Diani. 
of 


Thickness in Inches. 


Bore. 


1/4 1 % 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4 1 7/8 1 1 i 11/8 1 114 


Ins. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


1 


3.06 


5.06 


7.36 


9.97 


12.89 


16.11 


19.63 






114 


3.68 


5.98 


8.59 


11.51 


14.73 


18.25 


22.09 






11/2 


4.29 


6.9 


9.82 


13.04 


16.56 


20.4 


24.54 






1% 


4.91 


7.83 


11.05 


14.57 


18.41 


22.5 


27. 






2 


5.53 


8.75 


12.25 


16.11 


20.25 


24.7 


29.45 






21/4 


6.14 


9.66 


13.5 


17.64 


22.09 


26.84 


31.85 






21/2 


6.74 


10.58 


14.72 


19.17 


23.92 


28.93 


34.36 






2% 


7.36 


11.5 


15.91 


20.7 


25.71 


31.14 


36.81 






3 


7.98 


12.43 


17.18 


22.19 


27.62 


33.29 


39.25 


45.56 


52.2 


31/4 


8.59 


13.34 


18.35 


23.78 


29.45 


35.44 


41.72 


48.32 


55.22 


31/2 


9.2 


14.21 


19.64 


25.31 


81.3 


37.58 


44.18 


51.08 


58.29 


33A 


9.76 


15.19 


20.86 


26.85 


33.13 


39.73 


46.63 


53.84 


61.36 


4 


10.44 


16.11 


22.1 


28.38 


84.98 


41.88 


49. 


56.61 


64.25 


41/4 


11.1 


17.08 


23.37 


29.97 


36.87 


44.08 


51.6 


59.42 


67.45 


41/2 


11.66 


17.94 


24.54 


31.44 


88.65 


46.17 


53.99 


62.12 


70.56 




12.27 


18.87 


25.77 


32.98 


40.5 


48.32 


56.45 


64.89 


73.63 


5 ^ 


12.88 


19.78 


27. 


34.54 


42.25 


50.46 


58.9 


67.64 


76.25 


51/4 
5l| 


13.5 


20.71 


28.23 


36.05 


44.18 


52.62 


61.36 


70.41 


79.77 


14.11 


21.63 


23.45 


37.58 


46.02 


54.76 


63.81 


73.17 


82.84 


53/4 


14.73 


22.55 


30.68 


39.12 


47.86 


56.91 


66.27 


75.94 


85.91 


6 


15.34 


23.47 


31.9 


40.65 


49.5 


59.06 


68.5 


78.7 


89. 


7 


17.79 


27.15 


36.8 


46.79 


56.84 


67.65 


78.5 


89.74 


101.25 


8 


20.02 


30.83 


41.7 


52.92 


64.42 


76.23 


88.25 


100.78 


114. 


9 


22.71 


34.52 


46.5 


59.07 


71.5 


84.84 


99.5 


111.84 


126. 


10 


25.16 


38.2 


51.5 


65.2 


79.16 


93.42 


108. 


122.87 


138. 


11 


27.62 


41.88 


56.25 


71.33 


86,5 


102.01 


117.5 


133.92 


150.3 


12 


30.06 


45.55 


61. 


77.46 


93.6 


110.6 


127.25 


144.96 


163, 


14 








90.6 


109.6 


129. 


148.8 


168.7 


189. 


16 










124.5 


146.4 


168.6 


181.0 


213.8 


18 










139.4 


163.7 


188.4 


213.3 


238.5 


20 












181.1 


208.2 


235.6 


263.3 


24 










i82.'*" 




247.9 


280.2 


312.9 


28 










213. 




286. 




360. 


30 










227. 




305. 




384. 


34 










257. 




345. 




443. 



Weight of Cast-Iron, Brass, Copper and Lead Balls from 
1 inch to 12 inches in diameter. 



Diam. 


Cast- 
iron. 


Br'ss. 


Cop- 
per. 


Le'd 


Diam 


Cast- 
iron. 


Br'ss. ^^P;|Le'd 


Ins. 

1 


lbs. 
.136 
.46 

1.09 


lbs. 
.158 
.537 

1.25 


lbs. 
.166 
.56 
1.3 


lbs. 
.214 
.727 
1.7 


Ins. 

7 
7V. 


lbs. 
47.76 
57.52 
69.81 


lbs. 
54.5 
67.11 
81.4 


lbs. 
57.1 

70.0 
85.2 


lbs. 

73.7 

90. 
110.1 



44 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 

(Table Continued) . 



Diam. 


Cast- 
iron. 


Br'ss. 


Cop- 
per. 


Le'd 


y)j jCast-l 
^^^"Nlron. 1 


Br'ss. 


^°e?>e'<l 


Ins. 


n)s. 


ms. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


Ins. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


21/2 


2.13 


2.50 


2.60 


3.35 


m 


83.73 


100.0 


102.3 


132.3 


3 


3.68 


4.3 


4.5 


5.8 


9 


99.4 


115.9 


121.3 


156.7 


31/4 


5.84 


6.82 


7.14 


9.2:-] 


91/q 


116.9 


136.4 


143.0 


184.7 


4 


8.72 


10.2 


10.7 


13.8 


10 


136.35 


159.0 


166.4 


215.0 


41/2 


12.42 


14.5 


15.25 


19.6 


101/^ 


157.84 


184.0 


193.0 


250.0 


5 


17.04 


19.9 


20.8 


26.9 


11 


181.48 


211.8 


221.8 


286.7 


51/2 


22.68 


26.47 


27.74 


36.0 


IIV^ 


207.37 


242.0 


253.5 


327.7 


6 


29.45 


34.3 


35.9 


46.4 


12 


235.62 


275.0 


288.1 


372.3 


61/2 


37.44 


43.67 


45.76 


59.13 













Weight of Parallel Angle Iron of equal sides, and Parallel 

T Iron, equal depth and width. 

Parallel Angle Iron. Parallel T Iron. 



Length 
of sides 
in Ins. 


Uniform 


W'g't of 1 


Width of 


Uniform 


W'g't of 1 


thickn'ss 


lineal ft. 


top table 


thickn'ss 


lineal ft. 


Through- 


in lbs and 


and total 


through- 


in lbs and 


out. 


dec. parts 


depth. 


out. 


dec. parts 


Ins. 


Ins. 




Ins. 


Ins. 




3 


i 


8.0 


6 


1/2 


18.25 


23/4 


i 


7.0 


5 


7-16 


13.75 


23/8 


8 


5.75 


4 


3/8 


9.75 


21/4 


A 


4.5 


31/2 


3/8 


8.5 


2 


\ full 


3.75 


3 


3/8 


7.5 


234 


} 


3.0 


21/2 


5-16 


4.63 


21/2 




2.5 


21/4 


5-16 


4.5 


m 


No. 6w.g. 


1.75 


2 


5-16 


3.75 


11/4 


8 


1.5 


IB4 


1/4 


3.0 


11^ 


9 


1.25 


11/2 


1/4 


2.25 


1 


10 


1.0 


11/4 


1/4 


1.75 


?8 


10 


.875 


1 


3-16 


1.0 


8/4 


11 


.625 


^8 


1/8 


.73 


5/8 


11 


.563 


3/4 


1/8 


.63 


1/2 


12 


.5 









Table Showing Number of Rivets in One Hundred Pounds. 



J^en- 


Diameter in Inches. 


Len- 


Diameter in Inches. 


gth in 




gth in 




Ins. 


1/2 \ % \ U \ 3/4 


Ins. 


V2 1 5/8 ! U 1 ^4 


3/4 


1092 


665 






31/4 


433 


267 


212 


180 


?8 


1027 


597 






3V2 


413 


248 


201 


169 


1 


940 


538 


450 




33/4 


395 


241 


192 


160 


m 


840 


512 


415 




4 




230 


184 


158 


11/4 


797 


487 


389 


356 


414 




220 


177 


150 




760 


460 


370 


329 


41/2 




210 


171 


146 


11/2 


730 


440 


357 


280 


43/4 




2{K) 


166 


138 


1% 


711 


420 


340 


271 


5 




190 


161 


135 



POCKET COMPANION. 



45 



Table Showing No. of Rivets in 100 Pounds. (Continued). 



Len- 


Diameter in Inches. 


Len- 


Diameter in Inches. 


gth in 




gth in 




Ins. 


1/2 5/8 1 U 1 3/4 


Ins. 


1/2 i 5/8 ! H 1 % 


13/4 


693 


390 


325 


262 


51/4 




180 


156 


130 


17/8 


648 


375 


312 


257 


5V2 




172 


151 


124 


2 


608 


360 


297 


243 


53/4 




164 


145 


120 




573 


354 


289 


237 


6 




157 


140 


115 


2i/4 


555 


347 


280 


232 


61/4 




150 


138 


111 


21/9 


525 


335 


260 


220 


6I/2 




146 


134 


107 


234 


500 


312 


242 


208 


63/4 




143 


129 


104 


3 


460 


290 


224 


197 


7 ■ 




140 


125 


100 



Weights of Taper Angle Iron, of equal Sides, and 
Taper T Iron. 



Taper Angle Iron, of 
equal Sides. 






Taper T Iron. 




02 

1— 1 M 


HO 


^ 9. 

go 


W'g't of 1 lin- 
eal ft. m lbs. 
& dec. parts. 






Thickness of 

top table at 

edges. 




in 

■B§ 


W'g'tof 1 lin- 
eal ft. in lbs. 
& dec. parts. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 




Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins 




4 


1/2 


^ 


14.0 


3 


f/4 


3/g 


7-16 


v^ 


8.0 


3 


1/2 


5/8 


10.37 


3 




3/8 


1/2 


7-16 


8.0 


2V4 


7-16 


9-16 


8.25 


2 


3 


5-16 


5-16 


7-16 


5.25 


'21/2 


3/8 


1/2 


6.5 


m 


2l/f> 


V2 


1/4 




6.5 


21/4 


5-16:: 

1/4;: 


7-16 


5. 


2 


11/^ 


5-16 


3/8 


5^t 


3.5 


2 


b-161: 


5.87 


2 


IV^ 


i.i 


1/4 


5-16 


2.87 


1% 


1/4 


b-16 


3.25 














11/2* 


1/4 * 


15-16* 


2.62 


















* B( 


ire. 








i i?'^^ 


?. 





Number of Nails in a Pound. 
Title- Size. No. per lb. Title. Size. No.per lb. 

32 nails. 

24 

18 

14 

12 

10 



2 penny fine. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
12 



11/8 In. 

IV4 

IV2 

13/4 

2 

21/4 

21/2 

234 

31/4 



760 nails. 

480 
300 
200 
160 
128 

92 

72 

60 

44 



16 pen. f 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

6 feiue 

8 

10 '^ 

12 '• 



31/2 In 

4 " 

41/2 - 

5 " 
51/2 " 

6 " 

2 «' 

21/2 " 

3 *♦ 
31/4 " 



46 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Number of Tacks in a Pound. 
No. 
Title. Length. per lb Title. Length. 



No. 
per lb. 



1 oz. 


1/8 In. 


16.000 


1 10 oz. 


11-16 


1.600 


11/2 


3-16 


10.666 


12 


3/4 


1.333 


2 


1/4 


8.000 


14 


13-16 


1.143 


21/2 


5-16 


6.400 


16 


?8 


1.000 


3 


% 


5.333 


18 


15-16 


.888 


4 


7-16 


4.000 


20 


1 


.800 


6 


9-16 


2.666 


22 


1 1-16 


.727 


8 


5/8 


2.000 


i 24 


11^ 


.666 



Table Showing Weight of 100 feet of 


Iron 


, Steel, Copper 


and Brass Wire. (English and American Gauges). 


§^■1 


American Gauge. 


Birmingham Gauge, 


•s^a 




Wire per 100 


1^ 


Wire per 100 


iio 


op 


lineal feet. 


lineal feet. 


^^^g 


I. 1 S. 1 C. 1 B. 


g-S 


I. 1 S. i C. 1 B. 




Ins 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


Ins 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


0000 


.46 


56.07 


56.60 


64.05 


60.51 


.454 


54.62 


55.13 


62.39 


58.93 


000 


.409 


44.46 


44.88 


50.79 


47.99 


.425 


47.86 


48.32 


54.67 


51.64 


00 


.364 


35.26 


35.59 


40.28 


38.06 


.38 


38.27 


38.63 


43.71 


41.28 





.324 


27.96 


28.23 


31.94 


30.18 


.34 


30.63 


30.92 


34.99 


33.05 


1 


.289 


22.17 


22.38 


25.38 


23.93 


.3 


23.^5 


24.07 


27.24 


25.73 


2 


.257 


17.58 


17.75 


20.09 


18.98 


.284 


21.37 


21.57 


24.41 


23.06 


3 


.229 


13.94 


14.07 


15.93 


15.05 


.259 


17.78 


17.94 


20.03 


19.18 


4 


.204 


11.06 


11.16 


12.63 


11.93 


.238 


15.01 


15.15 


17.15 


16.19 


5 


.181 


8.77 


8.85 


10.02 


9.46 


.22 


12.82 


12.95 


14.65 


13.84 


6 


.162 


6.95 


7.02 


7.94 


7.50 


.203 


10.92 


11.02 


12.47 


11.78 


7 


.144 


5.51 


5.56 


6.30 


5.95 


.18 


8.58 


8.66 


9.80 


9.26 


8 


.128 


4.37 


4.41 


4.99 


4.72 


.165 


7.21 


7.28 


8.24 


7.78 


9 


.114 


3.46 


3.50 


3.98 


3.74 


.148 


5.80 


5.85 


6.63 


6.26 


10 


.101 


2.75 


2.77 


3.14 


2.96 


.134 


4.75 


4.80 


5.43 


5.13 


11 


.090 


2.18 


2.20 


2.49 


2.35 


.12 


3.81 


3.85 


4.35 


4.11 


12 


.080 


1.73 


1.74 


1.97 


1.86 


.109 


3.15 


3.18 


3.59 


3.39 


13 


.071 


1.37 


1.38 


1.56 


1.48 


.095 


2.39 


2.41 


2.73 


2.58 


14 


.064 


1.08 


1.09 


1.24 


1.17 


.083 


1.82 


1.84 


2.08 


1.96 


15 


.057 


.86 


.87 


.98 


.93 


.072 


1.37 


1.38 


1.57 


1.48 


16 


.050 


.68 


.69 


.78 


.75 


.065 


1.12 


1.13 


1.28 


1.21 


17 


.045 


.54 


.54 


.61 


.58 


.058 


.89 


.90 


1.08 


.96 


18 


.040 


.43 


.43 


.49 


.46 


.049 


.63 


.64 


.72 


.68 


19 


.035 


.34 


.34 


.38 


.36 


.042 


.46 


.47 


.53 


.51 


20 


.031 


.27 


.27 


.30 


.29 


.035 


.32 


.33 


.37 


.35 


21 


.028 


.21 


.21 


.24 


.23 


.032 


.27 


.27 


.31 


.29 


22 


.025 


.17 


.17 


.19 


a8 


.028 


.20 


.21 


.23 


.22 


23 


.022 


.13 


.13 


.15 


.14 


.025 


.16 


.16 


.19 


.18 


24 


.020 


.10 


elO 


.12 


.11 


.022 


.12 


.13 


.15 


.14 


25 


.017 


.08 


.08 


.09 


.09 


.02 


.10 


.10 


.12 


.11 


26 


.015 


.06 


.06 


.07 


.07 


.018 


.08 


.08 


.09 


.09 



POCKET COMPANION. 



47 



Table Showing Weight of Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper and 
Brass. {American and English Gauges). 



Cm| 


American Gauge. 


Birmingham Gauge. 






Plates per Sq. 


foot. 




Plates per Sq. f ooot 


^^g 


I. 1 S. 1 C. 


B. 


I. 1 S. i 


C. 1 B. 




Ins 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


Ins 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


0000 


.46 


18.45 


18.70 


20.83 


19.68 


.454 


18.21 


18.45 


20.56 


19.43 


000 


.409 


16.43 


16.65 


18.55 


17.53 


.425 


17.05 


17.28 


19.25 


18.19 


00 


.364 


14.63 


14.83 


16.52 


15.61 


.38 


15.24 


15.45 


17.21 


16.26 





.324 


13.03 


13.20 


14.71 


13.90 


.34 


13.64 


13.82 


15.40 


14.55 


1 


.289 


11.60 


11.76 


13.10 


12.38 


.3 


12.03 


12.19 


13.59 


12.84 


2 


.257 


10.33 


10.47 


11.67 


11.02 


.284 


11.39 


11.54 


12.86 


12.15 


3 


.229 


9.20 


9.32 


10.39 


9.81 


.259 


10.39 


10.53 


11.73 


11.08 


4 


.204 


8.19 


8.30 


9.25 


8.74 


.238 


9.54 


9.67 


10.78 


10.18 


5 


.181 


7.30 


7.39 


8.24 


7.78 


.22 


8.82 


8.94 


9.96 


9.41 


6 


.162 


6.50 


6.58 


7.33 


6.93 


.203 


8.14 


8.25 


9.19 


8.68 


7 


.144 


5.78 


5.86 


6.53 


6.17 


.18 


7.22 


7.31 


8.15 


7.70 


8 


.128 


5.15 


5.22 


5.82 


5.49 


.165 


6.62 


6.70 


7.47 


7.06 


9 


.114 


4.59 


4.65 


5.18 


4.89 


.148 


5.93 


6.01 


6.70 


6.33 


10 


.101 


4.08 


4.14 


4.61 


4.36 


.134 


5.37 


5.44 


6.07 


5.73 


11 


.090 


3.64 


3.68 


4.11 


3.88 


.12 


4.81 


4.87 


5.43 


5.13 


12 


.080 


3.24 


3.28 


3.66 


3.45 


.109 


4.37 


4.83 


4.93 


4.66 


13 


.071 


2.88 


2.92 


3.25 


3.07 


.095 


3.81 


3.86 


4.30 


4.06 


14 


.064 


2.57 


2.60 


2.90 


2.74 


.083 


3.33 


3.37 


3.75 


3.55 


15 


.057 


2.28 


2.32 


2.58 


2.44 


.072 


2.88 


2.92 


3.26 


3.08 


16 


.050 


2.03 


2.06 


2.30 


2.17 


.065 


2.60 


2.64 


2.94 


2.78 


17 


.045 


1.81 


1.84 


2.05 


1.93 


.058 


2.32 


2.35 


2.62 


2.48 


18 


.040 


1.61 


1.63 


1.82 


1.72 


.049 


1.96 


1.99 


2.21 


2.09 


19 


.035 


1.44 


1.45 


1.62 


1.53 


.042 


1.68 


1.70 


1.90 


1.79 


20 


.031 


1.28 


1.29 


1.44 


1.36 


.035 


1.40 


1.42 


1.58 


1.49 


21 


.028 


1.14 


1.15 


1.28 


1.21 


.032 


1.28 


1.30 


1.44 


1.36 


22 


.025 


1.01 


1.03 


1.14 


1.08 


.028 


1.12 


1.13 


1.26 


1.19 


23 


.022 


.90 


.91 


1.02 


.96 


.025 


1.00 


1.01 


1.13 


1.07 


24 


.020 


.80 


.81 


.91 


.86 


.022 


.88 


.89 


.99 


.94 


25 


.017 


.71 


.72 


.81 


.76 


.02 


.80 


.81 


.90 


.85 


26 


.015 


.63 


.64 


.72 


.68 


.018 


.72 


.73 


.81 


.77 



Weight of a lineal foot of Square and Round Malleable 
Bar Iron from 1-4 Inch to I 2 inches in diameter. 
(Avoirdupois Pounds). 



Size Inches. 
Sq.Rolled bar Iron 
Round *' '' 


.208 
.163 


5-16 
.325 
.255 


.is 

.368 


7-16 
.638 
.501 


lis 

.654 


9-16 

1.05 

.821 


1.02 


11-16 
1.57 
1.23 


1^7 
1.47 


Size Inches. 
Sq. Rolled Iron. 
Round " 


2^l0 
1.72 


7/H 
2.55 
2.0 


^§2 
2.30 


1 
3.33 
2.61 


2.95 


11/8 
4.21 
3.31 


4^7*0 
3.69 


5.20 
4.39 


4.51 



48 - HANDY MECHANICAI4, 

Square and Round Malleable Bar Fron. {Continued). 



Size Ins. 
Sq.R.I.bar 
Round " 



6.30 
4.95 



1/^ 
6.88 
5.40 



11/2 

7.50 
5.89 



1 » 
8.15 
6.40 



1% 
8.80 
6.91 



m 

9.50 
7.46 



13/4 

10.20 

8.01 



10.69 
8.60 



1?8 
11.75 
9.20 



Do 



12.52 
9.83 



2 
13.33 
10.47 



21/8 
15.05 
11.82 



21/4 I 2:^8 I 2V2 
16.87 I18.80i20.80 
13.25il4.76il6.36 



2% I 23/4 I 27/8 
29.96 25.20 27.55 
18.03 19.79 21.63 



Do 



3 
30. 
23.56 



31/8 
32.55 
25.56 



31/4 i 33/8 i 31/2 I 3^ I 3B/4 37/8 I 4 
35.20|37.96 40.80i43.80 46.87 50.05 53.33 
27.65:29.82 32.07i34.40 36.81 39.3141.81 



Do 



41/8 
56.71 
44.54 



41/4 i 43/8 I 41/2 1 4% ! 43/4 1 47/8 i 5 I 51/4 
60.20 63.80 67.50 71.3075.20,79.2183.33193.2 
47.28i50.1l!53.0i;56. 159.06 62. 21; 65.45 1 73. 2 



Do 



51/2 

102.2 

80.3 



53/4 I 6 I 6I/4 i 6I/2 1 63/4 

111.8127. 1132.0142.8154.0 

87.8 95.6103.6 112.2121.0 



7 
161.6 
130.0 



71/4 
177.7 
139.5 



71/2 
190.1 
149.3 



Do 



8 8I/2 
216.3 244.2 
169.9191.8 



273.8 
215.0 



91/2 1 10 
305.1337.9 
239.61266.3 



101/2 
372.7 
292.7 



11 

409.0 
321.2 



III/2I 12 

447.0I486.7 
351.1382.2 



Weight of 9 feet length, of flanged Cast-Iron Pipes 
of various diameters. 



u 


^-H 


^ <D 


m^ 


^ f-i <v 


CM 






<D . 




(D bfi 


- Sd 


'^^■^ 


• 


"y r« 








II 




13^ 


S-S 
^ 


0^ 

63 


Weight. 


rtW 




.HS 




B^U 


•SW 


^^ 




"^"6 


HO 


Po 


hS 


Q'Sb 


ft 






Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 




Cwt-qr-lt) 


2 


% 


61/2 


tIt 


43/4 


% 


4 


0-3-0 


3 


Hk 


m 


§ 


6 


^ 


4 


1-0-3 


4 




91/2 




73/4 


3/t 


4 


1—3- 5 


5 


1/2 


101/2 


1 


m 


m 


4 


2—1-12 


6 


% 


12 


i 


10 


7'h 


4 


3-2- 1 


7 


5/g 


14 


1 


11^/4 


?8 


6 


4-3—17 


8 


3/1 


15 


1 


123/4 


1 


6 


5-2-9 


9 


34 


I6I/2 


u. 


141/4 


1 


6 


6-1-12 


10 


3/4 


171/2 


n 


151/2 


1 


6 


7-0—0 


11 


7/^ 


19 


i.% 


163/^ 


1 


6 


8-3-24 


12 


7/8 


20 


1} 


173/4 


11'^ 


6 


9-3- 5 


13 


?8 


21 


i\ 


183/4 


11/8 


6 


10-2— 


14 


?8 


22 


V 


im 


11/8 


8 


11-0-26 


15 


7^ 


23 


n 


203/4 


11/8 


8 


12-0—25 


16 


7h 


24V2 


ir. 


22 


1^4 


8 


12-3— 8 


17 


T8 


251/2 


h% 


23 


11/4 


8 


13-2—17 


18 


1 


261/^^ 


n 


24 


11/4 


8 


16-1—15 


19 


1 


28 


n 


25 




8 


17-2-13 


20 


1 


29 


n 


26 


1% 


8 


18-0—26 



POCKET COMPANION. 49 

TABLE SHOWING WEIGHT OF I FOOT OF SEAMLESS 
DRAWN BRASS AND COPPER TUBING. 



Outside 
Diameter. 


Length 
Feet. 


Brown & 

Sharpe's 

Gauge. 


Weight per Ft. 


Brass. Copper. 






No. 


as. 


lbs. 


% 


12 


17 


.17 


.17 


V2 


12 


16 


.25 


.25 




12 


16 


.33 


.35 


13-16 


12 


15 


.42 


.46 


12 


15 


.47 


.51 


% 


12 


15 


.52 


.57 


15-16 


12 


15 


.58 


.62 


1 


12 


14 


.66 


.69 


11.^ 


12 


14 


.85 


.89 


11/4 


12 


13 


.93 


.97 


1% 


12 


121/2 


1.20 


1.25 


IV2 


12 


12 


1.35 


1.40 


1% 


12 


111/2 


1.55 


1.60 


1% 


12 


11 


1.70 


1.76 


1 13-16 


12 


11 


1.82 


1.88 


17/8 


12 


11 & 10 


1.95 


2.01 


1 15-16 


12 


»• 


2. 


2.06 


2 


12 


" 


2.05 


2.10 


21y§ 


10 


'♦ 


2.10 


2.16 


21/4 


10 


♦* 


2.35 


2.40 


m 


10 


" 


2.36 


2.42 




10 


8 & 8I/2 


3. 


3.10 


25/« 


10 


*' 


8.67 


3.75 


2% 


10 


" 


3.75 


3.90 


3 


10 


" 


3.92 


4.05 


II 


10 


»' 


4.18 


4.30 


10 


♦' 


4.50 


4.63 


4 


10 


" 


5.40 


5.56 


5 


10 


" 


6.75 


6.95 



Weight of a Square Foot of Cast and Wrought Iron, 

Copper, Lead, Brass and Zinc. 

From 1-16 to 2 inches in Thickness. 



Thick- 
ness. 


Cast-] Wr'g't 
Iron. ! Iron. 


Copper. 


Lead. 


Brass. 


Zinc. 


Ins. 
1-16 

14 


lbs. 

2.346 

4.693 

7.039 

9.386 


lbs. 
2.517 
5.035 
7.552 
10.07 


lbs. 
2.89 
5.781 
8.672 
11.562 


lbs. 

3.691 

7.382 

11.074 

14.765 


lbs 

2.675 

5.35 

8.025 

10.7 


lbs. 
2.34 
4.68 
7.02 
9.36 



50 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Weight of a Square Foot of Cast and Wrought Iron, 

Copper, Lead, Brass and Zinc. 

(Table Continued). 



Thick- 
ness. 


Cast- 
iron. 


1 Wr'g't 

! Iron. 


Copper. 


Lead. 


Brass. 


Zinc. 


Ins. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


5-16 


11.733 


12.588 


14.453 


18.456 


13.375 


11.07 


% 


14.079 


15.106 


17.344 


22.148 


16.05 


14.04 


7-16 


16.426 


17.623 


20.234 


25.839 


18.725 


16.34 


V2 


18.773 


20.141 


23.125 


29.53 


21.4 


18.72 


9-16 


21.119 


22.659 


26.016 


33.222 


24.075 




% 


23.466 


25.176 


28.906 


36.913 


26.75 




11-16 


25.812 


27.694 


31.797 


40.604 


29.425 




3/4 


28.159 


30.211 


34.688 


44.296 


32.1 




13-16 


30.505 


32.729 


37.578 


47.987 






1^6 


82.852 


35.247 


40.469 


51.678 






85.199 


37.764 


43,359 


55.37 






1 


87.545 


40.282 


46.250 


59.061 






1V8 


42.238 


45.317 


52.031 








11/4 


46.931 


50.352 


57.813 








m 


51.625 


55.387 


63.594 








1V2 


56.317 


60.422 


69.375 








1% 


61.011 


65.458 


75.156 








13/4 


65.704 


70.493 


80.938 








17/8 


70.397 


75.528 


86.719 








2 


75.090 


80.563 


92.500 









Weight of a lineal foot of Flat Rolled Iron from 1-4 inch to 


15-16 inch thick hy 1 inch to 3 inches wide. 


^00 


Thickness in Inches. 


^ - 


1/4 1 ,% 1 % 1 fe 1 V2 1 ,% 1 5/8 1 iJ i 3/4 1 j 7/8 | }| 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 




.83 


1.04 


1.25 


1.45 


1.66 


1.87 


2.08 


2.29 


2.50 


2.70 


2.91 


8.12 


m 


.93 


1.17 


1.40 


1.64 


1.87 


2.10 


2.84 


2.57 


2.81 


3.04 


3.28 


8.51 


1V4 


1.04 


1.80 


1.56 


1.82 


2.08 


2.84 


2.60 


2.86 


8.12 


8.88 


8.64 


8.90 




1.14 


1.43 


1.71 


2. 


2.29 


2.57 


2.86 


3.15 


8.48 


3.72 


4.01 


4.29 


m 


1.25 


1.56 


1.87 


2.18 


2.50 


2.81 


3.12 


8.48 


8.75 


4.06 


4.87 


4.68 


1.35 


1.69 


2.03 


2.86 


2.70 


3.04 


8.38 


8.72 


4.06'4.40 


4.73 


5.07 


il 


1.45 


1.82 


2.18 


2.55 


2.91 


3.28 


8.64 


4.01 


4.87 


4.78 


5.10 


5.46 


1.56 


1.95 


2.34 


2.73 


3.12 


3.51 


8.90 


4.29 


4.68 


5.07 


5.46 


5.85 


2 


1.66 


2.08 


2.50 


2.91 


3.83 


3.75 


4.16 


4.58 


5. 


5.41 


5.88 


6.25 




1.77 


2.21 


2.65 


3.09 2.54 


8.98 


4.42 


4.86 


5.81 


5.75 


6.19 


6.64 


21A 


1.87 


2.84 


2.81 


3.283.75 


4.21 


4.68 


5.15 


5.62 


6.09 


6.56 


7.03 


2% 


1.97 


2.47 


2.96 


3.46 3.95 


4.45 


4.94 


5.44 


5.93 


6.48 


6.92 


7.42 


21/2 


2.08 


2.60 


3.12 


8.644.16 


4.68 


5.20 


5.72 


6.25 


6.77 


7.29 


7.81 


2% 


2.18 


2.73 


3.28 


3.824.37 


4.92 


5.46 


6.01 


6.56 


7.10 


7.65 


8.20 


il 


2.29 


2.86 


8.43 


4.0114.58 


5.15 


5.72 


6.80 


6.87 


7.44 


8.02 


8.59 


2.89 


2.99 


8.59 


4.19; 4.79 


5.89 


5.98 


6.58 


7.18 


7.78 


8.88 


8.98 


3 


2.50 


8.14 


8.75 


4.875. 


5.62 


6.25 


6.87 


7.50 8.12 


8.75 


9.87 



POCKET COMPANION. 



51 



To ascertain the Weights of larger* sizes take the half 
size of that required, and double it. Thus, required the 
weight of 4XV2 in. refer to 2x1/2 in. =3.33x2=6.66 lbs. 



Table showing the weight of water in 


pipes of various 


diameters, one foot in length. 




is 


II 


^i 

ghS 


S«5 


1^ 


M 


11' 

CCi— ( 


tea 


ii ^i 


qB 


^B 


Sd 




5.S 


^•^ 


S.S 


i-s 


S.S |.s 


3 


3 


81 


241 


14 


662 


19i 


129* 


30 


3062 


3i 


3i 


81 


26 


141 


691 


192 


132" 


301 


317;: 


3i 


4i 


9 


27i 


14^ 


711 


20 


1361 


31 


327; 


31 


4| 


9i 


291 


141 


741 


20i 


1431 


3H 


338;; 


4 


5J 


9.1 


301 


15 


76f 


21 


1501 


32 


349 


41 


61- 


92 


321 


151 


79. 


21i 


157^ 


321 


360 


41 


7 


10 


34' 


151 


82 


22 


165 


33 


3711 


41 


72 


101 


351 


151 


84^ 


22^ 


172^ 


331 


382.. 


5 


8i 


101 


37, 


16 


871 


23 


1801 


34 


394 


5i 


9i- 


10| 


394 


161 


90 


23^ 


188j 


341 


4051 


5^ 


lOi 


11 


4I4 


16A 


921 


24 


196j 


35 


4171 


51 


lU 


Hi 


431 


162 


95^ 


241- 


2041 


35i 


429J 


6 


121 


m 


45 


17 


98^ 


25 


213 


36 


4411 


61 


13,^ 


iii 


47 


171 


lOli 


25i 


2214 


36i 


454 


61 


14^ 


12 


49 


17^ 


104i 


26 


2301 


37 


4661 


61 


15^ 


12.1 


51 


172 


107i 


26^- 


289^ 


m 


479i 


7 


16i 


121 


53i 


18 


llOi 


27 


248i 


38 


492i 


7i 


18 


121 


55i 


181 


113i 


27i 


2572 


38i 


505i 


7J 


m 


13 


57^ 


181 


1161 


28 


2671 


39 


5181 


71 


20k 


13^ 


59] 


182 


1191 


281 


2762 


39i 


5311 


8 


21£ 


13^ 


621 


19 


123 


29 


2861 


40 


5451 


8i 


231 


132 


64, 


191 


1261 


291 


2961 







Table Showing the Weight of Water at DifF£rent 
Temperatures. 





«M 




«!-< 




e(-i 




«(-t 


1^ 


%Mi 


2U 


ih 




u8S 




2'B^ 


HPs< 


^c^ 


HPh 




HPh 


^c" 


HPh 


^c.^ 


40° 


62.408 


102° 


61.092 


172° 


60.72 


275° 


58.17 


42 


62.408 


112 


61.078 


182 


60.55 


300 


57.42 


52 


62.377 


122 


61.063 


192 


60.28 


350 


55.94 


62 


62.321 


132 


61.047 


202 


60.05 


400 


54.34 


72 


62.025 


142 


61.030 


212 


59.82 


450 


52.70 


82 


62.015 


152 


61.011 


230 


59.37 


500 


51.02 


92 


62.004 


162 


60.920 


250 


58.85 


600 


47.64 



The boiling point of water decreases one degree (on an 
average) for every 530 feet above sea level. The boiling 
point at sea level being 212 degrees. 



52 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 





DIMENSIONS OF BOLT AND NUTS SQUARE 




AND HEXAGONAL. 




s^ 


'S 


o^ 


o| 


. 


VOLUME. 


(V o 


6"3 




ll 


^1 






gpq 


Hexa'l 
Nut. 


Square 
Nut. 


Hexa'l Bolt per 
Head. ,;:^engtl 


Ins. 


Ins 


Ins 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Cains. 


Cu. Ins. 


Cu.Ins. 


Cains. 


1/8 


.15 


.2 


1/4 


.2 


.00425 


.00416 


.0045 


.01227 


3-16 


.2 


.3 


3/8 


.3 


.01276 


.01248 


.0152 


.02761 


V4 


.25 


.45 




.4 


.02836 


.03835 


.036 


.04908 


5-16 


.35 


.55 


5/3 


.5 


.06235 


•07903 


.07 


.07669 


B/8 


.4 


.6 


3/4 


.6 


.10209 


.09984 


.1215 


.1104 


7-16 


.5 


.75 


% 


.7 


.17368 


.2061 


.1929 


.1503 


1/2 


.55 


.85 




.75 


.25584 


.28941 


.2531 


.1963 


9-16 


.6 


.95 


11/^ 


.85 


.34449 


.3924 


.3658 


.2485 


% 


.7 


1.1 


11/4 


.95 


.49625 


.6323 


.5076 


.3067 


11-16 


.75 


1.2 


13/8 


1.05 


.64328 


.8016 


.6822 


.3712 


3/4 


.8 


L3 


IV2 


1.125 


.81664 


.9986 


.8543 


.4417 


13-16 


.9 


1.4 


15/8 


1.25 


1.0782 


1.2977 


1.143 


.5184 


?8 


.95 


L5 


13/4 


1.35 


1.3199 


1.5663 


1.435 


.6013 


1 


1.1 


1.75 


2 


L5 


1.996 


2.5048 


2.025 


.7854 


11/8 


1.25 


1.95 


21/4 


1.7 


2.8701 


3.5106 


2.926 


.994 


11/4 


1.37 


2.15 


21/2 


1.875 


2-8846 


4.6518 


3.955 


1.227 


13/8 


L5 


2.4 


2>4 


2.1 


5.1474 


6.414 


5.457 


1.484 


11/2 


1.65 


2.6 


3 


2.25 


6.737 


8.2384 


6.834 


1.767 


1% 


L8 


2.8 


31/4 


2.45 


8.6267 


10.381 


8.778 


2.073 




L9, 


3. 


31/1 


2.625 


10.559 


12.53 


10.853 


2.405 


1?8 


2.05 


3.25 


33/4 


2.8 


13.058 


15.993 


13.23 


2.761 


2 


2.2 


3.45 


4 


3. 


15.97 


19.275 


16.2 


3.141 



Marks and weight of English Tin-Plates. 



I 



Brand. 


Plates 


Length and 


Net W'g't 


per Box. 


Breadth. 


per Box. 




No. 


Inches. 


lbs. 


IC or 1 com 


225 


133/4 by 10 


112 


2C 




131/4 " 9'44 
123/4 " 91/2 


105 


3C 


'* 


98 


HC 


♦' 


133/4 " 10 


119 


HX 


" 


133/4 " 10 


157 


IX 


*• 


133/4 " 10 


140 


2X 


*' 


131/4 " 93/4 


133 


3X 


»' 


123/4 - 91/2 


126 


IXX 




133/4 " 10 


161 


IXXX 


«' 


133/4 " 10 


182 


IXXXX 


" 


133A '' 10 


203 


IXXXXX 


" 


133/4 '♦ 10 


224 


IXXXXXX 


'♦ 


133/4 - 10 


245 


DC 


100 


163/k " 121^ 


98 


DX 




163/4 " 12V2 


126 






POCKET COMPANION, 



53 



Marks and weight of English Tin-Plates. {Continued). 



Brand. 


Plates 


Length and 


Net W'g't 


per Box. 


Breadth. 


per Box. 




No. 


Inches. 


lbs. 


DXX 


100 


163/4 " 121/2 


147 


DXXX 


" 


163/4 " 121/2 


168 


DXXXX 




163/4 - 12V2 


189 


SDC 


200 


15 - 11 


168 


SDX 


" 


15 " 11 


188 


SDXX 


" 


15 '' 11 


209 


SDXXX 


(( 


15 *' 11 


230 


SDXXXX 


'* 


15 " 11 


251 


SDXXXXX 


" 


15 '* 11 


272 


SDXXXXXX 


" 


15 " 11 


293 


Leaded IC 


112 


20 '* 14 


112 


" IX 


112 


20 " 14 


140 


ICW 


225 


133/4 •' 10 


112 


IXW 


225 


183/4 " 10 


140 


CSDW 


200 


15 '' 11 


168 


CIIW 


100 


163/4 - 121/2 


105 


XIIW 


100 


163/4 ^' 121/2 


126 


TT 


450 


133/4 *' 10 


112 


XTT 


450 


133/4 " 10 


126 



Note:— When the plates are 14 by 20 inches there are 
112 in a box. 

Table of Standard Dimensions of Wrought Iron 
Welded Tubes. 









ll 


i 


^5 


U 

£5 


"3 A 

So 


Length of 

pipes per sq 

foot.of Int'a 

and Extern' 

sufaces. 






III 

1- 




In'l.lEx'l. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Feet 


Feet 


Ins. 


lbs. 




1/8 


.40 


.068 


.27 


.85 


1.27 


14.15 


9.44 


.057 


.24 


27 


1/4 


.54 


.088 


.36 


1.14 


1.7 


10.5 


7.075 


.104 


.42 


18 


B/8 


.67 


.091 


.49 


1.55 


2.12 


7.67 


5.657 


.192 


.56 


18 


V^ 


.84 


.109 


.62 


1.96 


2.65 


6.13 


4.502 


.305 


.84 


14 


3/4 


1.05 


.113 


.82 


2.59 


3.3 


4.64 


3.637 


.533 


1.13 


14 


1 


1.31 


.134 


1.05 


3.29 


4.13 


3.66 


2.903 


.863 


1.67 


111/2 


11/t 


1.66 


.14 


1.38 


4.33 


5.21 


2.77 


2.301 


1.496 


2.26 


111/2 


1.9 


.145 


1.61 


5.06 


5.97 


2.37 


2.10 


2.038 


2.69 


111/2 


2 


2.37 


.154 


2.07 


6.49 


7.46 


1.85 


1.611 


3.355 


3.67 


111/2 


21/? 


2.87 


.204 


2.47 


7.75 


9.03 


1.55 


1.324 


4.78^ 


5.77 


8 


3 


3.5 


.217 


3.07 


9.64 


11. 


1.24 


1.091 


7.388 


7.55 


8 



54 



HANDY MECHANICAL. 



(table continued). 



11 


Si 


1 






Is 

II 


Length of 

pipes per sq. 

foot. of Int'al 

and Exter'al 

surfaces. 


S 


1 
1 


CO 




lln'l.lEx'l. 


;z; 


Tns. 


Ins. 


Ins 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Feet 


Feet 


Ins. 


lbs. 




'm 


4. 


.226 


3.55 


11.15 


12.57 


1.08 


0.995 


9.887 


9.05 


8 


4 


4.5 


.237 


4.07 


12.69 


14.14 


.95 


0.849 


12.73 


10.73 


8 


m 


5. 


.247 


4.51 


14.15 


15.71 


.85 


0.765 


15.939 


12.49 


8 


5 


5.56 


.259 


5.04 


15.85 


17.47 


.78 


0.629 


19.99 


14.56 


8 


6 


6.62 


.28 


6.06 


19.05 


20.81 


.63 


0.577 


28.889 


18.77 


8 


7 


7.62 


.301 


7.02 


22.00 


23.95 


.54 


0.505 


38.737 


23.41 


8 


8 


8.62 


.322 


7.98 


25.08 


27.1 


.48 


0.444 


50.039 


28.35 


8 


9 


9.69 


.344 


9. 


28.28 


30.43 


.42 


0.394 


63.633 


34.08 


8 


10 


10.75 


.366 


10.02 


31.47 


33.77 


.38 


0.355 


78.838 


40.64 


8 



Tables of the different quantities of Coal-gas of the 

Specific gravity .420, delivered in one hour, from 

horizontal pipes of different diameters and 

lengths, and under different pressure. 

Quantities delivered hy a 2 inch main in Cubic feet. 



ngth 
pip's 
yds. 


Pressure in inches 


Perpendicular Head 


and parts 






of water. 


S's-y 


0.50 


1 0.75 


1 LOO 


1.50 


2.00 


3.00 


10 


2896 


3558 


4135 


4923 


5792 


6950 


15 


2364 


2904 


3331 


4080 


4728 


5768 


20 


- 2047 


2507 


2886 


3541 


4094 


4994 


25 


1830 


2241 


2580 


3165 


8660 


4465 


30 


1673 


2049 


2368 


2894 


3346 


4082 


40 


1445 


1770 


2037 


2490 


2890 


3525 


50 


1294 


1585 


1824 


2238 


2588 


3157 


100 


915 


1121 


1290 


1582 


1830 


2232 


150 


748 


916 


1054 


1304 


1496 


1825 


200 


647 


792 


912 


1119 


1294 


1578 


250 


579 


709 


816 


1010 


1158 


1412 


300 


522 


639 


736 


903 


1044 


1273 


400 


457 


559 


644 


790 


914 


1115 


500 


409 


500 


576 


707 


818 


997 



For a 4 inch main multiply by 4 

"an 8 •' " " "16 

" al " " divide '* 4 

i2w^6:— The discharge of the same gas through different 

openings and under the same pressure are proportional to 

the areas of the orifices in circular inches,or to the square 

of their diameters. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



55 



QUANTITIES DELIVERED BY A 6 


INCH MAIN 




IN CUBIC FEET. 






Length 


Pressure in inches 


Perpendicular Head 


of pipe 
in yds. 


and parts. 


of water 




0.50 1 0.75 


1.00 1 


1.50 1 


2.00 


3.00 


100 


8240 


10095 


11657 


14276 


16484 


20190 


150 


6730 


8242 


9517 


11657 


13460 


16484 


200 


5828 


7138 


8242 


10095 


11657 


14276 


300 


4759 


5828 


6730 


8242 


9517 


11657 


400 


3929 


4813 


5557 


6806 


7858 


9626 


-500 


3686 


4515 


5213 


6384 


7372 


9030 


600 


3365 


4121 


4759 


5828 


6730 


8242 


700 


3115 


3816 


4406 


5396 


6230 


7632 


800 


2778 


3403 


3929 


4813 


5557 


6807 


900 


2747 


3365 


3886 


4759 


5494 


6730 


1000 


2606 


3192 


3686 


4515 


5213 


6384 


1760 


1965 


2406 


2778 


3403 


3929 


4813 


2640 


1604 


1965 


2269 


2778 


3208 


3929 


3520 


1389 


1702 


1965 


2406 


2778 


3403 


5280 


1134 


1389 


1604 


1965 


2269 


2778 


7040 


982 


1149 


1369 


1702 


1965 


2298 


8800 


879 


1076 


1287 


1521 


1758 


2152 


10000 


824 


1010 


1166 


1428 


1648 


2019 



For a 12 inch main multiply by 4 
'• "24 - - - -16 

" " 3 '' " divide " 4 

Diameter and length of gas-pipe to transmit given 
volumes of gas to branch. 



Diam- 
eter. 


Length. 


Volume 

per 

hour. 


Diam- 
eter. 


Length. 


Volume 
per 
hour. 


Ins 
.4 
1. 

1.97 
2.65 
3.16 
3.87 


Feet. 

100 

200 

600 

.1000 

1000 

1000 


Cub. Ft. 

50 

250 

500 

700 

1000 

1500 


Ins. 
5.32 
6.33 
7. 

7.75 
9.21 
10.95 


Feet. 

2000 
4000 
6000 
1000 
2000 
1000 


C. Ft. 

2000 
2000 
2000 
6000 
6000 
8000 



The pressure with which gas is forced through pipes 
should seldom exceed 21/2 inches of water at the Works, or 
the leakage will exceed the advantages to be obtained 
from increased pressure. 

When pipes are laid at an inclination either above or 
below the horizon, a correction will have to be made in es- 
timating the supply, by adding or deducting t^tt of an inch 
from the initial pressure for every foot of rise or fall in the 
length of the pipe. 



56 



HANDY MECHANICAL. 



Size of pipe required to furnish gafifrom the main 
from 2 lamps to 30. 



Number 


Length 


Diam. 


Number 


Length 


Diam. 


of 


from 


of 


of 


from 


of 


Lamps. 


Main. 


Pipe. 


Lamps. 


Main. 


Pipe. 




Feet. 


Ins. 




Feet. 


Ins. 


2 


40 


3/3 


15 


130 


1 


3 


30 


3/g 


20 


150 


11/4 


4 


40 


1/2 


25 


180 


m 


6 


50 


5/8 


30 


200 


1V2 


10 


100 


8/4 









Regulation of the diameter and Extreme l< 


sngth of 


Tubing and number of burners permitted. 


Diameter 




Number 


Capacity 


Number 


of 


Length. 


of 


of 


of 


Tubing. 




Burners 


Meters. 


Burners 


Ins. 


Feet. 




Light. 




1/^ 


6 


1 


3 


G 


'6/q 


20 


3 


5 


10 


V2 


30 


6 


10 


20 


5/g 


40 


12 


20 


40 


dk. 


50 


20 


30 


60 


1 


70 


35 


45 


90 


114 


100 


60 


60 


120 


IV2 


150 


100 


100 


200 


2 


200 


200 







HOW TO TELL THE STATE OF THE METER. 
Each figure or division, on the different dials of the In- 
dex, indicates as follows: On the right hand dial. 100, 200, 
300 cubic feet, &c.; on the middle dial, 1,000, 2,000. 3,000, 
&c.; on the left hand dial, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, &c. 



CUBIC 




FEET. 



10,000s. 1,000s. 



100s. 



Look at the left hand dial, and set down the figure at 
the least value next the pointer, which, on the above dia- 
gram, is 1. Next look at the middle dial. As before, set 
down the least figure next the pointer, which, in the dia- 
gram, is 3. Next, look at the right hand dial. Take 
whichever figure is nearest, which, in the diagram is 5. Set 
all these figures down, thus : 135, and add two ciphers, to rep- 
resent hundreds, and you have 13,500, which is the present 
state of the meter. If a previous observation has been ta- 
ken, subtract the state of the meter at that observation 
from the present state, and the difference is the amount 
consumed in interval. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



57 



STRENGTH of MATERIALS. 

A Table of the depths of square beams or bars of Cast- 
iron, calculated to support from 1 cwt to 14 tons in 
the middle, the Deflexion not to exceed 1-40 of 
an inch for each foot in length. 



IJ 


tJ!;g 


LENGTH IX FFET. 




4 1 6 1 8 1 10 12 1 14 16 1 18 1 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28" 


^B 


DEPTH IN INCHES. 


1 


112 


1.2 


1.4 


1.7 


1.9 


2.0 


2.2 


2.4 


2.5 


2.6 


2.7 


2.9 


3.0 


3.1 


2 


224 


1.4 


1.7 


2.0 


2.2 


2.4 


2.6 


2.8 


3.0 


3.1 


3.3 


3.4 


3.6 


3.7 


3 


336 


1.6 


1.9 


2.2 


2.4 


2.7 


2.9 


3.1 


3.3 


3.4 


3.6 


3.8 


3.9 


4.1 


4 


448 


1.7 


2.0 


2.4 


2.6 


2.9 


3.1 


3.3 


3.5 


3.7 


3.9 


4.0 


4.2 


4.3 


5 


560 


1.8 


2.2 


2.5 


2.8 


3.0 


3.3 


3.5 


3.7 


3.9 


4.1 


4.3 


4.4 


4.6 


6 


672 


1.8 


2.2 


2.6 


2.9 


3.2 


3.4 


3.7 


3.9 


4.1 


4.3 


4.5 


4.6 


4.8 


7 


784 


1.9 


2.3 


2.7 


3.0 


3.3 


3.6 


3.8 


4.1 


4.2 


4.4 


4.6 


4.8 


5.0 


8 


896 


2.0 


2.4 


2.8 


3.1 


3.4 


3.7 


3.9 


4.2 


4.4 


4.6 


4.8 


5.0 


5.2 


9 


1.008 


2.0 


2.5 


2.9 


3.2 


3.5 


3.8 


4.0 


4.3 


4.5 


4.7 


4.9 


5.1 


5.3 


10 


1.120 


2.1 


2.6 


3.0 


3.3 


3.6 


3.9 


4.2 


4.4 


4.7 


4.9 


5.2 


5.3 


5.4 


11 


1.232 


2.1 


2.6 


3.0 


3.4 


3.7 


4.0 


4.3 


4.5 


4.8 


5.0 


5.3 


5.4 


5.6 


12 


1.344 


2.2 


2.7 


3.1 


3.5 


3.8 


4.1 


4.4 


4.7 


4.9 


5.1 


5.3 


5.5 


5.7 


13 


1.456 


2.2 


2.7 


3.1 


3.5 


3.8 


4.2 


4.4 


4.7 


4.9 


5.2 


5.4 


5.6 


5.9 


14 


1.568 


2.3 


2.8 


3.2 


3.6 


3.9 


4.2 


4.5 


4.8 


5.0 


5.3 


5.5 


5.7 


6.0 


15 


1.680 


2.3 


2.8 


3.2 


3.6 


4.0 


4.3 


4.6 


4.9 


5.2 


5.4 


5.6 


5.8 


6.1 


16 


1.792 


2.4 


2.9 


3.3 


3.7 


4.0 


4.4 


4.7 


5.0 


5.2 


5.5 


5.7 


5.9 


6.2 


17 


1.904 


2.4 


2.9 


3.4 


3.8 


4.1 


4.4 


4.7 


5.0 


5.3 


5.5 


5.8 


6.0 


6.2 


18 


2.016 


2.4 


3.0 


3.4 


3.8 


4.2 


4.5 


4.8 


5.1 


5.4 


5.6 


5.9 


6.1 


6.4 


19 


2.128 


2.5 


3.0 


3.5 


3.9 


4.2 


4.6 


4.9 


5.2 


5.4 


5.7 


6.0 


6.2 


6.5 


IT 


2.240 


2.5 


3.0 


3.5 


3.9 


4,8 


4.6 


4.9 


5.2 


5.5 


5.8 


6.0 


6.3 


6.5 


11/4 


2.800 


2.6 


3.2 


3.7 


4.1 


4.5 


4.9 


5.2 


5.5 


5.8 


6.1 


6.4 


6.6 


6.9 


IV2 


3.360 


2.8 


3.4 


3.9 


4.3 


4.7 


5.1 


5.5 


5.8 


6.1 


6.4 


6.7 


7.0 


7.2 


13/4 


3.920 


2.9 


3.5 


4.0 


4.5 


4.9 


5.3 


5.7 


6.0 


6.3 


6.7 


6.9 


7.2 


7.5 


2 


4.480 


2.9 


3.5 


4.1 


4.7 


5.1 


5.5 


5.9 


6.2 


6.5 


6.8 


7.2 


7.6 


7.7 


2V2 


5.600 


3.1 


3.8 


4.4 


4.9 


5.5 


5.8 


6.2 


6.6 


6.9 


7.3 


7.6 


7.9 


8.2 


3 


6.720 


3.3 


4.0 


4.6 


5.1 


5.7 


6.1 


6.5 


6.9 


7.3 


7.6 


7.9 


8.3 


8.6 


3V2 


7.840 


3.4 


4.1 


4.8 


5.3 


5.8 


6.3 


6.7 


7.1 


7.5 


7.9 


8.2 


8.6 


8.9 


4 


8.960 


3.5 


4.3 


4.9 


5.5 


6.0 


6.5 


7.0 


7.4 


7.8 


8.2 


8.5 


8.9 


9.2 


4V2 


10.080 




4.4 


5.1 


5.7 


6.2 


6.7 


7.2 


7.6 


8.0 


8.4 


8.8 


9.1 


9.5 


5 


11.200 




4.5 


5.2 


5.8 


6.4 


6.9 


7.4 


7.8 


8.2 


8.6 


9.0 


9.4 


9.7 


6 


13.440 






5.5 


6.1 


6.7 


7.2 


7.7 


8.2 


8.6 


9.0 


9.4 


9.8 


10.2 


7 


15.680 






5.7 


6.3 


6.9 


7.5 


8.0 


8.5 


8.9 


9.4 


9.8 


10.2 


10.6 


8 


17.920 






5.9 


6.6 


7.2 


7.8 


8.3 


8.8 


9.3 


9.7 


10.1 


10.6 


10.9 


9 


20.160 






6.0 


6.8 


7.4 


8.0 


8.5 


9.0 


9.5 


10.0 


10.4 


10.9 


11.3 


10 


22.400 








6.9 


7.6 


8.2 


8.8 


9.3 


9.8 


10.3 


10.7 


11.2 


11.6 


11 


24.640 








7.1 


7.8 


8.4 


9.0 


9.5 


10.0 


10.5 


11.0 


11.5 


11.9 


12 


26.880 








7.2 


7.9 


8.6 


9.2 


9.7 


10.2 


10.8 


11.2 


11.7 


12.1 


13 


29.120 








7.4 


8.1 


8.8 


9.4 


9.9 


10.4 


11.0 


11.5 


11.9 


12.4 


14 


31.360 








7.5 


8.3 


8.9 


9.5 


10.1 


10.6 


11.1 


11.7 


12.1 


12.6 


Deflexion 
in Inches. 


.1 


.15 .2 


.25|.3 


.35|.4 


.45 


.5 


.55 


.6 


.65 


.7 



58 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 
TABLE (Continued). 



fls 


11 


Length in Feet. 


fB 


10 1 12 i 14 I 16 1 18 1 20 1 22 1 24 1 26 1 28 1 30 


^B 


Depth in Inches. 


15 


88600 


7.7 


8.4 


9.1 


9.7 


10.3 


10.8 


11.4 


11.9 


12.3 


12.8 


13.2 


If) 


85840 


7.8 


8.5 


9.2 


9.8 


10.4 


ILO 


n.5 


12.0 


12.5 


13.0 


13.5 


17 


88080 


7.9 


8.7 


9.4 


10.0 


10.6 


n.2 


n.7 


12.2 


12.7 


13.2 


13.7 


18 


40820 


8.0 


8.8 


9.5 


10.1 


10.8 


11.3 


11.9 


12.4 


12.9 


13.4 


13.9 


19 


4';^560 


8.1 


8.9 


9.6 


10.3 


10.9 


11.5 


12.2 


12.6 


13.1 


13.6 


14.1 


^0 


44800 




9.0 


9.7 


10.4 


n.u 


1L6 


12.5 


12.7 


13.2 


13.8 


14.2 


??, 


49280 




9.2 


10.0 


10.7 


11.3 


11.9 


12.8 


13.0 


13.6 


14.1 


14.6 


94 


58760 




9.4 


10.2 


10.9 


11.5 


12.2 


13.0 


13.4 13.9 14.4 14.9 


?,(\ 


58240 




9.6 


10.4 


11.1 


1L8 


12.4 


13.3 


13.614.2 14.7 15.2 


28 


62720 




9.8 


10.6 


11.4 


12.0 


12.7 


13.5 


13.9114.4 15.015.5 


Deflexion 
in Inches. 


.25 


.3 


.35 


.4 


.45 


.5 1 .55 


.6 


.65 


.7 


.75 



Length in 
Feet. 


14 


16 


18 20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


32 


34 


80 


67200 


10.8 


11.5 


12.2 


12.9 


13.5 


14.1 


14.7 


15.2 


15.7 


16.3 


16.8 


82 


71680 


11.0 


11.7 


12.4 


13.1 


18.7 


14.3 


14.9 


15.5 


16.0 


16.5 


17.0 


84 


76160 


11.1 


11.9 


12.6 


13.3 


13.9 


14.5 


15.1 


15.7 


16.2 


16.8 


17.3 


86 


80640 


11.3 


12.0 


12.8 


13.4 


14.1 


14.7 


15.3 


15.9 


16.5 


17.0 


17.5 


88 


85120 


11.4 


12.2 


13.0 


13.6 


14.3 


14.9 


15.5 


16.1 


16.7 


17.2 


17.8 


40 


89600 




12.4 


13.1 


13.8 


14.5 


15.1 


15.7 


16.4 


16.9 


17.5 


18.0 


42 


94080 




12.5 


13.3 


14.0 


14.7 


15.8 


15.9 


16.5 


17.1 


17.7 


18.2 


44 


98560 




12.7 


13.5 


14.2 


14.9 


15.5 


16.1 


16.8 


17.4 


17.9 


18.5 


46 


103040 




12.8 


13.6 


14.3 


15.0 


15.7 


16.3 


17.0 


17.6 


18.1 


18.7 


48 


107520 




13.0 


13.7 


14.5 


15.2 


15.9 


16.5 


17.1 


17.7 


18.3 


18.8 


50 


112000 






13.8 


14.6 


15.8 


16.0 


16.6 


17.8 


17.9 


18.5 


19.0 


52 


116480 






14,0 


14.7 


15.5 


16.2 


16.8 


17.5 


18.1 


18.7 


19.2 


54 


120960 






14.1 


14.9 


15.7 


16.8 


17.0 


17.6 


18.2 


18.8 


19.4 


56 


125440 






14.8 


15.0 


15.8 


16.5 


17.1 


17.8 


18.4 


19.0 


19.6 


58 


129920 






14.4 


15.1 


15.9 


16.6 


17.8 


17.9 


18.5 


19.2 


19.7 


60 


134400 






14.5 


15.3 


16.0 


16.7 


17.4 


18.1 


18.7 


19.3 


19.9 


Deflexion 
in Inches. 


35 


.4 


.45 I .5 


.55 .6 


.65 


.7 


.75 .8 .85 



Example r>, illustrative of the Table :~1 To find the depth 
of a rectangular bar of cast-iron to support a weight of 10 
tons in the middle of its length the deflexion not to exceed 
1-40 of an inch per foot in length, and its length 20 feet, 
also let the depth he six times the breadth. 

Opposite six times the weight an under 20 ft. in length 
is 15.3 inches, the depth, and 1-6 of 15.3=2.6 inches, the 
breadth. 

(2). To find the diameter for cast-iron shaft or solid 
cyUnder that will bear a given pressure the flexure in the 



POCKET COMPANION. 



middle not to exceed 140 of an inch for each foot of its 
length, the distance of the bearing being 20 ft. and on tho 
middle equals 10 tons. 

Constant multiplier 1.7 for round shafts, then 10x1.7 = 
17. and opposite 17 tons and under 20 ft. is 11.2 inches for 
the diameter. But half that flexure is quite enough for 
revolving shafts; hence 17x2=34 tons, and opposite 34 
tons is 13.3 inches for the diameter. 



Tensile Strength of Metals. Weight necessary to tear 
asunder one square inch. 



Name of Materials. 



In pounds 
Avoirdupois. 



In Tons of 

2,000 lbs. 



Antimony Cast. 


1.060 


0.5 


Bismuth " 


3.250 


1.6 


Brass, fine yellow cast. 


17.968 


8.9 


Wire. 


49.000 


24 5 


Copper Cast. 


19.000 


9.5 


Sheets. 


30.000 


15 


Bolts. 


33.000 


16.5 


Wire. 


60.000 


30.0 


Gun metal. 


36.000 


18 


Lead Cast. 


1.824 


0.9 


" Sheet. 


3.300 


16 


Steel. 


111.500 


57.5 


Tin Cast. 


4.600 


2.3 


Platinum. 


56.000 


28.0 


Silver. 


40.000 


20.0 


Gold Cast. 


20.000 


10.0 


" Wire. 


30.000 


15.0 


Zinc. 


7.500 


3.5 


Cast-iron. 


20.834 


10..4 


Wrought-Iron. 


56.000 


28.0 


Cast Steel. 


88.600 


44.3 



RELATIVE POWER of METAL to RESIST TORISON, 
WROUGHT-IRON BEING UNITY. 



Wrought-Iron - - - i. 

Cast-iron _ - _ qq 

Cast-Steel ------... 2.93 

Gun Metal -----.___ 27 

Brass - - _ _ 25 

Copper - .22 

Tin .13 

Lead ------- .10 



60 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Strength of White Pine Struts or Pillars. 
(Moderately Seasoned). 



6^- 


Dimensions of Cross-Sections in inches. 


P 


4X5 1 4X6 1 4X7 


4X8 1 4X9 1 4X10 | 4x11 | 4X12 


SB 


Safe load in Tons of 2000 lbs. 


6 


4.1 


5.0 


5.8 


6.6 


7.4 


8.3 


9.1 


9.9 


7 


3.8 


4.5 


5.3 


6.0 


6.8 


7.5 


8.3 


9.0 


8 


3.5 


4.2 


4.9 


5.6 


6.3 


7.0 


7.7 


8.4 


9 


3.2 


3.9 


4.6 


5.2 


5.9 


6.5 


7.2 


7.8 


10 


2.9 


3.5 


4.0 


4.6 


5.2 


5.8 


6.3 


6.9 


11 


2.6 


3.2 


3.7 


4.2 


4.7 


5.3 


5.8 


6.3 


12 


2.4 


2.9 


3.3 


3.8 


4.3 


4.7 


5.2 


5.7 


13 


2.0 


2.4 


2.8 


3.2 


3.6 


4.0 


4.4 


4.8 


14 


1.8 


2.1 


2.5 


2.8 


3.2 


3.5 


3.9 


4.2 


15 


1.4 


1.7 


1.9 


2.2 


2.5 


2.8 


3.0 


3.3 


16 


1.1 


1.4 


1.6 


1.8 


2.0 


2.3 


2.5 


2.7 


17 


1.0 


1.2 


1.4 


1.6 


1.8 


2.0 


2.2 


2.4 


18 


0.9 


1.1 


1.2 


1.4 


16 


1.8 


1.9 


2.1 


1 5X5 i 5X6 i 5X7 


5X8 5X9 15X10 1 5X111 5x12 


8 


5.0 


6.0 


7.0 


8.0 


9.0 


10.0 


11.0 


12.0 


9 


4.7 


5.6 


6.6 


7.5 


8.5 


9.4 


10.3 


11.3 


10 


4.4 


5.3 


6.2 


7.0 


7.9 


8.8 


9.7 


10,6 


11 


4.1 


4.9 


5.7 


6.6 


7.4 


8.2 


9.0 


9.8 


12 


3.8 


4.6 


5.3 


6.1 


6.8 


7.6 


8.4 


9.1 


13 


3.5 


4.2 


4.9 


5.6 


6.4 


7.0 


7.7 


8.4 


14 


3.2 


3.8 


4.5 


5.1 


5.8 


6.4 


7.0 


7.7 


15 


2.9 


3.5 


4.1 


4.6 


5.2 


5.8 


6.4 


7.0 


16 


2.6 


3.1 


3.6 


4.2 


4.7 


5.2 


5.7 


6.2 


17 


2.3 


2.8 


3-2 


3.7 


4.1 


4.6 


5.1 


5.5 


18 


2.1 


2.5 


2.9 


3.4 


3.8 


4.2 


4.6 


5.0 


19 


1.8 


2.2 


2.5 


2.9 


3.2 


3.6 


4.0 


4.3 


20 


1.5 


1.8 


2.1 


2.4 


2.7 


3.0 


3.2 


3.6 




6X5 


6X6 


6X7 


6X8 


6X9 


6X10 1 6X11 1 6X12 


10 


6.9 


7.1 


8.3 


9.5 


10.7 


11.8 


13.0 


14.2 


11 


5.6 


6.7 


7.8 


8.9 


10.0 


11.2 


12.3 


13.4 


12 


5.3 


6.3 


7.4 


8.4 


9.5 


10.5 


11.5 


12.6 


13 


50 


5.9 


6.9 


7.9 


8.8 


9.8 


10.8 


11.8 


14 


4.7 


5.6 


6.5 


7.5 


8.4 


9.3 


10.3 


11.2 


15 


4.4 


5.3 


6.2 


7.1 


7.9 


8.8 


9.7 


10.6 


16 


4.1 


4.9 


5.7 


6.5 


7.3 


8.2 


9.0 


9.8 


17 


3.8 


4.5 


4.3 


5.9 


6.8 


7.5 


8.3 


9.0 


18 


3.5 


4.2 


4.9 


5.6 


6.3 


7.0 


7.7 


8.4 


19 


3.2 


3.8 


4.4 


5.1 


5.7 


6.4 


7.0 


7.6 


20 


3.0 


3.5 


4.1 


4.7 


5.2 


5.8 


6.4 


7.0 


21 


2.6 


3.1 


3.6 


4.1 


4.7 


5.2 


5.7 


6.2 


22 


2.3 


2.8 


3.3 


3.7 


4.2 


4.7 


5.2 


5.6 



POCKET COMPANION. 61 

Strength of White Pine Struts or Pillars. {Continued), 
(Moderately Seasoned). 







Dimensions of Cross-Sections in 


inches 




7X5 


7X6 


7X7 


7X8 1 


7X9 17X10 17X11 1 7X12 


^.s 


Safe load in Tons of 2000 lbs. 


10 


8.7 


9.2 


10.8 


12.3 


13.9 


15.4 


16.9 


18.4 


11 


7.2 


8.6 


10.1 


11.5 


13.0 


14.4 


15.8 


17.2 


12 


6.8 


8.0 


9.5 


10.9 


12.2 


13.6 


15.0 


16.0 


13 


6.5 


7.7 


9.0 


10.3 


11.6 


13.0 


14.2 


15.4 


14 


6.2 


7.4 


8.6 


9.8 


11.1 


12.4 


13.5 


14.8 


15 


5.9 


7.0 


8.2 


9.4 


10.5 


11.8 


12.9 


14.0 


16 


5.6 


6.7 


7.8 


8.9 


10.0 


11.2 


12.2 


13.4 


17 


5.3 


6.4 


7.4 


8.5 


9.5 


10.6 


11.7 


12.8 


18 


5.0 


6.0 


7.0 


8.0 


9.0 


10.0 


11.0 


12.0 


19 


4.7 


5.6 


^.^ 


7.5 


8.5 


9.4 


10.3 


11.2 


20 


4.4 


5.2 


6.1 


7.0 


7.8 


8.8 


9.6 


10.4 


21 


4.1 


4.9 


5.7 


6.5 


7.3 


8.2 


-8.9 


9.8 


22 


8.8 


4.6 


5.3 


6.1 


6.8 


7.6 


8.4 


9.2 


1 8X5 1 8X6 i 8X7 


8X8 


8X9 i 


8X10 8X111 8X12 


10 


9.6 


11.5 


13.4 


15.3 


17.2 


19.2 


21.0 


23.0 


11 


9.0 


10.8 


12.6 


14.4 


16.2 


18.0 


19.8 


21.6 


12 


8.5 


10.2 


11.9 


13.6 


15.3 


17.0 


18.7 


20.4 


13 


8.1 


9.7 


11.3 


12.9 


14.5 


16.2 


17.7 


19.4 


14 


7.7 


9.2 


10.8 


12.3 


13.9 


15.4 


16.9 


18.4 


15 


7.3 


8.8 


10.2 


n.7 


13.1 


14.6 


16.1 


17.6 


16 


7.0 


8.4 


9.8 


11.2 


12.6 


14.0 


15.4 


16.8 


17 


6.7 


8.0 


9.4 


10.7 


12.1 


13.4 


14.7 


16.0 


18 


6.4 


7.7 


9.0 


10.2 


11.5 


12.8 


14.1 


15.4 


19 


6.1 


7.4 


8.5 


9.7 


10.9 


12.2 


13.3 


14.8 


20 


5.8 


7.0 


8.1 


9.3 


10.4 


11.6 


12.8 


14.0 


21 


5.5 


6.6 


7.7 


8.8 


9.9 


11.0 


12.1 


13.2 


22 


5.3 


6.3 


7.4 


8.4 


9.5 


10.6 


11.6 ' 12.6 





9X5 9X6 1 


9X7 


9X8 1 9X9 19X10 19X11 19X12 


10 


11.9 


14.3 


16.7 


19.2 


21.5 


23.8 


26.3 


28.6 


11 


11.0 


13.1 


15.3 


17.6 


19.7 


22.0 


24.1 


26.2 


12 


10.3 


12.4 


14.4 


16.4 


18.5 


20.6 


22.7 


24.8 


13 


9.8 


11.7 


13.7 


15.6 


17.5 


19.6 


21.5 


23.4 


14 


9.3 


11.3 


13.0 


14.8 


16.7 


18.6 


20.5 


22.6 


15 


8.9 


10.7 


12.5 


14.2 


16.0 


17.8 


19.6 


21.4 


16 


8,5 


10.2 


11.9 


13.6 


15.3 


17.0 


18.7 


20.4 


17 


8.2 


9.8 


11.4 


13.0 


14.7 


16.4 


17.9 


19.8 


18 


7.9 


9.5 


11.1 


12.6 


14.2 


15.8 


17.4 


19.0 


19 


7.6 


9.1 


10.7 


12.0 


13.7 


15.2 


16.7 


18.2 


20 


7.3 


8.7 


10.2 


11.6 


13.1 


14.6 


16.0 


19.4 


21 


7.0 


8.4 


9.8 


11.2 


12.6 


14.0 


15.4 


17.8 


22 


6.8 


8.1 


9.5 


10.8 


12.1 


13.6 


14.9 


16.2 



a HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Strength of White Pine Struts or Pillars. {Continued). 
(Moderately Seasoned). 



P 


Dimensions of Cross-Sections in inches. 


10X6 1 10X7 t 10X8 1 10X9 | 10X10 | 10x11 1 10x12 


:^B 


Safe load in Tons of 2000 lbs. 


10 

11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 


17.5 
16.2 
15.1 
14.2 
13.5 
12.9 
12.3 
11.8 
11.3 
10.9 
10.5 
10.0 
9.6 


20.4 
18.9 
17.6 
16.6 
15.8 
15.1 
14.4 
13.7 
13.1 
12.7 
12.2 
11.7 
11.2 


23.4 
21.6 
20.0 
19.0 
18.0 
17.2 
16.4 
15.6 
15.2 
14.6 
14.0 
13.4 
12.8 


26.3 
24.3 
22.6 
21.3 
20.3 
19.4 
18.5 
17.6 
17.0 
16.4 
15-8 
15.0 
14.4 


29.2 
27.0 
25.1 
23.7 
22.5 
21.5 
20.5 
19.6 
18.9 
18.2 
17.5 
16.7 
16.0 


32.1 
29.7 
27.6 
26.1 
24.8 
23.7 
22.6 
21.6 
20.8 
20.0 
19.3 
18.4 
17.6 


35.0 
32.4 
32.2 
28.4 
27.0 
25.8 
24.6 
23.6 
22.6 
21.8 
21.0 
20.0 
19.2 


111X6 


11X7 11X8 1 11X9 


11X10 111X11 111X12 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 


18.0 
16.9 
16.0 
15.4 
14.7 
14.2 
13.5 
13.0 
12.5 
12.0 
11.6 
11.2 
10.8 


21.0 
19.7 
18.7 
17.9 
17.2 
16.5 
15.8 
15.2 
14.6 
14.0 
13.5 
13.0 
12.6 


24.0 
22.6 
21.0 
20.4 
19.6 
18.8 
18.0 
17.4 
16.8 
16.0 
15.4 
14.8 
14.4 


27.0 
25.4 
24.0 
23.0 
22.0 
21.2 
20.3 
19.5 
18.8 
18.0 
17.4 
16.7 
16.2 


30.0 
28.2 
26.8 
25.6 
24.6 
23.6 
22.6 
21.8 
21.0 
20.0 
19.4 
18.6 
18.0 


33.0 
31.0 
29.4 
28.1 
26.9 
25.9 
24.9 
23.9 
23.0 
22.0 
21.2 
20.5 
19.8 


36.0 
33.8 
32.0 
30.8 
29.4 
28.4 
27.0 
26.0 
25.0 
24.0 
23.2 
22.4 
21.6 





12x6 1 12X7 1 12X8 | 12x9 | 12x10 


12X11 1 12X12 


12 


21.0 


24.5 


28.0 


31.6 


35.0 


38.5 


42.0 


13 


19.9 


23.2 


26.4 


29.8 


33.2 


36.4 


39.7 


14 


18.8 


21.9 


25.0 


28.1 


31.4 


34.4 


37.6 


15 


17.9 


20.9 


23.8 


26.8 


29.8 


32.8 


35.8 


16 


17.1 


20.0 


22.8 


25.7 


28.6 


31.4 


34.2 


17 


16.4 


19.1 


21.8 


24.6 


27.4 


30.0 


32.7 


18 


15.7 


18.3 


21.0 


23.6 


26.2 


28.8 


31.4 


19 


15.1 


17.6 


20.2 


22.7 


25.2 


27.7 


30.2 


20 


14.6 


17.0 


19.4 


21.9 


24.4 


26.7 


29.2 


21 


14.1 


16.5 


18.8 


21.2 


23.6 


25.8 


28.2 


22 


13.6 


15.9 


18.2 


20.5 


22.8 


25.0 


27.2 


23 


13.1 


15.3 


17.4 


19.6 


21.8 


24.0 


26.2 


24 


12.6 


14.7 


16.8 


18.9 


21.0 


23.1 


25.2 



POCKET COMPANION. 



63 



The strength of pillars, as well as of beams of timber, 
depend much on their degree of seasoning. 

Well seasoned timber will stand II/2 to 2 times the 
weight that green timber will. In the same class of tim- 
ber the slower the growth or the narrower the annular 
rings the better. In the same class the heavier the better. 
If the wood has color, deepness of color indicates strength 
and durability. The freshly-cut surface of wood should be 
firm, shining, and somewhat translucent. A dull, chalky 
appearance is a sign of bad timber. In resinous timber, 
those with least resin in their pores are strongest and 
most durable. In non-resinous timber, those with least 
sap or gum are best. 

Weight that can he home with safety hy Cast-Iron 

Columns iniooo lbs. {Trenton Iron Co). 

American Iron. 



Length 
in 






Diameter in Inches. 






Feet. 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 ' 


7 1 


8 


5 


12.4 


44 


102 


184 


288 


414 


560 


6 


9.4 


36 


88 


164 


264 


386 


532 


7 


7.2 


80 


76 


146 


242 


360 


502 


8 




24 


66 


130 


218 


332 


470 


9 




20 


56 


114 


198 


306 


440 


10 




18 


48 


102 


180 


282 


410 


12 






38 


80 


136 


238 


354 


14 






28 


64 


122 


200 


304 


16 








52 


100 


170 


262 


18 








44 


84 


144 


226 


20 










72 


124 


196 


Length 
in 






Diame 


ter in 1 


nches. 






Feet. 


9 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 1 


15 


5 


728 


916 


1126 


1854 








6 


698 


884 


1082 


1320 


1570 






7 


660 


850 


1056 


1282 


1530 


1798 


2086 


8 


630 


812 


1016 


1240 


1486 


1754 


2040 


9 


596 


774 


974 


1196 


1440 


1706 


1992 


10 


560 


739 


932 


1152 


1392 


1656 


1940 


12 


494 


658 


846 


1056 


1292 


1550 


1828 


14 


432 


586 


774 


966 


1192 


1440 


1712 


16 


878 


520 


686 


878 


1094 


1332 


1596 


18 


332 


462 


616 


796 


1000 


1228 


1482 


20 


292 


410 


552 


720 


912 


1130 


1372 



64 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Safe Load for Hollow Cast-Iron Pillars. 
(Tons 2240 lbs). 

Thickness of Metal =1/2 Inch. 



External 
Dlam. 


LENGTH IN FEET. 


in Ins. 


8 1 


10 1 12 1 14 


16 




Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


3 


4.0 


3.2 


2.3 


1.8 


1.4 


31/2 


5.9 


5.1 


3.6 


2.7 


2.3 


4 


8.1 


6.1 


4.7 


3.6 


3.4 


41/2 


10.6 


8.1 


6.5 


5.0 


4.4 


5 


13.3 


10.4 


8.3 


6.7 


5.4 


5V2 


15.3 


12.9 


10.5 


8.5 


7.0 


6 


19.0 


15.5 


12.7 


9.5 


8.7 



Thickness of Metal =5/8 Inch. 



3 


4.7 


3.5 


2.6 


2.0 


1.6 


3V2 


7.1 


5.3 


4.2 


3.2 


2.5 


4 


9.2 


7.3 


5.6 


4.4 


3.9 


41/2 


12.8 


9.9 


7.7 


6.1 


5.5 


5 


16.1 


12.7 


9.1 


8.1 


7.0 


51/2 


18.7 


15.7 


12.8 


10.4 


8.8 


6 


23.2 


19.0 


15.6 


12.8 


10.6 


6I/2 


26.9 


22.4 


18.7 


15.2 


13.0 


7 


30.7 


26.0 


21.9 


18.5 


15.6 



Thickness of Metal =3/4 Inch. 



3 


5.4 


3.8 


2.8 


2.2 


1.7 


3V'2 


8.1 


6.2 


4.4 


3.5 


2.6 


4 


11.3 


8.5 


6.5 


4.8 


3.8 


41/2 


14.9 


11.5 


8.9 


7.2 


6.0 


5 


18.8 


14.8 


11.7 


9.0 


7.7 


51/2 


21.8 


18.4 


14.9 


12.1 


10.2 


6 


27.2 


22.3 


18.3 


15.0 


12.5 


6V2 


31.6 


26.3 


21.9 


17.8 


15.3 


7 


36.1 


30.6 


25.8 


21.7 


18.4 



Thickness of Metal =1 Inch. 



4 


13.9 


10.4 


8.0 


6.4 


4.8 


4V2 


18.5 


14.3 


11.1 


8.8 


7.1 


5 


23.6 


18.6 


14.8 


11.9 


9.6 


5V2 


27.6 


23.2 


18.9 


15.3 


12.7 


6 


34.5 


28.3 


23.2 


19.1 


15.9 


6I/2 


40.3 


33.6 


28.0 


22.8 


19.6 


7 


46.2 


39.1 


33.0 


27.8 


23.6 


7V2 


52.2 


44.9 


38.3 


32.6 


27.9 


8 


58.3 


50.7 


43.8 


37.7 


32.5 


9 


70.5 


62.7 


55.3 


48.1 


42.8 



POCKET COMPANION. 



65 



STRENGTH OF ROLLED IRON 


BEAMS. 




Depth 

of Beam 

in 


Size of 
Flange 

in 
Inches. 


Spans in feet. 


10 1 15 i 20 i 25 


Inches. 


Breaking Weight in Tons. 


5 


2 by 1/2 


6.6 








6 


21/2" 1/2 


10. 


6.G 


5 




7 




14. 


9. 


7 


5 


8 


3 *' 3/a 


20. 


13. 


10 


8 


9 


4 " % 


86. 


24. 


18 


14 


10 


41/2'' 1 


GO. 


40. 


30 


24 



Table to show the Weight or Pressure a column of Cast- 
iron will sustain with Safety in Cwts. (112 lbs). 
(Enghsh Iron). 



Diam. 
in 


Height in feet. 


Inches. 


4 1 6 1 8 ! 10 1 12 1 14 i 16 1 18 1 20 1 22 i 24 


2 


72 


60 


49 


40 


32 


26 


22 


18 


15 


13 


11 


21/2 


119 


105 


91 


77 


65 


55 


47 


40 


34 


29 


25 


3 


178 


162 


145 


129 


111 


97 


84 


73 


64 


56 


49 


31/2 


247 


232 


214 


191 


172 


156 


135 


119 


106 


94 


83 


4 


326 


310 


288 


266 


242 


220 


198 


179 


160 


144 


130 


41/2 


418 


400 


379 


354 


327 


301 


275 


251 


229 


208 


189 


5 


522 


501 


479 


452 


427 


394 


365 


337 


310 


285 


262 


6 


607 


592 


573 


550 


525 


497 


469 


440 


413 


386 


360 


7 


1032 


1013 


989 


959 


924 


887 


848 


808 


765 


725 


686 


8 


1333 


1315 


1289 


1259 


1224 


1185 


1142 


1097 


1052 


1005 


959 


9 


1716 


1697 


1672 


1640 


1603 


1561 


1515 


1467 


1416 


1364 


1311 


10 


2119 


2100 


2077 


2045 


2007 


1964 


1916 


1865 


1811 


1755 


1697 


11 


2570 


2550 


2520 


2490 


2450 


2410 


^358 


2305 


2248 


2189 


2127 


12 


3050 


3040 


3020 


2970 


2930 


2900 


2830 


2780 


2730 


2670 


2600 



If the columns are hollow, the area to the given diameter 
is to be converted into the ring,or the difference of the outer 
and inner diameters multiplied by %, because hollow Cast- 
iron, columns are stronger than solid ones in that propor- 
tion. 



RELATIVE STIFFNESS OF MATERIALS TO RESIST 
A TRANSVERSE STRAIN. 



Cast-Iron 1. 

Ash 089 

Beech ." .073 

Elm 073 



Oak 095 

White Pine 1 

Wronght-Iron 1.3 

Yellow Pine 087 



66 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table of short-linked Crane Chains and Jiopes, shoiulncj the 

Dihiensions and Weight of each and the proof of i?ie 

Chain in Tons. 



Diameter' 

of 
Chains. 


Weight 

per 
Fathom. 


Proof 


Circum. 

of 
Rope. 


W'g'tof Rope 


Strain. 


per Fathom. 


Ins. 


lbs. 


Tons. 


Ins. 


lbs. 


3-16 


6. 


.75 


21/2 


1.5 


% 


8.5 


1.5 


31/4 


2.5 


7-16 


11. 


2.5 


4 


3.75 


1/2 


14. 


3.5 


43/4 


5. 


9-16 


18. 


4.5 


51/2 


7. 


5/8 


24. 


5.25 


61/4 


8.7 


11-16 


28. 


6.5 


7 


10.5 


8/4 


30. 


7.75 


7V2 


12. 


13-16 


36. 


9.25 


81/4 


15. 


7/8 


44. 


10.75 


9 


17.5 


15-16 


50. 


12.5 


91/2 


19.5 


1 


56. 


14. 


10 


22. 



APPROXIMATE WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF 
MANILLA CORDAGE. 



Size 


Size 


Weight 


Length i 


Strain 


Circum'ce 


Diameter 


of 100 


of 


Borne by 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Fathoms. 


One R). 


New Ropes. 






lbs 




lbs. 


3/4 


14 


15 


38 ft. 


450 


1 


5-16 


25 


28 '' . 


750 


11/8 


% 


29 • 


22 " 


900 


11/4 


7-16 


31 


17 ^* 


1,250 


IV2 


V2 


44 


12 " 


1,700 


13/4 


9-16 


60 


10 " 


2,250 


2 


% 


79 


7V2" 


3,000 


214 


3/4 


99 


6 - 


4,000 


21/2 


13-16 


122 


5 " 


5,000 


23/4 


7/8 


146 


4 " 


6,000 


3 


1 


176 


3%" 


7,000 


ivi 


1 1-16 


207 


3 " 


8,500 


11^ 


240 


2V2" 


9,500 


33/4 


11/4 


275 


21-6 


11,000 


4 


1 5-16 


305 


2 '' 


12,500 


41/4 




355 


1% " 


14,000 


4V2 


IV2 


395 


IV2" 


16,000 



For Ropes in use deduct one-half from these figures to 
allow for Chafing, &c. 

Relative Value of Various Woods, their Crushing 
Strength and Stiffness being Combined. 
Ash, 5. Beech, 4.4 Cedar, 1. Elm, 4.9 English Oak, 5.7 
Mahogany, 3.7 Quebec Oak. 4.6 Spruce, 3.6 Sycamore, 2.6 
Teak, 9.3 Walnut, 3.2 Yellow Pine 3. 



rOCKET COMPANION. 



67 



Comparative Weight and Strength of Ropes and Chain 

Cables length of Cables and Weight of 

Anchors for Vessels. 





Diam. 

of 
Cables 


Len'tli 

of 
Cabl's. 


Average 


Proof 


Total 


Approx 


Tonnage 


Weight 


strain of 


w'g't of 


Equiv't 


of Ship's 


per fat- 
hom. 


Stud Ch- 
ain Cab's 


Anchor 
Suit'ble 


Circum 
of rope 


Tons. 


Ins. 


rath. 


lbs. 


Tons. 


Cwt. 


Ins. 


25 


1/2 


120 


14 


41/2 


2 


43/4 


35 


9-16 


120 


17 


51/2 


21/2 


51/2 


45 


% 


120 


21 


7 


234 


61/4 


50 


11-16 


120 


25 


8I/2 


3 


7 


75 


8/4 


120 


30 


101/8 


31/2 


734 


100 


13-16 


150 


35 


133/4 


5 


81/2 


125 


% 


180 


41 


18 


6V2 


91/2 


150 


15-16 


180 


48 


223/j. 


7V2 


10 


175 


1 


180 


54 


281/8 


9 


103/4 


200 


11-16 


180 


61 


34 


101/2 


111/4 


250 


1V8 


210 


68 


401/2 


121/2 


12 


300 


13-16 


210 


76 


471/2 


15 


1234 


350 


11/4 


240 


84 


551/8 


17 


131/9 


400 


15-16 


240 


93 


631/4 


19 


141/4 


450 


m 


270 


102 


72 


21 


15 


500 


17-16 


270 


110 


8II/4 


23 


151/2 


600 


IV2 


270 


122 


911/8 


26 


16 


700 • 


19-16 


300 


132 




30 


1714 


800 


15/8 


300 


143 




32 


181/2 


900 


1 11-16 


300 


154 




35 




1000 


13/4 


300 


166 




38 




1200 


1 13-16 


300 


178 




40 




1400 


17/8 


300 


191 




43 




1600 


1 15-16 


300 


201 




46 




1800 


2 


300 


217 




48 




2000 


21-16 


300 


230 




50 




2500 


21/8 


330 


244 , 




53 




3000 


21/4 


360 


268 




57 





FLAT ROPES. 



Iron Wire Rope | Steel W Rope, I Hemp Rope. 



Size in 
Inches. 



Wfjghtisizein 






Weight 
per ft. 
in lbs. 



si 



P B 



2V2XI/2 

3X5/8 

4X1M6 

4%X34 



21-5 
234 

414 
534 



2l/8X% 
2x1/2 

2%X% 
31/2X% 



12-5 

21/2 



5x11/4 
534x11/2 
81/2X214 

10x21/2 



41-12 
434 

m 
1014 



23 H 
28 o 
453 
60 'f 



5.800 

7.150 

12.300 

15.000 



68 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 









Round 


Ropes 










Iron Wire 


Steel Wire 


Hemp 


Chain. 


•So 




Ropes. 


Ropes. 


Rope. 


bC^ 


Cir- 


W'g't 


s 


W'g't 


S ^^ ^ 


^ . 


1^ 


2l 


cum- 


per 100 




per 100 


8 ^cS^ 


<v c 


2 '2 


^J^ 


ter- 


feet in 


^-1 


Feet in 


.ti +^o c! 


.S3 


4J.S 


mp:i 


^^ 


ence 


lbs. 


d 


lbs. 


O ^o.^ 


^^ 


cc 


13/4 


40 


m 


25 


3 


63 


7-16 


183 


5 


1.666 


2 


52 


15/8 


33 


5 


100 


Vq 


266 


7 


2.333 


21/4 


66 


17/8 


50 


51/t^ 


117 


9-16 


300 


81/9 


2.666 




83 


2 


59 


6 


130 


19-32 


341 


11 


3.700 


2% 


110 


'il 


67 


61/f> 


145 


5/8 


400 


13 


4.300 


B 


139 


83 


71/4 


185 


11-16 


466 


15 


5.000 


B3/« 


170 


m 


91 


8 


236 


3/4 


533 


19 


6.300 


88/4 


240 


31/8 


130 


9 


297 


13-16 


650 


24 


8.000 


4 


260 


35^8 


153 


91/9 


330 


^'8 


750 


28 


9.400 


41/2 


285 


31/2 


166 


101/2 


428 


1 


933 


36 


12.000 



BURSTING 


AND COLLAPSING PRESSURE OF 


WROUGHT-IEON DRAWN TUBES (Dr. CLARK). 






Bursting per 


Collapsing 
per Sqinch 


External 


Thickness. 


Sq. inch of 


Diameter. 


Internal 


of External 






Surface. 


Surface. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Lhs. 


Lhg. . 


1.25 


.083 


7700 


6500 


1.375 


.083 


6900 


5800 


1.5 


.083 


6200 


5200 


1.625 


.083 


5700 


4700 


1.75 


.083 


5300 


4300 


1.875 


.083 


4900 


4000 


2. 


.083 


4500 


3700 


2.125 


.095 


4900 


3800 


2.25 


.095 


4600 


3600 


2.5 


.109 


4800 


3600 


2.75 


.109 


4300 


3100 




.12 


4400 


3000 


3*25 


.12 


4000 


2700 


3.5 


.134 


4200 


2700 


3.75 


.134 


3900 


2400 


4. 


.134 


3600 


2100 


4.25 


.134 


3400 


1900 


4.5 


.134 


3200 


1700 


4.75 


.134 


3000 


1600 


5. 


.134 


2800 


1400 


5.25 


.148 


3000 


1400 


5.5 


.148 


2800 


1200 


5.75 


.148 


2700 


1100 


6. 


.148 


2600 


1000 



POCKET COMPANION. 



G9 



Table of Areas and Circumferences from 1 foot to 9 feet 

(advancing by an inch), or from Ito^ IncJiei^ 

(advancing by a twelfth). 



Diam. | 


Area. 1 


Circum. 1 1 Diam. 1 


Area, i 


Circum. 


1ft. 


.7854 


3.1416 


5 ft. 


19.635 


15.708 


1 


.9217 


3.4034 


1 


20.2949 


15.9698 


2 


1.069 


3.6652 


2 


20.9658 


16.2316 


3 


1.2272 


3.927 


3 


21.6476 


16.4934 


4 


1.3963 


4.1888 


4 


22.3403 


16.7552 


5 


1.5763 


4.4506 


5 


23.0439 


17.017 


6 


1.7671 


4.7124 


6 


23.7583 


17.2788 


7 


1.969 


4.9742 


7 


24.4837 


17.5406 


8 


2.1817 


5.236 


8 


25.201 


17.8024 


9 


2.4053 


5.4978 


9 


29.9673 


18.0642 


10 


2.6398 


5.7956 


10 


26.7254 


18.326 


11 • 


2.8853 


6.0214 


11 


27.4944 


18.5878 


2 ft. 


3.1416 


6.2832 


6 ft. 


28.2744 


18.8496 


1 


3.4088 


6.545 


1 


29.0653 


19.1114 


2 


3.687 


6.8068 


2 


29.867 


19.3732 


3 


3.9761 


7.0686 


3 


30.6797 


19.635 


4 


4.2761 


7.3304 


4 


31.5033 


19.8968 


5 


4.5869 


7.5922 


5 


32.3378 


20.1586 


6 


4.9087 


7.854 


6 


33.1831 


20.4204 


7 


5.2415 


8.1158 


7 


34.0394 


20.6822 


8 


5.5852 


8.3776 


8 


34.9067 


20.944 


9 


5.9396 


8.6394 


9 


35.7848 


21.2058 


10 


6.305 


8.9012 


10 


36.6738 


21.4676 


11 


6.814 


9.163 


11 


37.5738 


21.7294 


3 ft. 


7.0686 


9.4248 


7 ft. 


38.4846 


21.9912 


1 


7.4668 


9.6866 


1 


39.4064 


22.253 


2 


7.8758 


9.9484 


2 


40.339 


22.5148 


3 


8.2958 


10.2102 


3 


41.2826 


22.7766 


4 


8.7267 


10.472 


4 


42.2371 


23.0384 


5 


9.1685 


10.7338 


5 


43.2025 


23.3002 


6 


9.6211 


10.9956 


6 


44.1787 


23.562 


7 


10.0848 


11.2574 


7 


45.1659 


23.8238 


8 


10.5593 


11.5192 


8 


46.1641 


24.0856 


9 


11.0447 


11.781 


9 


47.1731 


24.3474 


10 


11.541 


12.0428 


10 


48.193 


24.6092 


11 


12.0483 


12.3046 


11 


49.2238 


24.871 


4 ft. 


12.5664 


12.5664 


8 ft. 


50.2656 


25.1328 


1 


13.0955 


12.8282 


1 


51.3183 


25.3946 


2 


13.6354 


13.09 


2 


52.3818 


25.6564 


3 


14.1863 


13.3518 


3 


53.4563 


25.9182 


4 


14.7481 


13.6136 


4 


54.5417 


26.18 


5 


15.3208 


13.8754 


5 


55-638 


26.4418 


6 


15.9043 


14.1372 


6 


56.7451 


26.7036 


7 


16.4989 


14.499 


7 


57.8632 


26.9654 


8 


17.1043 


14.6608 


8 


58.9923 


27.2272 


9 


17.7206 


14.9226 


9 


60.1322 


27.489 


10 


18.3478 


15.1844 


10 


61.283 


27.7508 


11 


18.9859 


15.4462 


11 


62.4448 


28.0126 








9 ft. 


63.6174 


28.2744 



70 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table of Circimiferencefi, Arean, Squares, Citbefi, Sqtiare 
Root, Cube Moot, from ] to lo Advancing by 1-10 etc. 



Diam. 
or No. 


Circum- 
ference. 


Area. 


Square. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


1 


3.14 


.785 


1. 


1. 


1. 


1. 


1-16 


3.34 


.886 


1.13 


1.19 


1.031 


1.020 


1/8 


3.53 


.994 


1.27 


1.42 


1.060 


1.040 


3-16 


3.73 


1.107 


1.41 


1.67 


1.089 


1.059 


1/4 


3.93 


1.227 


1.56 


1.95 


1.118 


1.077 


5-16 


4.12 


1.353 


1.72 


2.26 


1.146 


1.095 


% 


4.32 


1.485 


1.89 


2.60 


1.173 


1.112 


7-16 


4.52 


1.623 


2.07 


2.97 


1.199 


1.129 


1/2 


4.71 


1.767 


2.25 


3.38 


1.225 


1.145 


9-16 


4.91 


1.917 


2.44 


3.82 


1.250 


1.161 


5/8 


5.11 


2.074 


2.64 


4.29 


1.275 


1.176 


11-16 


5.30 


2.236 


2.85 


4.80 


1.299 


1.191 


3/4 


5.50 


2.405 


3.06 


5.36 


1.323 


1.205 


13-16 


5.69 


2.580 


3.29 


5.95 


1.346 


1.219 


% 


5.89 


2.761 


3.52 


6.59 


1.369 


1.233 


15-16 


6.09 


2.948 


3.75 


7.27 


1.392 


1.247 


2 


6.28 


3.142 


4. 


8. 


1.414 


1.260 


1-16 


6.48 


3.341 


4.25 


8.77 


1.436 


1.273 


1/8 


6.68 


3.547 


4.52 


9.59 


1.458 


1.286 


3-16 


6.87 


3.758 


4.78 


10.47 


1.479 


1.298 


1/4 


7.07 


3.976 


5.06 


11.39 


1.500 


1.310 


5.16 


7.26 


4.200 


5.35 


12.36 


1.521 


1.322 


3/8 


7.46 


4.430 


5.64 


13.40 


1.541 


1.334 


7-16 


7.66 


4.666 


5.94 


14.48 


1.561 


1.346 


1/2 


7.85 


4.909 


6.25 


15.63 


1.581 


1.358 


9-16 


8.05 


5.157 


6.57 


16.83 


1.600 


1.369 


5/8 


8.25 


5.412 


6.89 


18.08 


1.620 


1.380 


11-16 


8.44 


5.673 


7.22 


19.41 


1.639 


1.391 


% 


8.64 


5.940 


7.56 


20.79 


1.658 


1.402 


13-16 


8.84 


6.213 


7.91 


22.25 


1.677 


1.412 


% 


9.03 


6.492 


8.27 


23.76 


1.695 


1.422 


15-16 


9.23 


6.777 


8.63 


25.34 


1.714 


1.432 


3 


9.42 


7.07 


9. 


27. 


1.732 


1.442 


1/8 


9.82 


7.67 


9.77 


30.52 


1.768 


1.462 


1/4- 


10.21 


8.30 


10.56 


34.32 


1.803 


1.482 


% 


10.60 


8.95 


11.39 


38.44 


1.837 


1.5 


1/2 


11.00 


9.62 


12.25 


42.88 


1.871 


1.518 


5/8 


11.39 


10.32 


13.14 


47.63 


1.904 


1.535 


3/4 


11.78 


11.05 


14.06 


52.73 


1.936 


1.553 


?8 


12.17 


11.79 


15.02 


58.17 


1.968 


1.570 


4 


12.57 


12.57 


16. 


64. 


2. 


1.587 


1/4 


13.35 


14.19 


18.06 


76.78 


2.061 


1.619 


V2 


14.14 


15.90 


20.25 


91.13 


2.121 


1.651 


% 


14.92 


17.72 


22.56 


107.16 


2.179 


1.681 


5 


15.71 


19.63 


25. 


125. 


2.236 


1.710 


1/4 


16.49 


21.64 


27.56 


144.70 


2.291 


1.738 



POCKET COMPANION. 



71 



Table of Circum. Areas, Squares, Etc, 


. {Continued). 


Diam. 
or No. 


Circum. 


Areas. 


Square. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


51/2 


17.28 


23.76 


30.25 


166.37 


2.345 


1.765 


3/4 


18.06 


25.07 


33.06 


190.11 


2.398 


1.792 


6 


18.85 


29.29 


36. 


216. 


2.449 


1.817 


V4, 


19.64 


30.68 


39.06 


244.14 


2.500 


1.832 




20.42 


33.18 


42.25 


274.63 


2.550 


1.866 


34 


21.21 


35.78 


45.56 


307.55 


2.599 


1.890 


7 


21.99 


38.48 


49. 


343. 


2.646 


1.913 




22.78 


41.28 


52.56 


381.08 


2.692 


1.935 


23.56 


44.18 


56.25 


421.88 


2.739 


1.957 


3/1 


24.35 


47.17 


60.06 


465.48 


2.784 


1.979 


8 


25.13 


50.26 


64. 


512. 


2.828 


2. 


V4 


25.92 


53.46 


68.06 


561-52 


2.872 


2.021 




26.70 


56.75 


72.25 


614.12 


2.915 


2.041 


3k 


27.49 


60.13 


76.56 


669.92 


2.958 


2.061 


9' 


28.27 


63.62 


81. 


729. 


3. 


2.080 


V4 


29.06 


67.20 


85.56 


791.45 


3.041 


2.098 


vl 


29.85 


70.88 


90.25 


857.37 


3.082 


2.118 


3/4 


30.63 


74.66 


95.06 


926.86 


3.122 


2.136 


10 


31.41 


78.54 


100. 


1000. 


3.162 


2.154 



TABLE OF CIRCUMFERENCES, AREAS, SQUARES, 
CUBES, SQUARE ROOT AND CUBE ROOT. 

Advancing by Decimals from .1 to 10. 



Diam. 
or No. 


Circum. 


Areas. 


Square. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Reot. 


.1 


.314 


.00785 


.01 


.001 


.316 


.464 


.2 


.628 


.0314 


.04 


.008 


.447 


.585 


.3 


.942 


.0706 


.09 


.027 


.548 


.669 


.4 


1.26 


.1256 


.16 


.064 


.633 


.737 


.5 


1.57 


,1963 


.25 


.125 


.707 


.794 


.6 


1.88 


.2827 


.36 


.216 


.775 


.843 


.7 


2.20 


.3848 


.49 


.343 


.837 


.888 


.8 


2.51 


.5026 


.64 


.512 


.894 


.928 


.9 


2.83 


.6362 


.81 


.729 


.949 


.965 


1. 


3.14 


.7854 


1. 


1. 


1. 


1. 


.1 


3.46 


.9503 


1.21 


1.33 


1.049 


1.032 


.2 


3.77 


1.131 


1.44 


1.73 


1.095 


1.063 


.3 


4.08 


1.327 


1.69 


2.20 


1.140 


1.091 


.4 


4.39 


1.539 


1.96 


2.74 


1.183 


1.119 


.5 


4.71 


1.707 


2.25 


3.37 


1.225 


1.145 


.6 


5.02 


2.011 


2.56 


4.10 


1.265 


1.170 


.7 


5.34 


2.270 


2.89 


4.91 


1.304 


1.193 


.8 


5.65 


2.545 


3.24 


5.83 


1.342 


1.216 


.9 


5.96 


2.835 


3.61 


6.86 


1.378 


1.239 


2. 


6.28 


3.142 


4. 


8. 


1.414 


1.260 


.1 


6.59 


3.464 


4.41 


9.26 


1.449 


1.281 


.2 


6.91 


3.801 


4.84 


10.65 


1.483 


1.301 



72 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



TABLE OF CIRCUMFERENCES, AREAS, SQUARES, 
CUBES, SQUARE ROOT AND CUBE ROOT. 

Advancing by Decimals fro? n .1 to kk 
(Table Continued). 



Diam. 
or No. 


Circum. 


Areas . 


Square. | 


CnhP i^auarei 
^^"^- 1 Root. 1 


Cube 
Root. 


2.3 


7.22 


4.155 


5.29 


12.17 


1.517 


1.320 


.4 


7.53 


4.524 


5.76 


13.82 


1.549 


1.339 


.5 


7.85 


4.909 


6.25 


15.63 


1.581 


1.357 


.6 


8.16 


5.309 


6.76 


17.58 


1.612 


1.375 


.7 


8.48 


5.726 


7.29 


19.68 


1.643 


1.392 


.8 


8.79 


6.158 


7.84 


21.95 


1.679 


1.409 


.9 


9.11 


6.605 


8.41 


24.39 


1.703 


1.426 


3. 


9.42 


7.069 


9. 


27. 


1.732 


1.442 


.2 


10.05 


7.548 


10.24 


32.77 


1.789 


1.474 


.4 


10.68 


8.553 


11.56 


39.30 


1.844 


1.504 


.6 


11.30 


10.18 


12.96 


46.66 


1.897 


1.533 


.8 


11.93 


11.34 


14.44 


54.87 


1.949 


1.560 


4, 


12.56 


12.57 


16. 


64. 


2. 


1.587 


.2 


13.19 


13.85 


17.64 


74.09 


2.049 


1.613 


.4 


13.82 


15.21 


19.36 


85.18 


2.098 


1.639 


.6 


14.45 


16.62 


21.16 


97.34 


2.145 


1.663 


.8 


15.08 


18.10 


23.04 


110.6 


2.191 


1.687 


5. 


15.70 


19.63 


25. 


125. 


2.236 


1.710 


.2 


16.33 


21.24 


27.04 


140.6 


2.280 


1.732 


.4 


16.96 


22.90 


29.16 


157.5 


2.324 


1.754 


.6 


17.59 


24.63 


31.36 


175.6 


2.366 


1.776 


.8 


18.22 


26.42 


33.64 


195.1 


2.408 


1.797 


6. 


18.84 


28.27 


36. 


216. 


2.449 


1.817 


.2 


19.47 


30.19 


38.44 


238.3 


2.490 


1.837 


.4 


20.10 


32.17 


40.96 


262.1 


2-530 


1.856 


.6 


20.73 


34.21 


43.56 


287.5 


2.569 


1.876 


.8 


21.36 


36.32 


46.24 


314.4 


2.608 


1.895 


7. 


21.99 


38.48- 


49. 


343. 


2.646 


1.913 


.2 


22.61 


40.72 


51.84 


373.2 


2.683 


1.931 


.4 


23.24 


43.01 


54.76 


405.2 


2.720 


1.949 


.6 


23.87 


45.36 


57.76 


439. 


2.757 


1.9G6 


.8 


24.50 


47.78 


60.84 


474.6 


2.793 


1.983 


8. 


25.13 


50.27 


64. 


512. 


2.828 


2. 


.2 


25.76 


52.81 


67.24 


551.4 


2.864 


2.017 


.4 


26.38 


55.42 


77.56 


592.7 


2.898 


2.033 


.6 


27.01 


58.09 


73.96 


636.1 


2.933 


2.049 


.8 


27.64 


60.82 


74.44 


681.5 


2.966 


2.065 


0. 


28.27 


63.62 


81. 


729. 


3. 


2.080 


.2 


28.90 


66.48 


84.64 


778.7 


3.033 


2.095 


.4 


29.53 


69.40 


88.36 


830.6 


3.066 


2.110 


,6 


30.15 


72.38 


92.16 


884.7 


3.098 


2.125 


.8 


30.78 


75.43 


96.04 


941.2 


3.130 


2.140 


10. 


31.41 


78.54 


100. 


1000. 


3.162 


2,154 



POCKET COMPANION. 



73 



Tables of Diameters, A7'eas, Circumferences of Circles, 

Squares, Cubes, Squai'e Root, Cube Root, and Reciprocals 

of Numbers {From 1 to 250). 



No.i Cir. 1 


Areas. jSq're.l 


Cube. 1 


S.Root.iC.R't.! 


Recip. 


1 


8.14 


0.79 


1 


1 


1.000 


1.000 


1.00000 


2 


6.28 


8.14 


4 


8 


1.414 


1.2'60 


.50000 


3 


9.42 


7.07 


9 


27 


1.732 


1.442 


.38334 


4 


12.57 


12.57 


16 


64 


2.000 


1.587 


.25000 


5 


15.71 


19.62 


25 


125 


2.236 


1.710 


.20000 


6 


18.85 


28.27 


36 


216 


2.450 


1.817 


.16667 


7 


21.99 


88.48 


49 


343 


2.646 


1.913 


.14285 


8 


25.13 


50.27 


64 


512 


2.828 


2.000 


.12500 


9 


28.27 


63.62 


81 


729 


3.000 


2.080 


.11112 


10 


31.41 


78.54 


100 


1000 


3.162 


2.154 


.10000 


11 


34.56 


95.03 


121 


1381 


8.817 


2.224 


.09091 


12 


87.70 


113.10 


144 


1728 


8.464 


2.289 


.08333 


13 


40.84 


182.73 


169 


2197 


3.605 


2.351 


.07692 


14 


43.98 


158.94 


196 


2744 


3.741 


2.410 


.07142 


15 


47.12 


176.72 


225 


3875 


8.872 


2.466 


.06667 


16 


50.27 


201.06 


256 


4096 


t^.OOO 


2.519 


.06250 


17 


53.41 


226.98 


289 


4913 


4.128 


2.571 


.05882 


18 


56.55 


254.47 


324 


5882 


4.242 


2.620 


.05556 


19 


59.69 


288.58 


361 


6859 


4.858 


2.668 


.05263 


20 


62.82 


314.15 


400 


8000 


4.472 


2.714 


.05000 


21 


65.97 


346.36 


441 


9261 


4.582 


2.758 


.04761 


22 


69.12 


880.13 


484 


10648 


4.690 


2.802 


.04545 


23 


72-26 


415.48 


529 


12167 


4.795 


2.848 


.04347 


24 


75.40 


452.89 


576 


13824 


4.898 


2.884 


.04167 


25 


78.54 


490.87 


625 


15625 


5.000 


2.924 


.04000 


26 


81.68 


580.98 


676 


17576 


5.099 


2.962 


.08846 


27 


84.82 


572.56 


729 


19683 


5.196 


8.000 


.03703 


28 


87.96 


615.75 


784 


21952 


5.291 


3.086 


.03571 


29 


91.11 


660.52 


841 


24889 


5.885 


3.072 


.08448 


30 


94.25 


706.86 


900 


27000 


5.477 


8.107 


.03334 


31 


97.86 


754.77 


961 


29791 


5.567 


8.141 


.03225 


32 


100.53 


804.25 


1024 


32768 


5.657 


3.174 


.03125 


33 


103.67 


855.30 


1089 


35937 


5.744 


3.207 


.03031 


34 


106.82 


907.92 


1156 


39304 


5.830 


8.239 


.02941 


35 


109.96 


962.11 


1225 


42875 


5.916 


3.271 


.02857 


36 


113.10 


1017.88 


1296 


46656 


6.000 


3.301 


.02666 


37 


116.24 


1075.21 


1869 


50653 


6.082 


8.382 


.02702 


38 


119.88 


1134.11 


1444 


54872 


6.164 


3.361 


.02631 


39 


122.52 


1194.59 


1521 


59819 


6.244 


3.891 


.02564 


40 


125.66 


1256.64 


1600 


64000 


6.824 


3.419 


.02500 


41 


128.81 


1320.25 


1681 


68921 


6.408 


3.448 


.02439 


42 


131.95 


1385.44 


1764 


74088 


6.480 


3.476 


.02880 


43 


135.09 


1452.20 


1849 


79507 


6.557 


3.503 


.02825 


44 


188.23 


1520.53 


1936 


85184 


6.633 


8.530 


.02272 


45 


141.37 


1590.43 


2025 


91125 


6.708 


3.556 


.02222 


46 


144.51 


1661.90 


2116 


97836 


6.782 


3.588 


.02173 


47 


147.66 


1784.94 


2209 


103823 


6.856 


3.609 


.02127 


48 


150.80 


1809.56 


2304 


110592 


6.928 


8.684 


.02083 


49 


158.94 


1885.74 


2401 


117649 


7.000 


3.659 


.02040 


50 


157.08 


1 1963.50 


2500 


125000 


7.071 


3.684 


.02000 



74 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



TaUes of Diameters, Areas, Circumfer'ces, etc., (Continued). 



No. 


Cir. 


Areas. 


Sq're. 


1 Cube. 


S.Root. 


C.R't. 


Recip. 


51 


160.22 


2042.82 


2601 


132651 


7.141 


3.708 


.01960 


52 


163.36 


2123.72 


2704 


140608 


7.211 


3.732 


.01923 


•53 


166.50 


2206.18 


2809 


148877 


7.280 


3.756 


.0188G 


54 


169.65 


2290.22 


2916 


156464 


7.348 


3.779 


.01851 


55 


172.79 


2375.83 


3025 


166375 


7.416 


3.802 


.01818 


56 


175.93 


2463.01 


3136 


175616 


7.483 


3.825 


.01785 


57 


179.07 


2551.76 


3249 


185193 


7.549 


3.848 


.01754 


58 


182.21 


2642.08 


3364 


195112 


7.615 


3.870 


.01724 


59 


185.35 


2733.97 


3481 


205379 


7.681 


3.892 


.01694 


60 


188.50 


2827.43 


3600 


216000 


7.746 


3.915 


.01667 


61 


191.64 


2922.47 


3721 


226981 


7.810 


3.936 


.01639 


62 


194.78 


3019.07 


3844 


238328 


7.874 


3.957 


.01612 


63 


196.94 


3117.25 


3969 


250047 


7.936 


3.979 


.01587 


64 


201.06 


3216.99 


4096 


262144 


8.000 


4.000 


.01562 


65 


204.20 


3318.31 


4225 


274625 


8.062 


4.020 


.01538 


66 


207.35 


3421.19 


4356 


287496 


8.124 


4.041 


.01515 


67 


210.49 


3525.65 


4489 


300763 


8.185 


4.061 


.01492 


68 


213.63 


3631.68 


4624 


314432 


8.246 


4.081 


.01470 


69 


216.77 


3739.28 


4761 


32S509 


8.306 


4.101 


.01449 


70 


219.91 


3848.45 


4900 


343000 


8.367 


4.121 


.01428 


71 


223.05 


3959.19 


5041 


357911 


8.426 


4.140 


.01408 


72 


226.19 


4071.50 


5184 


373248 


8.485 


4.160 


.01389 


73 


229.34 


4185.09 


5329 


399017 


8.544 


4.179 


.01369 


74 


234.48 


4300.84 


5476 


405224 


8.602 


4.198 


.01351 


75 


235.62 


4417.86 


5625 


421875 


8.660 


4.217 


.01333 


76 


238.76 


4536.46 


5776 


438976 


8.717 


4.235 


.01315 


77 


241.90 


4656.63 


5929 


456533 


8.775 


4.254 


.01298 


78 


245.04 


4778.36 


6084 


474552 


8.831 


4.272 


.01282 


79 


248.19 


4901.67 


6241 


493039 


8.888 


4.290 


.01265 


80 


251.33 


5026,55 


6400 


512000 


9.944 


4.309 


.01250 


81 


254.47 


5153.00 


6561 


531441 


9.000 


4.326 


.01234 


82 


257.61 


5281.02 


6724 


551368 


9.055 


4.344 


.01219 


83 


260.75 


5410.61 


6889 


571787 


9.110 


4.362 


.01204 


84 


263.89 


5541.77 


7056 


592704 


9.165 


4.379 


.01190 


85 


267.04 


5674.50 


7225 


614125 


9.219 


4.396 


.01176 


86 


270.18 


5808.80 


7326 


636056 


9.273 


4.414 


.01162 


87 


273.32 


5944.68 


7569 


658503 


9.327 


4.431 


.01149 


88 


276.46 


6082.12 


7744 


681472 


9.380 


4.447 


.01136 


89 


279.60 


6221.44 


7921 


704969 


9.433 


4.461 


.01123 


90 


282.74 


6361.72 


8100 


729000 


9.487 


4.481 


.01111 


91 


285.89 


6503.88 


8281 


753571 


9.539 


4.497 


.01098 


92 


289.03 


6647.61 


8464 


778688 


9.591 


4.514 


.01086 


93 


292.17 


6792.91 


8649 


804357 


9.643 


4.530 


.01075 


94 


297.31 


6939.78 


8836 


830584 


9.695 


4.546 


.01063 


95 


298.45 


7088.22 


9025 


857375 


9.746 


4.562 


.01052 


96 


301.59 


7238.23 


9216 


884736 


9.797 


4.578 


.01041 


97 


304.73 


7389.81 


9409 


912673 


9.848 


4.594 


.01030 


98 


307.87 


7542.96 


9604 


941192 


9.899 


4.610 


.01020 


99 


311.02 


7697.69 


9801 


970299 


9.949 


4.626 


.01010 


100 


314.16 


7853.98 


10000 


1000000 


10.000 


4.642 


.01000 



POCKET COMPANION. 



75 



Tables of Diameters, Areas, Circumfefces, etc., {Continued). 



No.l Cir. i 


Areas. ISq're.i Cube. S.Root.lC. R't.iRecip. 


101 


317.30 


8011.85 


10201 


1030301 


10.049 


4.657 


.00990 


102 


320.44 


8171.28 


10404 


1061208 


10.099 


4.672 


.00980 


103 


323.58 


8332.29 


10609 


1092727 


10.148 


4.687 


.00970 


104 


326.73 


8494.87 


10816 


1124864 


10.198 


4.702 


.00961 


105 


329.87 


8659.01 


11025 


1157625 


10.246 


4.717 


.00952 


106 


333.01 


8824.73 


11236 


1191016 


10.295 


4.732 


.00943 


107 


336.15 


8992.02 


11449 


1225043 


10.344 


4.747 


.00933 


108 


339.29 


9160.88 


11664 


1259712 


10.392 


4.762 


.00925 


109 


342.43 


9331.32 


11881 


1295029 


10.440 


4.776 


.00917 


110 


345.58 


9503.32 


12100 


1331000 


10.488 


4.791 


.00909 


111 


348.72 


9676.89 


12321 


1367631 


10.536 


4.806 


.00900 


112 


351.86 


9852.03 


12544 


1404928 


10.583 


4.820 


.00892 


113 


355.00 


10028.75 


12769 


1442897 


10.630 


4.834 


.00884 


114 


358.14 


10207.03 


12996 


1481544 


10.677 


4.848 


.00877 


115 


361.28 


10386.89 


13225 


1520875 


10.723 


4.862 


.00869 


116 


364.42 


10568.32 


13456 


1560896 


10.770 


4.876 


.00862 


117 


367.56 


10751.32 


13689 


1601613 


10.816 


4.890 


.00854 


118 


370.70 


10935.88 


13924 


1643032 


10.862 


4.904 


.00847 


119 


373.85 


11122.02 


14161 


1685159 


10.908 


4.918 


.00840 


120 


376.99 


11309.73 


14400 


1728000 


10.954 


4.932 


.00834 


121 


380.13 


11499,10 


14641 


1771561 


11.000 


4.946 


.00826 


122 


383.27 


11689.87 


14884 


1815848 


11.045 


4.959 


.00819 


123 


386.41 


11882.29 


15129 


1860867 


11.090 


4.973 


.00813 


124 


389.56 


12076.28 


15376 


1906624 


11.135 


4.986 


.00806 


125 


392.70 


12271.85 


15625 


1953125 


11.180 


5.000 


.00800 


126 


395.84 


12468.98 


15876 


2000376 


11.224 


5.013 


.00793 


127 


398.98 


12667.69 


16129 


2048383 


11.269 


5.026 


.00787 


128 


402.12 


12867.96 


16384 


2097152 


11.314 


5.039 


.00781 


129 


405.27 


13069.81 


16641 


2146689 


11.357 


5.052 


.00775 


130 


408.41 


13273.23 


16900 


2197000 


11.401 


5.065 


.00769 


131 


411.55 


13478.22 


17161 


2248091 


11.445 


5.078 


.00763 


132 


414.69 


13684.78 


17424 


2299968 


11.489 


5.091 


.00757 


133 


417.83 


13892.91 


17689 


2352637 


11.532 


5.104 


.00751 


134 


420.97 


14102.61 


17956 


2406104 


11.575 


5.117 


.00746 


135 


424.12 


14313.88 


18225 


2460375 


11.618 


5.129 


.00740 


136 


427.26 


14526.72 


18496 


2515456 


11.661 


5.142 


.00735 


137 


430.40 


14741.14 


18769 


2571353 


11.704 


5.155 


.00729 


138 


433.54 


14957.12 


19044 


2600872 


11.747 


5.166 


.00724 


139 


436.68 


15174.68 


19321 


2685619 


11.789 


5.180 


.00719 


140 


439.82 


15393.81 


19600 


2744000 


11.832 


5.192 


.00714 


141 


442.96 


15614.50 


19881 


2803221 


11.874 


5.204 


.00709 


142 


446.11 


15836.77 


20164 


2863288 


11.916 


5.217 


.00704 


143 


449.25 


16060.61 


20449 


2924207 


11.958 


5.229 


.00699 


144 


452.39 


16286.02 


20736 


2985984 


12.000 


5.241 


.00694 


145 


455.53 


16513.00 


21025 


3048625 


12.041 


5.253 


.00689 


146 


458.67 


16741.55 


.21316 


3112136 


12.083 


5.265 


.00684 


147 


461.81 


16971.67 


21609 


3176523 


12.124 


5.277 


.00680 


148 


464.96 


17203.36 


21904 


3241792 


12.165 


5.289 


.00675 


149 


468.10 


17436.62 


22201 


3307949 12.206 


5.301 


.00671 


150 


471.24 


17671.46 


22500 


3375000 12.247 


5.313 


.00667 



76 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Tables of Diameters, Areas, Circumfer'ces, etc., (Continued). 



No.| 


Cir. 1 


Areas. 


Sq're. i 


Cube. 


S.Root.lC. R't. 


Recip. 


151 


474.38 


17907.86 


22801 


3442951 


12.288 


5.325 


.00662 


152 


477.52 


18145.84 


23104 


3511808 


12.328 


5.336 


.00657 


153 


480.66 


18385.39 


23409 


3581577 


12.369 


5.348 


.00653 


154 


483.81 


18626.50 


23716 


3652264 


12.409 


5.360 


.00649 


155 


486.95 


18869.19 


24025 


3723875 


12.449 


5.371 


.00645 


156 


490.09 


19113.45 


24336 


3796416 


12.489 


5.383 


.00641 


157 


493.23 


19359.28 


24649 


3869893 


12.529 


5.394 


.00636 


158 


496.37 


19606.68 


24964 


3944312 


12.569 


5.406 


.00632 


159 


499.51 


19855.65 


25281 


4019679 


12.609 


5.417 


.00628 


160 


502.65 


20106.19 


25600 


4096000 


12.649 


5.428 


.00625 


161 


505.80 


20358.31 


25921 


4173281 


12.688 


5.440 


.00621 


162 


508.94 


20611.99 


26244 


4251528 


12.727 


5.451 


.00617 


163 


512.08 


20867.19 


26569 


4330747 


12.767 


5.462 


.00613 


164 


515.22 


21124.07 


26896 


4410944 


12.806 


5.473 


.00609 


165 


518.36 


21382.47 


27225 


4492125 


12.845 


5.484 


.00606 


166 


521.50 


21642.43 


27556 


4574296 


12.884 


5.495 


.00602 


167 


524.65 


21904.0 


27889 


4657463 


12.922 


5.506 


.00598 


168 


527.79 


22167.1 


28224 


4741632 


12.961 


5.517 


.00595 


169 


530.93 


22431.8 


28561 


4826809 


13.000 


5.528 


.00591 


170 


534.07 


22698.0 


28900 


4913000 


13.038 


5.539 


.00588 


171 


537.21 


22965,8 


29240 


5000211 


13.076 


5.550 


.00584 


172 


540.36 


23235.2 


29584 


5088448 


13.114 


5.561 


.00581 


173 


543.50 


23506.2 


29929 


5177717 


13.152 


5.572 


.00578 


174 


546.64 


23778.7 


30276 


5268024 


13.190 


5.582 


.00574 


175 


549.78 


24052.8 


30625 


5359375 


13.228 


5.593 


.00571 


176 


552.92 


24328.5 


30976 


5451776 


13.266 


5.604 


.00568 


177 


556.06 


24605.7 


31329 


5545233 


13.304 


5.614 


.00564 


178 


559.20 


24884.6 


31684 


5639752 


13.341 


5.625 


.00561 


179 


562.34 


25164.9 


32041 


5735339 


13.379 


5.635 


.00558 


180 


565.49 


25446.9 


32400 


5832000 


13.416 


5.646 


.00555 


181 


568.63 


25730.4 


32761 


5929741 


13.453 


5.656 


.00552 


182 


571.77 


26015.5 


33124 


6028578 


13.490 


5.667 


.00549 


183 


574.91 


26302.2 


33489 


6128487 


13.527 


5.677 


.00546 


184 


578.05 


26590.4 


33856 


6229504 


13.564 


5.687 


.00543 


185 


581.19 


26880.3 


34225 


6331625 


13.601 


5.698 


.00540 


186 


584.34 


27171.6 


34596 


6434856 


13.638 


5.708 


.00537 


187 


587.48 


27464.6 


34969 


6539203 


13.674 


5.718 


.00534 


188 


590.62 


27759.1 


35344 


6644672 


13.711 


5.728 


.00531 


189 


593.76 


28055.2 


35721 


6751269 


13.747 


5.738 


.00529 


190 


596.90 


28352.9 


36100 


6859000 


13.784 


5.748 


.00526 


191 


600.04 


28652.1 


36481 


6967871 


13.820 


5.758 


.00523 


192 


603.19 


28952.9 


36864 


7077888 


13.856 


5.768 


.00520 


193 


606.33 


29255.3 


37249 


7189057 


13.892 


5.778 


.00518 


194 


609.47 


29559.2 


37636 


7301384 


13.928 


5.788 


.00515 


195 


612.61 


29864.8 


38025 


7414875 


13.964 


5.798 


.00512 


196 


615.75 


30171.9 


38410 


7529536 


14.000 


5.808 


.00510 


197 


618.89 


30480.5 


38809 


7645373 


14.035 


5.818 


.00507 


198 


622.04 


30790.7 


39204 


7762392 


14.071 


5.828 


.00505 


199 


625.18 


31102.6 


39601 


7880599 


14.106 


5.838 


.00502 


200 


628.32 


31415.9 


40000 


8000000 


14.142 


5.848 


.00500 



POCKET COMPANION. 



77 



Tables of Diameters, Areas, Circumfer'ces, etc., {Continued), 



No.l Cir. 


Areas. |Sq're. 


Cube. IS.Root.lC. R't.lRecip. 


201 


631.46 


31730.9 


40401 


8120601 


14.177 


5.857 


.00497 


202 


634.60 


32047.4 


40804 


8242408 


14.212 


5.867 


.00495 


203 


637.74 


32365.5 


41209 


8365427 


14.247 


5.877 


.00492 


204 


640.88 


32685.1 


41616 


8489664 


14.282 


5.886 


.00490 


205 


644.03 


33006.4 


42025 


8615125 


14.317 


5.896 


.00487 


206 


647.17 


33329.2 


42436 


8741816 


14.352 


5.905 


.00485 


207 


650.31 


33653.5 


42849 


8869743 


14.387 


5.915 


.00483 


208 


653.45 


33979.5 


43264 


8998912 


14.422 


5.924 


.00480 


209 


656.59 


34307.0 


43681 


9123329 


14.456 


5.934 


.00478 


210 


659.63 


34636.1 


44100 


9261000 


14.491 


5.943 


.00476 


211 


662.87 


34966.7 


44521 


9393931 


14.525 


5.953 


.00473 


212 


666.01 


35298.9 


44944 


9528128 


14.560 


5.962 


.00471 


213 


669.16 


35632.7 


45369 


9663597 


14.594 


5.972 


.00469 


214 


672.30 


35968.1 


45796 


9800344 


14.628 


5.981 


.00467 


215 


675.44 


36305.0 


46225 


9938375 


14.662 


5.990 


.00465 


216 


678.58 


36643.5 


46656 


10077696 


14.696 


6.000 


.00462 


217 


681.73 


36983.6 


47089 


10218313 


14.730 


6.009 


.00460 


218 


684.87 


37325.3 


47525 


10360232 


14.764 


6.018 


.00458 


219 


688.01 


37668.5 


47961 


10503459 


14.798 


6.027 


.00456 


220 


691.15 


38013.3 


484O0 


10648000 


14.832 


6.036 


.00454 


221 


694.29 


38359.6 


48841 


10793861 


14.866 


6.045 


.00452 


222 


697.43 


38707.6 


49284 


10941048 


14.899 


6.055 


.00450 


223 


700.57 


39057.1 


49729 


11089567 


14.933 


6.064 


.00448 


224 


703.71 


39408.1 


50176 


11239424 


14.966 


6.073 


.00446 


225 


706.86 


39760.8 


50625 


11390625 


15.000 


6.082 


.00444 


226 


710.00 


40115.0 


50876 


11543176 


15.033 


6.091 


.00442 


227 


713.14 


40470.8 


51529 


11697083 


15.066 


6.100 


.00440 


228 


716.28 


40828.1 


51984 


11852352 


15.099 


6.109 


.00438 


229 


719.42 


41187.1 


52441 


12008989 


15.132 


6.118 


.00436 


230 


722.57 


41547.6 


52900 


12167000 


15.165 


6.126 


.00434 


231 


725.71 


41909.6 


53361 


12326391 


15.198 


6.135 


.00432 


232 


728.85 


42273.3 


53824 


12487168 


15.231 


6.144 


.00431 


233 


731.99 


42638.5 


54289 


12649336 


15.264 


6.153 


.0042» 


234 


735.13 


43005.3 


54756 


12812904 


15.297 


6.162 


.00427 


235 


738.27 


43373.6 


55225 


12977874 


15.329 


6.171 


.00425 


236 


741.42 


43743.5 


55696 


13144256 


15.362 


6.179 


.00423 


237 


744.56 


44145.8 


56169 


13312053 


15.394 


6.188 


.00421 


238 


747.70 


44488.1 


56644 


13481272 


15.427 


6.197 


.00420 


239 


750.84 


44862.7 


57121 


13651919 


15.459 


6.205 


.00418 


240 


753.98 


45238.9 


57600 


13824000 


15.491 


6.214 


.00416 


241 


757.12 


45616.7 


58081 


13997521 


15.524 


6.223 


.00414 


242 


760.27 


45996.1 


58564 


14172488 


15.556 


6.231 


.004ia 


243 


763.41 


46377.0 


59049 


14348907 


15.588 


6.240 


.00411 


244 


766.55 


46759.5 


59536 


14526784 


15.620 


6.248 


.00409 


245 


769.69 


47143.5 


60025 


14706125 


15.652 


6.257 


.00408 


246 


772.83 


47529.2 


60516 


14886936 


15.684 


6.265 


.00405 


247 


775.96 


47916.4 


61009 


15069223 


15.716 


6.274 


.00404 


248 


779.11 


48305.1 


61504 


15252992 


15.748 


6.282 


.00403 


249 


782.26 


48695.5 


62001 


15438249 


15.779 


6.291 


.00401 


250 


785.40 


49087.4 


62500 


15625000 


15.8;i 


6.299 


.00400 



78 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table of Areas of Squares and Circles, Side of 

Square both in Decimals and Fractions. 

From 1-10 to 12. 



Diam. 


Area 
of □ in Ins, 


Area 
in Ins. 


Side of Square. 




In decim'ls. In fracti'ns. 


t'b 


.0039 


.0031 


.0553 


1^ in. 


\ 


.0156 


.0123 


.1108 


M " 


\ 


.0351 


.0276 


.1662 


Ns " 


k 


.0625 


.0491 


.2216 


ifj " 


T% 


.0976 


.0767 


.2769 




1 


.1406 


.1104 


.3325 


• l\ " 


r% 


.1914 


•1503 


.3877 




i 


.25 


..1963 


.4431 


/' " 


\ 


.3166 


.2485 


.4985 


h' " 


1 


.3906 


.3068 


.5539 


82- " 


n 


.4727 


.3712 


.6093 


i¥s '* 


f 


.5625 


.4418 


.6646 


u •' 


H 


.6603 


.5185 


.72. 




1 


.7656 


.6013 


.7754 


49 ii 


51 


.879 


.6903 


.8308 




1 


1. 


.7854 


.8862 


1 ;; 


iV 


1.129 


.8868 


.9416 




i 


1.266 


.994 


.997 


if " 


^ 


1.409 


1.107 


1.052 




i 


1.562 


1.227 


1.108 


Uz " 


1% 


1.723 


1.353 


1.163 




f 


1.891 


1.485 


1.218 


i/j •' 


/. 


2.067 


1.623 


1.274 




i ■ 


2.25 


1.767 


1.329 


m " 


-% 


2.439 


1.916 


1.385 






2.641 


2.764 


1.44 


1/g " 


■i 


2.864 


2.25 


1.495 




f 


3.063 


2.405 


1.551 


m " 


U 


3.287 


2.581 


1.606 


lil " 


1 


3.516 


2.761 


1.661 


11^ " 


11 


3.752 


2.948 


1.717 


1§- " 


2 


4. 


3.142 


1.772 


11- •' 


^ 


4.516 


3.546 


1.883 




1 


5.062 


3.976 


1.994 


112 " 




5.640 


4.430 


2.105 


2h '' 


^ 


6.25 


4.908 


2.215 


2t '* 


s 


6.889 


5.412 


2.326 


2i! " 


a 


7.56 


5.939 


2.437 


2\ " 


1 


8.264 


6.492 


2.548 


2| - 


3 


9. 


7.069 


2.659 


23i " 


i. 


9.764 


7.67 


2.769 


m " 


1 


10.561 


8.296 


2.88 


2/ " 




11.388 


8.946 


2.991 


2 2 *' 


i 


12.25 


9.621 


3.102 


3/. " 



POCKET COMPANION. 



79 



Table of Areas of Squares and Circles, Side of 
Square both in Decimals and Fractions. 

{Continued). 



Diam. 


Area 

of u in Ins, 


Area 
in o Ins. 


Side of Square. 




Indecim'ls. In f racti'ns. 


31 


13.138 


10.321 


3.213 


3^^. in. 


£- 


14.065 


11.045 


3.323 


3|| •' 


i 


15.01 


11.793 


3.434 


3f. " 


4 


16. 


12.566 


3.545 


381 " 


^ 


17.012 


13.364 


3.656 


31^ *' 


k 


18.058 


14.186 


3.766 


3*4 " 


% 


19.141 


15.033 


3.877 


3s '* 


h 


20.254 


15.904 


3.987 


3hj " 




21.385 


16.8 


4.098 


4/*- '' 


1 


22.556 


17.721 


4.208 


U^ " 


1 


23.748 


18.655 


4.321 


4i " 


5 


25. 


19.635 


4.431 


4/h ;; 


I 


26.26 


20.629 


4.542 




i 


27.557 


21.648 


4.653 


414 " 


§ 


28.884 


22.69 


4.764 


4il " 


1 


30.25 


23.758 


4.875 


41 " 


1 


31.641 


24.851 


4.985 


4|i " 


1 


33.06 


25.967 


5.096 


5s% " 


s 


34.516 


27.109 


5.317 


5M " 


C 


36. 


28.274 


5.207 


5|| ;; 


.1 


39.063 


30.679 


5.538 




1 


42.25 


33.183 


5.76 


53 «» 


3 


45.562 


35.785 


5.982 


563 «* 


7 


49. 


38.485 


6.203 


eg ;; 


i 


52.562 


41.282 


6.425 




^ 


56.25 


44.179 


6.646 


6*1 *< 


i 


60.062 


47.173 


6.868 


ell " 


8 


64. 


50.266 


7.09 


7^4 '' 


i 


68.062 


53.456 


7.311 


7>J - 


i 


72.25 


56.745 


7.533 


7# - 


« 


76.562 


60.132 


7.754 


7L '' 


9 


81. 


63.617 


7.976 


71* " 


-\ 


85.563 


67.201 


8.198 


8|- •' 


h 


90.25 


70.882 


8.419 


8I4 " 


I 


95.062 


74.662 


8.641 


8k " 


10 


99.98 


78.54 


8.862 


8|| '' 


1 


105.04 


82.516 


9.084 


91^2^8 '* 




110.23 


86.59 


9.304 


9^1- " 


4 


115.55 


90.763 


9.527 


9|| '' 


11 


121. 


95.033 


9.748 


91 " 


k 


126.54 


99.402 


9.975 


10 - 


A 


132.22 


103.87 


10.19 


mi " 


i 


138.06 


108.43 


10.42 


loll '* 


12 


144. 


113.1 


10.64 


loli " 



80 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 
ELECTRICITY. 



Conductors. 

Most Perfect. 

All known Metals. 

Well-burned Charcoal. 

Plumbago. 

Burning Gaseous Mat- 
ter or flame. 

Smoke. 

Less Perfect. 

Concentrated Acids. 

Dilute. Acids 

Saline Fluids. 

Living Animals. 
" Vegetables. • 

Wood, in the ordinary 
state 

Snow, and Ice from 
32^^ to 0° 

Water. 

Imperfect. 

Common Earth and 
Stone. 

Dry Chalk and Lime. 

Marble and Porcelain. 

Paper. 

Alkaline matter. 

Aqueous vapor. 

The following is a short list of substances which may 
be used to receive the deposit of metal. 
noT^K^r. 5 In all metallic solutions, acid, 
caroon. -j neutral, or alkaline. 
Platinum. do. do. do. 

Gold. do. do. do. 

Palladium. do. do. do. 

In all alkaline, in all but the preceding, 
saline and acid, 
do. do. do. 

do. do. do. 

do. do. do. 

do. do. do. 

do. do. do. 



Non-Conductors. 

Less Perfect. 

Ice at 0° Farht. 

Dry Vegetable sub- 
stances. 

Dry Animal substan- 
ces generally. 

Parchment, Leather, 
Feathers. 

Baked Wood. [ces. 

Oil and Fatty substan- 

Silk. 

Most Perfect. 

Fur and Hair. 

Dry gases including air. 

Pure Steam of high- 
pressure. 

Glass and all [vitrifac- 
tions. 

Diamonds and transpa- 
rent Gems. 

Talc. 

Amber. 

All Resinous Bodies. 

Brimstone. 

Shell-lac. 

Bees-Wax. 



Silver. 

Copper. 

Lead. 

Bismuth. 

Antimony. 

Tin. 

Iron. 

Zinc. 



do. do. 

In some alkaline and acid. 



do. 



NON-METALLIC SUBSTANCES. 
In all saline or acid solutions; but not in alkaline. 
Sealing Wax, White Wax, Bees Wax and Rosin. Stearine, 
Spermaceti, Plaster of Paris prepared, some Animal sub- 
stances. Most vegetables substances. 



POCKET COMPANION. 81 

DEPOSITION of METALS. 
Gold Bat hs . 
FOR SILVER, COFFER, or ALLOYS RICH IN THESE. 
Distilled water, 1 gallon. 

Phosphate of soda, cryst, 91/2 oz. 

Bisulphite of soda, 13-5" 

Cyanide of potassium, pure, 1-6 " 

Gold Chloride, 160 grains. 

Dissolve in a portion of the water, heated, phosphate of 
soda. Dissolve in another portion of the water the bisul- 
phite of soda and cyanide of potassium. Dissolve the gold 
choloride in the remaining water, stir the solution slowly 
into the cold phosphate of soda solution, and finally 
add the solution of cyanide bisulphite. The bath, 
now ready for use, should be colorless. Used at a temper- 
ature of from 120no 175° Fah. 

BATH FOR IRON OR STEEL UNCOATED. 

Distilled water 1 gallon. 

Phosphate of Soda. 7 4-5 oz. 

Bisulphite of Soda. 2 '* 

Cyanide of potassium, pure. 3-5 dr. 

Gold chloride. 160 grains. 

Dissolve as before. Heat to 175° or 180° Fah. Pass the 
second metal through the hot potash, then through dilute 
muriatic acid (acid 1, water 15), brush, and connect at 
oace. Regiuires a very intense current at first. 

COLD ELECTRIC-GILDING BATH. 

Water, distilled. 1 gallon. 

Potassium Cyanide, pure. 3 1-5 oz. 

Gold Chloride. 3 1-10 '' 

Dissolve the Cyanide in a part of the water, then gradu- 
ally add the gold chloride dissolved in the remainder. Boil 
for half an hour before using. (Use cold). 

ZINC BATH. 
Zinc is used for the preservation of iron, by electro-depos- 
tion. The iron is first rendered perfectly clean and free 
from oxide, by placing it in a bath of heated sulphuric acid 
and water; then in a cold solution of sulphate of zinc. The 
positive pole of a galvanic battery is attached to a zinc 
plate, and the negative to the iron to be covered; the pure 
metal is deposited, and the zinc and the iron are amalga- 
mated. 

FLATINUM. 

The best solution to be employed is the nitro-muriate of 

platinum, to which sufficient soda is added to render it 

neutral. The object to be coated should be smooth, and 

thoroughly cleansed by potash before the process is com- 

6 



82 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

nienced. Having proceeded thus far, and the solution of 
l)latinum being ready, a fine platinum wire in connection 
with the silver or positive pole of the battery, must be 
placed so as to dip into the solution,but must not be immer- 
sed beyond a very short distance. The object to be platin- 
ated is now ready for connection with the zinc or negative 
pole of the battery; after this is effected it is lo be dipped 
in the solution. 

SILVER BATH. 
For electro-silver plating the double salt of silver and 
potassium cyanide is almost universally employed. The 
following are the proportions viz: 

Water (soft), 1 gallon. 

Cyanide of Potassium (pure), 8 ounces. 

Nitrate of Silver, 51/4 " 

Dissolve the nitrate of silver in a sufficient quantity of 
pure water (soft), and add to it gradually, with constant 
stirring hydrocyanic (prussic) acid until all the silver has 
been precipitated as cyanide, which may be known by the 
formation of no cloiid in a portion of the clear liquid when 
a drop of the acid is added to it, avoid adding an excess of 
the acid. Throw the precipitate upon a fine cotton cloth 
filter, and as the liquid runs through wash the precipitate 
on the cloth several times with pure water. Dissolve the 
cyanide of potassium in the water, and stir in the cyanide 
of silver carefully removed from the cloth. If it does not 
dissolve in the liquid entirely, add more cyanide of potas- 
sium until it does, stirring continually. Let the impuri- 
ties settle, and the bath is ready for use. 

NICKEL BATH, 

The nickel salts commonly used are the nickel ammoni- 
um sulphate (called double sulphate) and the correspond- 
ing chloride. Other salts, such as the nickel potassium 
cyanide, the acetate and sulphate, have been used, but not 
successfully as these. 

The double sulphate bath may be prepared by dissolving 
three-fourths of a pound of the salt in each gallon of water, 
(soft). It should be kept neutral and up to about six 
degrees of hydrometer. 

The double chloride bath requires about four ounces of 
the salt per gallon, and works better slightly acid, the ten- 
dency in working being towards alkalinity. The bath 
should be filtered when freshly prepared, and should be 
kept in a separate room, or at least away from the apart- 
ment in wtich the buffing or polishing is performed, to 
avoid contamination by dust as much as possible. Expos- 
ed to the air the bath (the water) evaporates, and the 
water thus lost must be replaced from time to time. Keep 
out dust as much as possible. It is well to cover the bath 
when not in use. 



POCKET COMPANION. 83 

BRASS BATH. 
Where the ordinary cheap commercial cyanide Is 
employed the following answers very well : 

Sulphate of Copper, 4 oz. 

Sulphate of Zinc, 4 to 5 *: 

Water, 1 gal. 

Dissolve and precipitate with 30 ounces of carbonate of 

soda; allow to settle, and decant the clear liquid, and wash 

the precipitate several times with fresh water— after as 

many settling add to the washed precipitates : 

Carbonate of Soda, 15 oz. 

Bisulphite of Soda, 71/2 ' ' 

Water, 1 gal. 

Stir to effect solution of these last two, then stir in ordin- 
ary cyanide of potassium until the liquid becomes clear 
and colorless. Filter if much iron or iron oxide (derived 
from impure zinc salt and cyanide) remains suspended in 
the liquid. An additional half ounce or so of the cyanide 
improves the conductivity of the solution. 

COLD BRASS BATH FOR ALL METALS, 
Carbonate of Copper (recently prepared). 2 oz. 
Corbonate of Zinc, " " 2 oz. 

Carbonate Soda 4 oz. 

Bisulphite of Soda, 4 oz. 

Cyanide of Potassium (pure) , 4 oz. 

Arsenious Acid, 1-20 oz. 

Water, 1 gal. 

Filter if necessary. 
The arsenious acid is added to brighten the deposit, an 
excess is apt to give the metal a grayish-white color. 

STEEL BATH. 
In order to render copper-plates, which are used in print- 
ing, more durable, they can be covered with an electrolytic 
deposit of iron,which possesses an unusual degree of hard- 
ness, almost superior to steel. The salt usually employed 
has been the double sulphate of iron and ammonia. 
Professor Bottger, who first used this combination of 
salts in the process, has recently devised an improvement 
in the bath employed. He dissolves ten parts of ferrocyan- 
ide potassium (yellow prussiate of potash) and twenty 
parts of the double tartrate of soda and potash (Rochelle 
salts) in 200 parts of water, and to this he adds three parts 
of persulphate of iron dissolved in fifty parts of water. A 
large precipitate of prussian blue is formed; to the whole 
is added, drop by drop, with constant stirring, a solution 
of caustic soda until the blue precipitate entirely disap- 
pears, leaving a perfectly clear, light yellow liquid, which 
is now ready for use. 



84 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

TIN BATH. 

The following is one of the best solutions for plating 
with tin by the battery process; 

Potassium pyrophosphate, 12 oz. 

Protochloride of tin, 41/2" 

Water, 20 " 

The anode or feeding plate used in this bath consists of 

pure Banca tin. A moderately strong battery is requirad, 

and the work is finished by scratch-brushing. 

COPPER BATH FOR ELECTROTYPING. 
Dissolve sulphate of copper in water until the solution 
registers 15° by an acid hydrometer, then add enough sul- 
phuric acid to make the hydrometer register 18°. This 
bath need not be filtered. It should be stirred about once 
or twice a week when using. 

COPPER:— Cold Bath for Iron, Steel, Etc. 

Acetate of Copper, 3 oz. 

Carbonate of Soda, 6 1-5'* 

Bisulphite of Soda, 3 1-5'* 

Cyanide of Potassium, 31A " 

Water. 1 gallon. 

Aqua Ammonia, 2 1-5 fl oz. 



WARM BATH. 




Acetate of Copper, 


3 1-5 oz. 


Carbonate of Soda, 


3 1-5 ** 


Bisulphite of Soda, 


1 1-5 " 


Cyanide of Potassium, 


4V2 " 


Water, 


1 gallon. 


Aqua Ammonia, 


1 4-5 fl. oz. 



In the preparation of these baths the salts are all dissol- 
ved together, except the copper acetate and ammonia 
which are added after dissolving together in a small 
quantity of the water. 

The deep blue color of the ammonia-copper solution 
should entirely disappear on mixing it with the other solu- 
tion; otherwise, it becomes necessary to add more cyanide. 

Cleansing Copper and Copper Alloys. 

Potash, Caustic. 1 pound. 

Water, Soft, 1 gallon. 

Heat nearly to boiling in a cast iron pot provided with a 

cover. If the articles are much oxidized, pickle in a bath 

composed of— 

Water, 1 gallon. 

Sulphuric Acid, 1 pint, 
until the darker portion is removed. Rinse in running 
water and dip ia the following solution: 



POCKET COMPANION. 85 

Water, soft, 1 gallon. 

Cyanide of Potassium, 8 ounces. 
Remove from the bath, and quickly go over every part 
with a brush and fine pumice stone powder moistened with 
the cyanide solution. 

CLEANSING CAST-IRON. 

Cast-iron is freed from grease, etc., by dipping in hot 
alkali solution used for a similar purpose with copper, and 
after rinsing thoroughly it is pickled in water containing 
one per cent of sulphuric acid for several hours; then rin- 
sed in water and scoured with a fine sharp sand or pumice 
powder and a fiber brush. 

It is then rinsed and returned to the acid pickle for a 
short time, rinsed again, and put into the plating bath 
directly. 

CLEANSING WEOUGHT-IRON. 

The cleansing of wrought-iron, if much oxidized, is 
effected in the same manner as cast-iron; but it will bear 
a stronger pickle and a longer exposure. Whitened, filed, 
or polished iron may be treated like steel. 

CLEANSING STEEL. 
Dip in the caustic lye used for copper, etc., rinse thor- 
oughly, scour with pumice powder moistened, rinse, and 
pass through the following dip : 

Water, 1 gallon. 

Hydrochloric Acid. 4 lbs. 
Rinse quickly (but thoroughly) and plunge in the bath. 
Clean wrought-iron and steel gild well without an inter- 
mediary coating in hot electro-gilding baths. It is difficult 
to obtain an adhering coating of silver on these metals 
without interposing an intermediate coating of copper or 
brass, which renders the further operation of silver plat- 
ing easy. 

Cleansing Zinc, Tin and Lead. 

Zinc is cleansed by dipping a few moments only (as the 
alkali quickly attacks the metal) in the hot potash lye, 
rinsing, and dipping into water containing about 10 per 
cent of sulphuric acid for a few minutes. Rinse in plenty 
of hot water, and, if necessary, scour with pumice stone 
powder and a stiff brush, moistened with a weak cyanide 
solution, or scratch, brush. This last operation is espec- 
ially useful when parts have been united with tin solder. 

Tin, lead, and the alloys of these metals are more diffi- 
cult to cleanse perfectly than zinc or iron. 

Scour rapidly with the hot potash and brush, rinse 
quickly and brush, or dress with a piece of soft clean 
wood. 

It is very difficult to obtain a satisfactory deposit of gold 



86 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

or silver directly upon Ihese metals or their alloys. The 
results are much better if a coating or pure copper is inter- 
posed. 

GOLD PLATING BY SOLUTION. 
- A solution of gold is made in nitro-muriatic acid, and 
there is added to it twice as much sulphuric ether. The mix- 
ture must be shaken and allowed to repose when the ether 
with the chloride of gold will separate from the remain- 
ing liquid and rest above it. This dark colored ethereal solu- 
tion is poured ofE from the light colored liquid beneath, and 
can be preserved for use in tight bottles, excluded from 
light. When applied it is with a very fine brush, or camels 
hair pencil the ether evaporates immediately leaving a 
coating of gold. This is burnished after being heated. The 
adhesion is more perfect, however, if the article be raised 
to a temperature approaching redness. 

GILDING BRASS AND COPPER. 

Brass and copper may be readily gilt, by being dipped in 
a dilute neutral solution of chloride of gold, and then 
washed and burnished. 

GILDING BRASS AND COPPER. 
A process was patented in 1836 by an English toy maker, 
and is well ; adapted for small articles. It consists in 
immersion them in hot solution of chloride of gold, to 
which has been added a considerable excess of bicarbon- 
ate of soda. 

COPPER DEPOSITS BY DIPPING. 
This is seldom practiced except on iron, as the deposits 
thus obtained are generally wanting in lasting qualities, 
since, from the thinness of the coating, the iron is but 
imperfectly protected from atmospheric influences. If 
the iron is dipped in a solution ot— 

Sulphate of Copper, 31/2 oz. 

Sulphuric Acid, 31/2 '' 

Water, lto2 gal, 

it becomes covered with a coating of pure copper, having 
a certain adhesion; but should it remain there a few min- 
utes, the deposit becomes thick and muddy, and not stand 
any rubbing. Small articles such as pins, hooks, and nails, 
are thus coppered by tumbling them for a few moments 
in sand, bran, or sawdust impregnated with the above sol- 
ution diluted with 3 or 4 volumes of water. 

TIN DEPOSIT BY DIPPING. 
When immersed in a hot solution of tin properly pre- 
pared the metal is precipitated upon their surfaces. One 
of the best solutions for this purpose is the following: 



POCKET COMPANION. 87 

Ammonia Almn, 1714 oz. 

Boiling Water, I21/2 " 

Protochloride ot Tin, 1 '* 

The articles to be tinned, first thoroughly cleaned, are 

put into the hot solution until properly whitened. A better 

coating can be obtained by using the following bath, and 

placing the pieces in contact with a strip of clean zinc also 

immersed : 

Bitartrate of Potassa, 14 oz. 

Water (soft) 24 •• 

Protochloride of Tin. 1 '^ 

It should be boiled for a few minutes before using. 





BRONZE DIP. 




Nitric Acid, 
Muriatic Acid, 
Sal-Ammoniac 


80Z. 
Iqt. 
2oz. 


Alum, 

Salt, 
Water, 


1 oz. 

2 *' 
2 gal 



Add the salt after boiling the other ingredients, aud 
use hot. 

BROWN BRONZE DIP, 

Iron scales, lib; Arsenic, 1 oz; Muriatic Acid, 1 lb: A 
piece of solid Zinc, 1 oz. in weight to be liept in while use- 
ing. 

NICKEL-PLATING DIP. 
Into the plating vessel which may be of porcelain, or 
copper, is placed a concentrated solution of zinc chloride, 
which is diluted with from 1 to 2 volumes of water and 
heated to boihng. (If any precipitate separates, it is to be 
redissolved by adding a few drops of hydrochloric acid). 
As much powdered zinc as can be taken on the point of a 
knife is thrown in, by which the vessel becomes covered 
internally with a coating of zinc. The nickel salt for which 
purpose either the chloride or sulphate may be used— is 
then added until the liquid is distinctly green; and the 
articles to be plated, previously thoroughly cleaned, are 
introduced, together with some zinc fragments. The boil- 
ing continues for fifteen minutes, when the coating of 
nickel is completed, and the process is finished. The 
articles are well washed with water and cleaned with chalk. 
If a thicker coating be desired, the operation may be re- 
peated. 

SILVERING POWDER. 
Silver powder may be prepared in the following manner: 
Precipitate] silver from its solution in nitric acid, by 
dropping into it some plates of clean copper. Take 20 grs. 
of this powder and mix with it 2 drachms of cream of tartar 
the same quantity of common salt, and half a drachm of 
alum. These articles must be finely pulverized, and inti- 



88 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

mately mixed in a mortar. If a little of this powder be 
moistened, and rubbed on a clean surface of brass or cop- 
per, the silver will be precipitated, and the surface of the 
metal will be covered with it. 



STONE-WORK. 

Stone walls are measured by the perch. A perch of stone 
is 24.75 cubic feet. When built in the wall, 2% cubic feet 
are allowed for the mortar and filling; hence, 22 cubic feet 
of stone make one perch of wall. 

Masons estimate 3 pecks of lime and 4 bushels of sand 
to a perch of wall. 

To find the number of perches of stone in a wall, multi- 
ply together the length, height and thickness, in feet, and 
divide by 22. 

Openings less than 3 feet wide are counted solid; over 3 
feet deducted, but 18 inches are added to the running 
measure for each jamb. Built arches are counted solid 
from their spring. Corners of buildings are measured 
twice. Pillars less than 3 feet are counted on 3 sides, as 
lineal, multiplied by fourth side and depth. 

A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime and a cubic yard of 
sand will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. 

It is customary to measure all foundations and dimen- 
sion of stone by the cubic foot. Water tables and base 
courses by lineal feet. All sills and lintels or ashlar, by 
superficial feet, and no wall less than 18 inches thick, j 

The Greatest Load per SuperHcialfoot. 



Granite Piers, 


= 40 Tons. 


Lime Stone Piers. 


= 35 " 


Sand *' 


= 15 '' 


Brickwork in Cement. 


= 3 '' 


Rubble Masonry. 


= 2 " 


Lime Concrete foundation. 


= 2V2 " 



The height of brick or stone piers should not exceed 12 
times their least thickness at base. 

BRICK-WORK. 

Brick work is generally measured by 1000 bricks laid in 
wall. In consequence of variation in size of bricks, no 
rule for volume of laid brick can be exact. The following 
scale is, however, a fair average. 

7 common bricks to a superficial foot 4 inch wall. 
15 



23 



45 



12 
16 
20 
24 



POCKET COMPANION. 89 

Corners are not measured twice as in stone work. Open- 
ings over two feet square are deducted. Arches are counted 
from the spring. Fancy worli counted IV2 bricks for 1. 
Pillars are measured on their face only. 

A cubic yard of mortar requires one cubic yard of sand 
and 9 bushels of lime, and will fill 30 hods. 

One thousand bricks, closely stacked, occupy about 56 
cubic feet. 

One thousand old bricks, cleaned and loosely stacked, 
occupy about 72 cubic feet. 

Five courses of brick will lay one foot in height on a 
chimney. 

Nine bricks in a course will make a flue eight inches 
wide and twenty inches long, and eight bricks in a course 
will make a flue eight inches wide and 16 inches long. 

One superficial foot of gauged arches requires 10 bricks. 

Common bricks are 73/4 to 8 inches long by 41/4 wide and 
2V2 thick. Front bricks are 14 inch longer and wider. 

It requires 20 common bricks to lay one cubic foot. In 
an 8 inch wall 15 common bricks make one foot of wall. 

Stock bricks commonly measure 83^4 inches by 414 inches, 
by 23/4 inches, and weigh from 5 to 6 pounds each. 

Paving-bricks should measure 9 inches, by 41/2 by I3/4 in- 
ches, and weigh about 41/2 pounds each. 

One yard of paving requires 36 stock bricks, of above 
dimensions, laid flat, or 52 on edge; and 35 paving laid 
flat, or 82 -on edge. 

To find the number of bricks in a wall 12 inches or more 
in thickness, multiply together the length, height and 
thickness, in feet, and that ^again by 20. For an 8 inch 
wall, multiply the length by ihe height, and that by 15, 
and the product will be the number of bricks in the wall. 
If the wall is perforated by openings, such as door, 
windows, etc., multiply the length of such openings by the 
width, and that by the thickness, and deduct from the 
cubic contents of the wall before multiplying by 15 or 20 
as above. 

Bricks should be well wetted before use. Sea sand 
should not be used in the composition of mortar. 

RED WASH FOB BRICKS. 
To remove the green that gathers on bricks, pour over 
them boiling water in which any vegetables, (not greasy), 
have been boiled. Repeat for a few days, and green will 
disappear. For the red wash melt one ounce of glue in one 
gallon of water; while hot add alum size of an egg, one-half 
pound Venetian red, one pound Spanish brown. Try it; 
if too light add more red and brown. If too dark, water. 



90 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Number of Brick reauired to Construct any Building. 
{Beckoning 7 bricks per superficial foot). 



Super, 
ft. of 


Number of Bricks to Thickness of Wall. 


Wall. 


4 Incli. 


! 8 inch. 


1 12 inch. 16 inch. 


20 inch. 24 inch 


1 


7 


15 


23 


30 


38 


45 


2 


15 


30 


45 


60 


75 


90 


3 


23 


45 


68 


90 


113 


135 


4 


30 


60 


90 


120 


150 


180 


5 


38 


75 


113 


150 


188 


225 


6 


45 


90 


135 


180 


225 


270 


7 


53 


105 


158 


210 


263 


315 


8 


60 


120 


180 


240 


300 


360 


9 


68 


135 


203 


270 


338 


405 


10 


75 


150 


225 


300 


375 


450 


20 


150 


300 


450 


600 


750 


900 


30 


225 


450 


675 


900 


1125 


1350 


40 


300 


600 


900 


1200 


1500 


1800 


50 


375 


750 


1125 


1500 


1875 


2250 


60 


450 


900 


1350 


1800 


2250 


2700 


70 


525 


1050 


1575 


2100 


2625 


3150 


80 


600 


1200 


1800 


2400 


3000 


3600 


90 


675 


1350 


2025 


2700 


3375 


4050 


100 


750 


1500 


2250 


3000 


3750 


4500 


200 


1500 


3000 


4500 


6000 


7500 


9000 


300 


2250 


4500 


6750 


9000 


11250 


13500 


400 


3000 


6000 


9000 


12000 


15000 


18000 


500 


3750 


7500 


11250 


15000 


18750 


22500 


600 


4500 


9000 


13500 


18000 


22500 


27000 


700 


5250 


10500 


15750 


21000 


26250 


31500 


800 - 


6000 


12000 


18000 


24000 


30000 


36000 


900 


6750 


13500 


20250 


27000 


33750 


40500 


1000 


7500 


15000 


22500 


30000 


37500 


45000 



PLASTERING. 

Estimate of Material for loo square yards. 

Two coats, Three coats 

MATERIALS. slipped with hard 

coat finished. finish. 



Quick Lime, 


31/2 casks, 


4 casks. 


*• for fine stuff, 




% * * 


Plaster of Paris, 




1/2 '* 


Laths, 


2000 


2000 


Hair, 


3 bushels, 


4 bushels. 


Common Sand, 


6 loads, 


7 loads. 


White Sand, 




21/2 bushels 


Nails, 


13 pounds, 


13 pounds. 


Masons Labor, 


31/2 days, 


4 days. 


Laborer, 


2 days, 


Idaf.' 


Cartage, 


3/4 days 



POCKET COMPANION. 91 

Plastering Mths are usually of white or yellow pine, IV2 
inches wide, V4 inch thick, and 3 or 4 feet long. They are 
nailed up horizontally, about 1/2 inch apart, the upright 
stud or partitions are spaced at such distance apart 
(usually about 15 inches, centre to centre), that the ends 
of the laths may be nailed to them. 

Laths are sold in bundles of 50 to 100 each. A square 
foot of surface requires, II/2 four-feet laths, or 1000 such 
laths will cover 74 square yards, and 12 pounds of nails 
will lay them on. 

A carpenter can nail up the laths for from 40 to 60 
square yards of plastering in a day of 10 hours, depending 
on the number of angles in the room, etc. 

Plastering is always measured by the square yard for 
plain work, by the superficial foot for cornices or plain 
members, and by lineal foot for enriched members or 
carved mouldings in cornices. 

The mortars used for inside plastering are termed 
cotu^se, fine, gauge or hard finish, and stucco. 

Course stuff— Lime 1 part, sand 2 parts, hair 1-6 part. 

Fine stuff (lime putty). Lump lime sclacked to a paste 
with a moderate volume of water, and afterwards diluted 
to the consistency of cream, and then to harden by evapor- 
ation to the required consistency for working. 

Gauge stuff or Hard finish, is composed of from 3 to 4 
volumes of fine stuff and one volume plaster of Paris, in 
proportions regulated by the degree of rapidity required in 
hardening; for cornices etc., etc., the proportions are equal 
volumes of each, fine stuff and plaster. 

Stucco is composed of from 3 to 4 volumes of white sand, 
and one volume of fine stuff, or lime putty, 



SHINGLES. 

The best shingles are of white cedar. 

When of good quality, they will last about 45 years in 
our northern State. Cypress and white pine are much 
used for shingles, but will not last half as long as white 
cedar. 

Shingles are packed 250 in the bundle, or 4 bundles to 
1000. One bundle 16-inch shingles will cover 30 square 
feet. 

One bundle 18-inch shingles will cover 33 square feet. 
When laid 51/2 inches to the weather, 5 lbs,, (4p) or 33/4 lbs. 
(3p) nails will lay them on. 



92 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



COST of TIN ROOFING. 

The following table shows the cost per square and sq. 

foot of tin roofing laid with 14 by 20 tin and 20 by 

28 tin both flat and standing seam. 

(A square is 100 square feet). 



Flat Seam Roofing. 



Standing Seam Roofing. 



Cost with 14X20 Tin. 



Cost with 14x20 



T. per box | Per sq. I Per sq.ft. I |T. per box. I Per sq. Per sq.ft. 



$4.25 


$2.21 


.0221 


$4.25 


$2.37 


.0237 


4.50 


2.34 


.0234 


4.50 


2.51 


.0251 


4.75 


2.47 


.0247 


4.75 


2.65 


.0265 


5.00 


2.60 


.0260 


5.00 


2.79 


.0279 


5.25 


2.73 


.0273 


5.25 


2.93 


.0293 


5.50 


2.86 


.0286 


5.50 


3.06 


.0305 


5.75 


2.99 


.0299 


5.75 


3.20 


.032a 


6.00 


3.12 


.0312 


6.00 


3.34 


.0334 


6.25 


3.25 


.0325 


6.25 


3.48 


.0348 


6.50 


3.38 


.0338 


6.50 


3.62 


.0362 


6.75 


3.51 


.0351 


6.75 


3.76 


.0376 


7.00 


3.64 


.0364 


7.00 


3.90 


.0390 



Cost with 20X28 Tin. 1 1 Cost with 20x28 Tin. 



$8.00 


$2.01 


.0201 


$8.00 


$2.15 


.0215 


8.50 


2.13 


.0213 


8.50 


2.28 


.0228 


9.00 


2.26 


.0226 


9.00 


2.41 


.0241 


9.50 


2.38 


.0238 


9.50 


2.55 


.0255 


10.00 


2.51 


.0251 


10.00 


2.68 


.0268 


10.50 


2.63 


.0263 


10.50 


2.82 


.0282 


11.00 


2.76 


.0276 


11.00 


2.95 


.0295 


11.50 


2.88 


.0288 


11.50 


3.09 


.0309 


12.00 


3.00 


.0300 


12.00 


3.21 


.0321 


12.50 


3.13 


.0313 


12.50 


3.35 


.0335 


13.00 


3.25 


.0325 


13.00 


3.48 


.0348 


13.50 


3.38 


.0338 


13.50 


3.62 


.0362 



For solders see page 210 



SLATING. 

A square of slate or slating is 100 superficial feet. 

In measuring, the width of the eaves is allowed at the 
widest part. Hips, valleys, and cutting are to be measured 
lineal, and 6 inches width extra is allowed. 

The thickness of slates, ranges from 3-16 to 5-16 of an 
inch, and their weight varies from 2.6 to 4.5 lbs per square 
foot. 

The lap of slates varies from 2 to 4 inches. TUe stand- 
ard is assumed to be 3 inches. 

The pitch of a slate roof should not be less than 1 inch 
In height to 4 inches in length. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



93 



DIMENSIONS OF SLATES AND 


NUMBER REQUIRED 


TO A SQUARE. (American). 




SIZE. 


No. of 

Slate. 


Weight 
per Sq. 
about. 


SIZE. 


No. of 
Slate. 


Weight 
per Sq. 
about. 


12 by 6 


533 


^ lbs. 


18 by 11 


174 


^ lbs. 


12 '' 7 


457 


1^850 


20 ' 


' 10 


169 




12 " 8 


400 




20 ' 


' 11 


154 


h 650 


14 '' 7 


374 


i 


20 * 


' 12 


141 




14 '♦ 8 


327 


h750 


22 ' 


' 11 


138 




14 " 9 


291 


i 


22 ' 


' 12 


126 




16 " 8 


277 


S 


22 ' 


' 13 


116 


1^ 675 


16 " 9 


246 




24 ' 


' 12 


114 


16 *' 10 


221 


^650 


24 ' 


' 13 


105 




18 *' 9 


213 




24 ' 


* 14 


98 




18 " 10 


192 











To compute the number of slates of a given size required 
per square. Subtract the lap from the length of the slate, 
and half the remainder will give the length of the surface 
exposed, which, when multiplied by the width of the slaie, 
will give the surface required, and for which the party re- 
quiring the slating only pays. 

Divide 14400 (the area of a square in inches) by the sur- 
face thus obtained, and the quotient will give the number 
of slates required for a square. 

Illustrati(m:— A slate is 24x12 inches, and the lapis 3 
inches. 

24-3=21, and 21^2=10.5, whichxl2=126 inches; 14400-4- 
126=144.29 slates. 

Good American slate weighs about 174 pounds per cubic 
foot. Hence— 

Slabs 3/4 inch thick weigh 10.86 pounds per square foot. 
*' 1 '' '» - 14.5 

" 11/4 " " " 18.12 

" 11/2 » '' " 21.72 

a 2 " " " 29. 

CORRUGATED IRON ROOFING. 



Birmingham 
Wire Gauge. 



W'g't per Square 

(100 Sq. feet). 
Plain or Painted. 



GALVANIZED IRON.* 



No. 28 
26 
24 
22 
20 
18 
16 



97 lbs. 

105 " 

128 '* 

150 " 

185 " 

270 '* 

340 '* 



Galvanized iron weighs 
from 5 to 15 per cent, 
heavier than plain, accord- 
ing to the No. Birmigham 
Wire Gauge. 



*See page 38 for sizes. 



94 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Lighter than No. 22 is not recommended, for a good dur- 
able roof. 

Corrugated iron is usually made in sheets from 2 to 3 
feet wide, and from 6 to 8 long. 

The sheets when used for roofing should overlap about 
6 inches in girth, and be double-riveted at the joints. 

One-third of the net width may be allowed approximate- 
ly for lappage and corrugations. 

From 21/2 to 31/2 pounds of rivets will be required for a 
square. 

PAINTING.* 

For outside wood-work, paint made from white lead 
ground in linseed oil is most used. If the oil is raw, or 
unboiled, dryer is added ; if boiled no dryer is necessary. 
Not less than four coats should be applied,— five are better. 

Paint, ready mixed, put up in cans or kegs, may be pro- 
cured from manufacturers or dealers. These paints have 
to be thinned by adding 1 pint of oil to about 21/2 pounds 
of paint. When thinned, 1 pound will cover about 2 square 
yards; of first coat, 3 yards of second, and 4 yards of each 
subsequent coat; or l^/g pounds, to the square yard will be 
required for 4 coats, and 1% for 5 coats. 

For inside work, either white lead or oxide of zinc is 
used, and for good work 4 coats are necessary. 

For iron exposed to the weather, metallic paint, such as 
yellow and red iron ochres or brown hematite ore, finely 
pulverized and mixed with oil or dryer, are best. If to the 
action of the water red lead is best. 

Plastered walls should stand a year before painting. 

Painting is measured by the square yard, girding every 
part of the work that is covered by paint and allowing an 
addition to the actual surface for the difficulty of cover- 
ing deep quirk of mouldings and for "cutting in" as in 
sash and shelving, or where there is a change of color, 
on some work. Painters putty is made of Spanish whiting, 
pulverized, 80 parts; boiled oil 20 parts; make into a stiff 
paste. If not intended for immediate use, raw oil shuld be 
used. One pound of putty for stopping every 20 yards. 

GLAZIERS PUTTY. 
Whiting, 70 pounds; boiled oil, 30 pounds; water 2 gals, 
mix. If too thin add more whiting; if too thick add more 
oil. 

TO SOFTEN PUTTY. 
To remove old putty from broken windows, dip a small 
brush in nitro-muriatic acid or caustic soda (concentrated 
lye), and with it anoint or paint over the dry putty that 
adheres to the broken glass and frames of your windows; 
after an hours interval the putty will have become so soft 
as to be easly removable. 
* For mixing colors see page 109. 



POCKET COMPANION. 95 

WASHES. 

For Outside Work.— In a tight box, slack half a bushel 
of fresh lime by pouring over it boiling water sufficient to 
cover it 4 or 5 inches deep, stir until slacked; add 2 lbs. ot 
sulphate of zinc dissolved in water, add water enough to 
bring all to the consistency of thick white-wash 

For Inside Work.— Add 2 quarts of thin size to a pail- 
ful of wash just before using. The common practice ol 
mixing salt with white-wash should not be permitted. 

White-w^ash. —Whiting 4 pounds; common glue, two 
ounces; stand glue in cold water over night; mix whiting 
with cold water, heat glue till dissolved, and pour it hot in- 
to the former. Make of consistency to apply with common 
white-wash brush. 

White-wash that will not rub off. -Mix up half pail full 
of lime and water, ready to put on the wall; then take one- 
fourth pint of flour, mix it with water, then pour on it a 
sufficient quantity of boiling water to thicken it, and pour 
it while hot into the white-wash; stir all well together, and 
it is ready for use. 

For Brick or Stone work.— Slack 1/2 bushel of lime, 
as before in a barrel; then fill the barrel % full of water 
and add a bushel of hydraulic cement ;add 3 pounds sulph- 
ate of zinc dissolved in water. The washes may be colored 
by adding powdered ochre, umber, etc. 

DYEING. 

GENERAL REMARKS. 
Everything should be clean. The goods should be scoured 
In soap and the soap rinsed out. They are often steeped 
in soap lye over night. Dip them into water just before put- 
ting them into preparations, to prevent spotting. Soft 
water should be used, sufficient to cover tTw goods well— this 
is always uiiderstood where quantity is not mentioned. 
When goods are dyed, air. rinse well, and hang up to dry. 
Do not wring silk or merino dresses when scouring or dye- 
ing them. If cotton goods are to be dyed a light color, they 
should be bleached. 

SILKS. 

Black.— Make a weak dye as for black on woolens.; work 
goods in bichromate of potash a little below boiling heat, 
then dip in the logwood in same way; if colored ip blue 
vitriol dye, use about the same heat. 

Orange.— For one pound goods— annotto, one pound; 
soda, one pound; repeat as desired. 

Green. -Very Handsome— For one pound goods— yellow 
oak bark, eight ounces; boil one half hour; turn off liquor 
from bark and add alum, six ounces; let stand until cold; 



96 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

while making this, color goods in blue dye-tub a light blue; 
dry and wash; dip in the alum and bark dye. If it does 
not take well, warm the dye a little. 

Purple.— For one pound goods.— First obtain a light 
blue, by dipping in home-made dye-tub; then dry; dip in 
alum, four ounces, with water to cover, when little warm. 
If color is not full enough add chemic. 

Yellow.— For one pound goods— alum, three ounces; 
sugar of lead, three-fourths ounce; immerse goods in solu- 
tion over night; take out; drain, and make a new dye with 
fustic, one pound; dip until required color is obtained. 

Crimson.— For one pound goods— alum, three ounces; 
dip at hand heat one hour; take out and drain while mak- 
ing new dye by boiling ten minutes, cochineal, three 
ounces, bruised nut-galls, two ounces, and cream-tartar, 
one-fourth ounce, in one pail of water; when little cool, 
begin to dip, raising heat to boil; dip one hour; wash and 
dry. 

Sky blue on silk or cotton.— Very beautiful.— Give 
goods as much color from a solution of blue vitriol, two 
ounces, to water, one gallon, as it will take up in dipping 
fifteen minutes, and then run it through lime water. This 
will make a beautiful and durable sky blue. 

Brown on silk or cotton. -Yery beautiful— After ob- 
taining a blue color as above, run goods through a solution 
of prussiate of potash, one ounce, to water, one gallon 

Light blue.— For cold water, one gallon, dissolve alum, 
one-half tablespoon, in hot water,one tea-cup, and add to it, 
then add chemic, one teaspoon at a time to obtain the des- 
ired color— the more chemic, darker the color. 

WOOLEN GOODS. 
Chrome black.— Best in use.— For five pound goods, 
blue vitriol, six ounces; boil a few minutes, then dip goods 
three-fourths hour, airing often; take out goods, make a 
dye with three pounds logwood,boil one-half hour ;dip three- 
fourths hour and air goods, and dip three-fourths hour 
more. Wash in strong suds. This will not fade by expos- 
ure to sun. 

Wine color.— For five pound goods, camwood, two 
pounds; boil fifteen minutes and dip goods one-half hour; 
boil again and dip one-half hour; then darken with blue 
vitriol, one and one-half ounces; if not dark enough, add 
copperas, one-half ounce. 

Scarlet.— Yery fine.— For 'one pound goods— cream- 
tartar, one-half ounce; cochineal, well pulverized, one-half 
ounce; muriate of tin, two and one-half ounces; boil up the 
aye and enter the goods; work them briskly for ten or 
fifteen minutes, then boil one and one-half hours, stirring 



POCKET COMPANION. 97 

goods slowly while boiling. Wash in clean water and dry in 
the shade. 

Pink.— For three pound goods— alum, three ounces; boil 
and dip the goods one hour; then add to the dye, cream- 
tartar, four ounces; cochineal, well pulverized, one ounce; 
boil well and dip the goods while boiling until the color 
suits. 

Blue.— Quick Process.— For two pound goods— alum, 
five ounces; cream-tartar, three ounces; boil goods in this 
one hour, then put goods in to warm water which has more 
or less extract of indigo in it. according to the depth of 
color desired, and boil again until it suits, adding more of 
the blue if needed. 

Madder Red.— To each pound of goods— alum, five 
ounces; cream-tartar, one ounce. Put in goods and bring 
kettle to a boil, for one-half hour, then air them and boil 
one-half hour longer; empty kettle and fill with clean 
water; put in bran, one peck; make it milk-warm, and let 
ii stand until bran rises, then skim off the bran and put 
in one-half pound madder; put in goods and heat slowly 
until it boils and is done. Wash in strong suds. 

Green.— For each pound of goods-fustic, one pound; with 
alum, three and one-half ounces; steep until strength 
is out, and soak goods therein until a good yellow is 
obtained; then remove the chips and add extract of indigo 
or chemic, one tablespoon at a time, until color suits. 

Snuff Brown, Dark.— For five pound goods— camwood, 
one pound; boil it fifteen minutes, then dip goods three- 
fourths hour; take out goods, and add to the dye, two and 
one-half pounds fustic; boil ten minutes and dip goods 
three-fourths hour; then add blue vitrol, one ounce; cop- 
peras, four ounces; dip again one half hour. If not dark 
enough, add more copperas. 

Another Method.— Any shade.— Boil goods in a mor- 
dant of alum, two parts; copperas, three parts; then rinse 
them through a bath of madder. The tint depends on 
the relative proportions of the copperas and alum; the 
more copperas, the darker the dye. Joint weight of both 
should not be more than one-eighth of weight of goods. 
Mixtures of reds and yellows with blues and blacks, or 
simple dyes, will make any shade. 

Orange.— For five pound goods— muriate of tin, six 
tablespoons; argal, four ounces; boil and dip one hour, and 
add again to the dye one tea-cup madder; dip again one- 
half hour. Cochineal, about two ounces, in place of mad- 
der, makes a much brighter color. 

Purple.— For each pound goods— two ounces cudbear; 
rinse goods well in soap suds, then dissolve cudbear in hot 
suds-not quite boiling— and soak the goods until of requir- 
7 



98 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

ed color. The color is brightened by rinsing in alum water. 

Yellow.— Rich.— Work five pound goods one-halt hour 
in a boiling bath with three ounces bichromate of potassa 
and two ounces alum; lift and expose till well cooled and 
drained, then work one-half hour in another bath with five 
pounds fustic. Wash out and dry. 

Crimson.— Work for one hour in a bath with one pound 
cochineal paste; six ounces dry cochineal; one pound tar- 
tar, one pint protochloride of tin. Wash out and dry. 

Salmon.— For each pound goods- V4th pound an notto; 
one-fourth pound soap; rinse goods in warm water, put 
them into mixture and boil one-half hour. Shade will be 
according to amount of annotto. 

Dove and Slate Colors -of all shades.— Boil in iron 
vessel a teacup of black tea with teaspoon of copperas, and 
sufficient water. Dilute till you get the shade wanted. 

COTTON GOODS, 

Black.— For five pound goods— boil them in a decoction 
of three pounds sumach one-half hour, and steep twelve 
hours; dip in lirrie water one-half hour; take out and let 
them drip one hour; run them through the lime water 
again fifteen minutes. Make a new dye with two and one- 
half pounds logwood (boiled one hour), and dip again three 
hours ; add bichromate potash, two ounces to the logwOod 
dye, and dip one hour. Wash in clear cold water and dry 
in shade. Only process for permanent black. 

Sky Blue.— For three pound goods— blue vitriol, four 
ounces; boil few minutes, then dip goods three hours; 
then pass them through strong lime water. A beautiful 
BROWN can be obtained by next putting goods through 
a solution of prussiate of potash. 

Green.— Dip goods in home-made blue; dye until blue 
enough is obtained to make the green as dark as required; 
take out, dry and rinse a little. Make a dye with fustic, three 
pounds, logwood, three ounces, to each pound goods, by 
boiling dye one hour; when cooled so as to bear hand, put 
in goods, move briskly few minutes, and let lie one hour; 
take out and thoroughly drain; dissolve and add to the dye 
for each pound of cotton, blue vitriol, one-half ounce, and 
dip another hour. Wring out and let dry in the shade. By 
adding or diminishing the logwood and* fustic, any shade 
may be had. 

Yellow.— For five pound of goods— seven ounces sugar 
of lead; dip goods two hours; make new dye with bichro- 
mate of potash, four ounces; dip until color suits; wring 
out and dry. If not yellow enough, repeat. 

Orange;— For five pound goods— sugar of lead, four 



POCKET COMPANION. 99 

ounces; boil few minutes; when a little cool, put in goods; 
dip two hours; wring out; make a new dye with bichromate 
of potash, eight ounces; madder, two ounces; dip until it 
suits; if color is too red, take small sample and dip into 
lime water and choose between them. 

Red.— Muriate of tin, two-thirds teacup; add water to 
cover goods; raise to boiling heat; put in goods one hour; 
stir often; take out, empty kettle, put in clean water with 
nicwood, one pound; steep one-half hour at hand heat; 
then put in goods and increase heat one hour— not boil- 
ing. Air good and dip one hour as before. Wash without 
soap. 



PRINTING. 
EXPLAXATION OF POINT SYSTEM. 

1 Point 12 to pica 

. . . 6 to pica 

4 to pica 

". . Brilliant 

3 to pica 

Diamond 

Pearl 

Agate 

Nonpareil 

Minion 

. Brevier 

. . Bourgeois 

. Long Primer 

Small Pica 

2 line Nonpareil 

2 Inie Minion or English 

2 line Brevier or Columbian 

3 line Nonpareil or Great Primer 

2 line Long Primer or Paragon 

4 line Nonpareil 

. . . . , . . 5 - 

6 '• 

7 " 



2 

3 

3I2 

4 

4I0 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
11 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
24 
30 
36 
42 
48 
60 
72 



10 
12 



100 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



SIZES OF PRINTING TYPES. 






Size in 
dec. of a 
liu. inch. 


Body lar- 


Ems& dec! Ems & 


NAME OR BODY. 


ger than of an emi 
that pre- in a lineal' 


dec. of 
an 'm in 




ceding. 


foot. 1 


a sq. ft. 


Diamond. 


.0595 


lineal in. 


201.587 


40,637.46 


Pearl. 


.0668 


.0072 


179.593 


32,253.97 


Agate. 


.075 


.0081 


160. 


25,600. 


Nonpareil. 


.0841 


.0091 


142.543 


20,318.73 


Minion. 


.0994 


.0103 


120.992 


16,126.98 


Brevier. 


.1060 


.0115 


113.137 


12,800. 


Bourgeois. 


.1190 


.0129 


100.793 


10,159.36 


Long Primer. 


.1336 


.0145 


89.796 


8.063.49 


Small Pica. 


.15 


.0163 


80. 


6,400. 


Pica. 


.1683 


.0183 


71.271 


5,031.74 


English. 


.1889 


.0206 


63.496 


4,031.74 


Columbian. 


.2121 


.0231 


56.568 


3,200. 


Great Primer. 


.2381 


.0259 


50.396 


2,539.84 


Paragon. 


.2672 


.0291 


44.898 


2,015.87 


Double Small Pica. 


.3 


.0327 


40. 


1.600. 


Double Pica. 


.3367 


.0367 


35.635 


1,269.92 


Double English. 


.3779 


.0412 


31.748 


1,007.93 


Double Columbian. 


.4242 


.0462 


28.284 


.800. 



American and British Types are cast 92-100 ths of an 
Inch in height. The European Printing Types are of many 
different heights. 

SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF PAPER. 
Owing to the variations in sizes and weight of paper 
made by different mills, it is almost impossible to give a 
perfect scale. The following, however, are the sizes and 
weights most generally used. 

NEWS PAPER. 

Imperial 22x32 22, 25 lbs. 

Small Double Medium 24" 36 25, 28, 30 lbs. 

Double Medium 24" 88.28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 44, 50. 

Double Royal 25" 39 and 26X40.36, 40, 50, 60. 

Double Super Royal 28" 42 and 29x43. . . .36, 40 lbs. 

Double Imperial 32" 46 and 33x46. .45, 50, 53." 

BOOK PAPER. 

tMedium 19x24 25, 30. 35 lbs. 

' " 20" 24 20, 25,30,40 lbs. 

tSuper Royal 22" 28 30, 40 lbs. 

* '^ 22"28..35,40,50,60,70,80 1bs. 

Medium-and-half 24" 30. .. .30, 40 lbs. ; unsized. 

tDouble Medium 24" 38.32, 36, 40, 44, 50, 56, 60. 

* - " 24"38..35, 40, 45,50, 60,70.80. 

*Double Royal 26" 40 40,50, 601bs. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



101 



*Double Super Royal 




28X42 45, 50, 60 lbs- 


Double Imperial, 




32" 46 65, 70 lbs. ; unsized- 


♦Sized and calendered. 


tSized and unsized. 




FLAT PAPER. 


Plat Letter, 


10X16 


7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14 lbs. 


" Small Cap, 


13'* 16 


12, 14,16 lbs, 


" Cap, 


14'* 17 


10, 12, 14, 16, 18 lbs. 


" Crown, 


15" 20 


21 lbs. 


" Demy, 


16-' 21 


16, 18, 20 22, 24, 28 lbs. 


*' Folio, 


17" 22 


14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 lbs. 


" Double Cap. 


17" 28 


24, 28, 32, 36 lbs. 


" Medium, 


18" 23 


24. 28, 32, 36, 40 lbs. 


*' Royal, 


19" 24 


42 lbs. 


" Super Royal, 


20" 28 


52 lbs. 


" Imperial 


22" 30 


65 lbs. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

Bond Paper, 14 by 17, 17 by 22, 19 by 23. 

Blotting Paper, 19 by 24, 60, 80, 100, 120 lbs. 

Card Sheets. 22 by 28. 

Cover Papers, 20 by 25. 25, 35 lbs. 

Glazed, Plated, and Enameled Papers, 20 by 24. 



UPPER CASE. 



V2 


t 

V4 


T 


T 


11 


r^ 


fist 








2m 


— 


¥ 


S 


^4 


y. 


% 


Vs 


% 


% 


% 


2m 


3m 


^ 


-^ 


— s 


& 
A 


B 


CE 
C 


D 


oe 


i; 


1 
G 


T 


i 


2m 

C 


3m 

D 


E 


CE 
F 


& 

G 


E 


p 


H 


r 


K 


L 


M 


N 





n 


I 


K 


L 


M 


N 





P 


Q 


R 


s 


T 


V 


W 


p 


Q 


R 


^3 


T 


V 


w 


X 


Y 


■/. 


J 


u 


1 


J, 


X 


Y 


Z 


J 


U 


ri 


m 



LOWER CASE. 



m 


hlr 


."iml-ltn 


-^'W 


e 


1|2 


S|4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


J 

? 


b 


C 


d 


i 


s 


f 


g 




y 




z 


1 


m 


n ; 


h 





y 


P 


w 


1 


i 


ra 


X 


V 


u 


t 


3in 
spc 


a 


r 


^ 


4: 


2,t8a»| 



102 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Average Daily Performance of Presses. . 
The estimates of the following table are for miscellan- 
eous work, done in the usual manner, with little making 
ready, and under the favorable conditions of a brisk 
season. It is supposed that the presses are at work full 
ten hours ; that feeders and pressmen are expert and 
diligent; that paper, rollers, steam power, ink, etc., are 
in perfect order, and that there are no detentions or acci- 
dents: 



Make 
Ready 
Time. 


Style of Press.— No. of Forms. 


Time of Rate 
Press per 
Work. hour. 


Daily 
perf'r- 
ance. 


Hours. 




Hours. 




Impr. 


1 
4 

6 


Card Press. 
1 form of 7.500 impressions. 
4 - 1.000 
8 *' 250 


9 
6 
4 


833 
666 
500 


7.500 
4.000 
2.000 


I 
5 

8 


Small Machine Press. 
1 form of 6.000 impressions. 
5 '' 500 
8 '' 100 


9 
5 
2 


666 

500 
400 


6.000 

2.500 

800 


1 
4 


Hand Press. 
1 form of 1.500 impressions. 
4 ^' 250 


9 
6 


156 
166 


1.500 
1.000 


1 
5 
7 


Medium Cylinder. 
1 form of 7.500 impressions. 
5 " 750 
8 •' 250 


9 
5 
3 


833 
750 
666 


7.500 
3.750 
2.000 


2 
5 

7 


Boiible Medium Cylinder. 
1 form of 5,000 impressions. 
3 '* 1.000 
6 '' 250 


8 
5 
3 


666 
600 
500 


5.000 
3.000 
1.500 


3 
5 
7 


Mammoth Cylinder. 

1 form of 4.000 impressions. 

2 " 1.250 
4 " 250 


7 
5 
3 


570 
500 
333 


4.000 
2.500 
1.000 



MEASURING TYPE OR MATTER. 

The measurement is made by multiplying the number 
of solid ems contained in the length of any body of type, 
by the number contained in the width of the measure. 
The gauge for measurement is an em of the type in which 
the matter calculated is set. 

In book offices it is usual to count the matter appearing 
below the head line in the above manner, counting three 
ems in addition for the head line with its blank and the 
foot line, without regard to the size of the type in which 



POCKET COMPANION. 103 

they are set. In measuring the subject matter, anything 
in excess of an em and less than a half em is not counted, 
while an en, or an excess making less than an em, is 
counted as a full em. 

Chapter heads, blank spaces, or cuts occurring in the 
dimensions of pages are rated the same as though the 
space occupied consisted of type. It is also customary to 
count as type a cut occupying a whole page when backed 
by printed matter. 

Quotations, poetry, and matter set in smaller type than 
the body of the work, are always counted according to the 
size of type in which they are set, distinct from the larger 
type in the same page or body of matter, commencing at 
the first line and extending to the first line of the larger 
type. 

Pages set in columns, include all spaces between the 
columns and bordered pages are measured from outside 
to outside of border by the ems of the type which they 
enclose. 

Side and centre notes, in Bibles or law Works, are meas- 
ured by the full width of the note and the full length of 
the page, in the type of which they are composed. 

The mode of acertaining the number of ems in a line is 
by laying as many of the letter ni flatwise in the stick as 
will make the measure. 

It is customary in many newspaper offices to count the 
rule set between the advertisements as a line of type, 
although it may not be of the required depth. This 
necessitates counting the lines where a number are set 
together. 

COMBINATION LEADS. 
The following table shows the combinations that can be 
formed by leads or slugs of six lengths only, not more than 
three pieces being required at one time. 

LENGTH IN EMS OF THE PIECES EMPLOYED, 
4, 7, 9, 13, 15, 20. 

13, 

20, 
15, 
20, 
15, 
20, 
15, 
20, 
15, 
20, 
20, 
15, 
20, 



4, 




8 


7, 




11 


4, 


4,4 


12 


7, 




14 


9, 




16 


13, 




17 


9, 




18 


15, 




19 


7, 


7,7 


21 


15, 




22 


15, 


4, 4 


23 


20, 




24 


9, 


9,7 


25 



13 


26 


15, 


15, 9 


39 


7 


27 


20, 


20 


40 


13 


28 


15, 


13,13 


41 


9 


29 


20, 


15, 7 


42 


15 


30 


15, 


15,13 


43 


7.4 


31 


20, 


20, 4 


44 


13,4 


32 


15, 


15,15 


45 


13 


33 


20, 


13,13 


46 


15,4 


34 


20, 


20, 7 


47 


15 


35 


20, 


15, 13 


48 


9,7 


36 


20, 


20, 9 


49 


15,7 


37 


20, 


15, 15 


50 


9, 9 


38 









104 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

The printer has also at command the six single pieces 
used, viz: 4, 7, 9, 13, 15 and 20 ems. By using four, five, or 
six pieces together, the above combinations may be exten- 
ded, consecutively to" one hundred ems. Fonts of these 
leads, of suitable proportions, are put up and for sale by 
the different type founders. 



CASTING OFF COPY. 

The first step necessary is to take a comprehensive view 
of the copy, noticing whether it has been written even or 
has many interlineations, etc.. and observing also the 
number of break-lines, and whether the work be divided 
into chapters and sub-heads, in order that the allowance 
may be made for them in the calculation. These obser- 
vations may be noted on a separate piece of paper, to 
assist the memory and save the trouble of re-examining the 
manuscript. This preparation being made, we ascertain 
the number of words contained in the line by counting 
several separate lines in various parts of the copy, so that 
the one we adopt may be a fair average. We then take 
the number of lines in a page, and multiply by the num- 
ber of words found in the average line. The quotient we 
then multiply by the quantity of folios the manuscript 
copy may contain, and thus we get the amount of words 
contained in the work, with a tolerable degree of accuracy. 
The necessary allowances should be made for breaklines 
chapters, insertions, etc., according to the observations 
previously made on the memorandum. If information 
has been furnished as to the size of letter the work is to 
be done in and the width of the page, we make our meas- 
ure accordingly, and, by composing a few lines of the manu- 
script copy, we ascertain what number of words will come 
into each printed line. We then take the length of our 
page in lines, and multiply the one by the other, thus get- 
ting the number of words in the printed page. The quo- 
tient gives the number of pages the manuscript will 
make. If too many, the page must be enlarged; If too few, 
the page must be diminished in width and length. For 
example: We take the number of words in a line of 
manuscript at 20, the lines in a page at 50; we multiply 50 
by 20, which will produce 1,000 words in a page; we then 
multiply 1.000 by 422, the number of the folios in the 
manuscript, and we find it contains 422<000 words. The 
work being printed in Pica octavo, 20 ems measure, and 
each line containing 10 words, each page 40 lines, the case 
will stand thus. 



POCKET COMPANION. 105 



Manuscript. 




Printed. 


50 
20 




40 
10 


1000 
422 




400)422000 words in MS 


2000 
2000 
4000 


MS. 


1055 pages. 

Divide 
16)1055(65 sheets 
15 pages. 


422000 words in 



HOW TO BEND BRASS RULE. 
By taking brass rule and heating it until about to turn 
red. and then immersing it in cold water, it can be easily 
bent to any desired shape. 

RILEY'S INDISPENSABLE. 

No. 1—For Fine Job Work. Dumar Varnish, 6oz; Ber- 
gamot, 2 drachms; Balsam Copaiba, 2 drachms; Balsam 
of Fir, 3 oz., Creosote, 1 drachm; Copal Varnish one 
drachm. To enough ink for 1.000 ordinary business cards, 
add from 8 to 12 drops of the " Indispensable," and to 
larger quantities in proportion. When used for Bronze, 
Dry Colors, Diamond Printing, etc., take twice the quan- 
tity; and where an extra quick dryer is desired, add a few 
drops of dissolved Gum Arabic to the ink, after it has 
mixed with No. 1. In all cases, mix well with the ink 
before applying to the rollers. 

HOW TO ESTIMATE THE QUANTITY OF TYPE. 

To ascertain the quantity of Plain Type required for a 
Newspaper or Magazine, or any other work, find the number 
-ijf square inches and divide the same by four, the quotient 
will be the approximate weight of matter: But as it is 
Impossible to set the cases entirely clear it is necessary to 
add 25 per cent, to large fonts, and 33 per cent, to small 
fonts for dead matter. 

Rule and figure work double price matter. 

ROMAN NUMERALS. 

Capitals are chiefly employed in designating the order of 
successton of kings, in chapter headings, and in indicating 
dates; while lowercase are used as folios of a book, or 
to indicate chapter or verses referred to in the text. 



106 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

The Following is a Complete System of 
Roman Enumeration. 



II 60 LX. 

2 II. 70 LXX. 

3 III 80 LXXX, or XXC. 

4 Illi or IV. 90 LXXXX; or XC. 

5 V. 100 C. 

6 VI. 200 CC. 

7 VII. 300 CCC. 

8 VIII. or IIX. 400 CCCC. 

9 Villi, or IX. 500 D, or Iq. 

10 X. 600 DC, or IqC. 

11 XI. 700 DCC, or loCC. 

12 XII. 800 DCCCor loCCC 

13 XIII. or XIIV. 900 DCCCC, or loCCCC. 

14 XIIII. or XIV. 1,000 M. or CIo. 

15 XV. 2,000 CIOCIOIICIC. 

16 XVI 5,000 IV or loo. 

18 XVIli. or XIIX. lO'OOO X or CCIOO. 

19 XVIIII or XIX. 50.000 L or looQ. 

20 XX 100,000 C or CCCIOOO. 

40 XXXX or XL. 1,000,000 Mor CCCCIOOOQ. 

50 L. 2,000,000 MM. 

As often as a character is repeated, so many times is its 
value repeated. 

A less character before a greater diminishes its value, 
as IV=V— I, or 1 subtracted from 5=4. 

A less character after a greater increases its value, as 
XI=X+I, or 1 added to 10=11. 

For every o annexed, the sum is increased 10 times. 

For every C and o» placed one at each end, the sum 
becomes 10 times as many. 

A bar thus ^, over any number, incr eases i t 1,000 times. 

Illustration.— ISiO, MDCCOXL. 18560, XVIIIDLX. 

FOLDING PAPER. 
FOLIO.— The standard size of this is 25 by 38. The 
half sheet folded in two leaves, having four pages, makes 
a book called a folio. 

QUARTO.— When the half sheet is folded in four leaves, 
making eight pages, it forms a quarto. 

o'OTAyo.— The half sheet folded again, eight leaves, 
sixteen pages, forms an octavo; or folded in sixteen 
leaves forms a 16 mo. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



1G7 



DUODECIMO.— By folding the same into twelve leaves, 
making twenty-four pages, we have a duodecimo. Folded 
into eighteen leaves, we form an 18 mo., into twenty-four 
leaves,and we have a 24 mo., etc. 

The words, Post, Crown, Demy, Royal, etc., used in con- 
nection, as Royal Octavo, designate the size of paper of 
which the book is made. 

Modern facilities for the manufacture of paper enable 
publishers to have any desired size made to order. 

Marks occasionally found at the bottom of a page are 
termed signatures (such as a. b, c; or 1, 2, 3; or 1^ 2* 3^ ), 
and are used for the direction of the pressman and binder 
in printing, folding and gathering sheets. 

Amount of Paper Required for a Book of any Size. 



No. of 
form. 



8Mo!12 Mo 16 Moil8 Mo 24 Moi32 Moi36 Mo 



Number of Pages in a Form, 



Amount 
for lOOO 
cop's in 
R. &Qr. 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
'16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 



96 
104 
112 
120 
128 
136 
144 
152 
160 
168 
176 
184 
192 
200 



12 
24 

36 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

144 

156 

168 

180 

192 

204 

216 

228 

240 

252 

264 

276 

288 

300 



16 

32 

48 

64 

80 

96 

112 

128 

144 

160 

176 

192 

208 

224 

240 

256 

272 

288 

304 

320 

336 

352 

368 

384 

400 



18 
36 
54 
72 
90 
108 
126 
144 
162 
180 
198 
216 
234 
252 
270 
288 
306 
324 
342 
360 
378 
396 
414 
432 
450 



24 
48 
72 
96 
120 
144 
168 
192 
216 
240 
264 
288 
312 
336 
360 
384 
408 
432 
456 
480 
504 



32 
64 
96 
128 
160 
192 
224 
256 
288 
320 
352 
384 
416 
448 
480 
512 



72 
108 
144 
180 
216 
252 
288 
824 
360 
396 
432 
468 
504 



1 R 2ar 

2 4 

3 6 

4 8 

5 10 

6- — 12 

7 14 

8 16 

9^ 18 

11 

12 2 

13 4 

14 6 

15- 



-10 
-12 
-14 
-16 



20 18 

22- 

23- — 2 

24 4 

25 6 

26 — r 8 
27 10 



Example :— How many reams will be required for a 16 
mo. book of 320 pages? Find the number of pages (320) 
in the 16 mo column; and on the same line in the outer col- 
umn we find 22 reams. For books with a greater number of 
forms than is given in the table find the quantity for half 
the forms and multiply by 2. If the forms are odd sub- 
tract 1 from its number and find 1/2 multiply by 2 then add 
the first figures in the outer column (1 R. & 2 qrs). 



108 



UJ 

a 
o 
O 
o 
o 
o 



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sib 



sib 

sib 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 

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rH T— ( I— I I— i C^ r—lC^ 1—1 7^ I— I 

COJoOOOOOOOOrH,-Hr-(rHrHi-l?qcqCOCOir3C£>CO 



s;qs 
sib 



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sib 

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r-i I— 1 i-H C<l C<l C^ T—ii—i C^ rH I— I t-H rH 

OOOOOOOOOOOi— lrHrHrH(M?^C<ICOTfllOiP-t 



O'iOCTi'— !COr>THrH'X>GOOrt<OOlO»r3r-lC<iaiU^COC^ai 



COOOOOOr 



CCOOC0l0OrH:DrHTt"C0rH(MUtlC0«0-^l0C£)G0OO 

I— t r— ( T— 1 C^ rH rH r-1 Cm tH tH rH CT^ 

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OOOOOOrHtHrHrHTH(MCqC<100'^'^Ut)yDC5 tH g^ 



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JO -ON 



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l£300lOC:)Cr)Cr>OOlOC300lOCDlOCDC3CDC3C30 

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POCKET COMPANION. 109 

COMPOSITION ROLLERS, for Summer Use. 

Are made of a mixture of the best glue and refined 
syrup, in the proportion of 10 pounds glue to 5 quarts of 
syrup. Soften, but not over soak, the glue with water; 
then melt it; then add the syrup and let the mixture boil 
briskly for 30 minutes. 

WINTER VSE. 

Composition Rollers for winter use, or for extreme cold 
weather, are made in the proportions of five pounds of glue 
to five quarts of syrup. This makes a tender roller, which 
may be stiffened by adding 2 ounces of tar. 

Roller composition should not be over cooked: If it is 
boiled 40 or 50 minutes, or more, the syrup will candy, and 
the composition will be spoiled. 

How to Mix Printing Ink (and Paints) For Tints. 

Mixing Red and Black makes Brown. 

Lake and White makes Rose. 

Umber and White makes Drab. 

White and Brown makes Chestnut. 

Yellow and Brown makes Chocolate. 

Red with Light Blue makes Purple. 

Carmine with Straw makes Flesh color. 

Blue with Lead color makes Pearl. 

Carmine with White makes Pink. 

Lamp-Black with Indigo makes Silver Gray. 

'* " *' White makes Lead color. 

Paris Green with White makes Bright Green. 

Tellow-Ochre and White makes Buff. 

White tinted with Purple makes French White. 

Black with Chrome Green makes Dark Green. 

Emerald Green with White makes Brilliant Green. 

Vermillion with Chrome Yellow makes Orange. 

Chrome Yellow and White Lead makes Straw col'r. 

White tinted with Red and Yellow makes Cream. 

Chrome Yellow, Blue, Black and Red makes Olive. 

Chrome Green with White makes Pea Green. 

Yellow and Carmine or Deep Red makes Scarlet. 

Carmine and Blue makes Deep Lilac, Yiolet Pur- 
ple and Plum. 

Blue and Black makes Deep Blue or Blue-Black. 

Vermillion and Black makes Rich Brown. 

Yellow and Black makes Bronze Green. 

Yellow Blue and Black makes Deep Green. 

Orange Mineral and White make beautiful Flesh 
Tints. 

Violet and White makes pale Lilac or Lavender, 



110 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Mixing Yellow and Blue makes bright or a Light Green. 
Ultramarine, White and Carmine form the various 

tones of Lilac, etc. 
Red, yellow and black makes Copper. 

Red, umber and black makes Claret. 

White, Vermillion, blue and yellow makes L»ove. 
White, yellow and red makes Fawn. 

Red, black, yellow ochre and white, Free stone. 
White, Prussian blue and gray, French Gray. 

White, stone ocher and red makes Gold. 

White and chrome yellow makes. Lemon. 

White, yellow ochre, black and red, Limestone. 
White and vermillion, makes. Peach. 

White, vermillion and Lake makes, Pink. 

White, yellow ocher, black and red. Sandstone. 
Red, blue and white makes, Violet, 

Combination of Ink that Harmonize Well. 
Two Colors.— Sc'dTlet Red and Deep Green; Orange and 
Violet; Light Blue and Deep Red; Yellow and Blue; Black 
and Salmon; Black and Light Green; Dark and Light 
Blue; Carmine and Emerald; Brown and Carmine; Purple 
and Green. Three Colors.— Red, Yellow and Blue; Orange. 
Black and Light Blue; Light Salmon, Dark Green and 
Scarlet; Brown, Light Orange and Purple; Dark Brown, 
Orange Yellow and Blue; Crimson Lake, Greenish-Yellow 
and Black. Four Colors.— BlSick, Green, Dark Red, and 
Sienna; Scarlet, Dark Green, Lavender and Black; Ultra- 
marine or Cobalt Blue, Vermillion, Bronze Green, and 
Lilac; Sienna, Blue, Red and Black. 



NEWSPAPER MEASUREMENT. 

Table showing number of ems of the different News- 
paper Type in a line, the number of lines necessary to 
make 1.000 ems, and the length in inches. Also the num- 
ber of ems in the regular length of (13 em Pica wide) col- 
umns. 



Aga-| 

te. 1 



Nonp. 



iMin- Bre- 
I ion. vier. 



Bourg 



Long 
Prim. 



No. ems in line. 
No. lines 1.000 ems. 
No. In. 1.000 ems. 



2Syti\ 26 1221/4 
351/3I 381/2 145 
2% 314 I 43/8 



191/2 
511/3 



171/3 

57% 

71/4 



151/2 
641/2 
9 



No. Columns. 



No. ems in Col. Folio or Quarto. 



4 


5.040 


4.325 


3.175 


2.465 


1.950 


1.610 


5 


6.505 


5.615 


4.115 


3.200 


2.525 


2.085 


6 


7.180 


6.160 


4.515 


^.510 


2.770 


2.290 


7 


7.900 


6.785 


4.970 


3.865 


3.050 


2.520 


8 


8.630 


7.410 


5.440 


4.220 


3.330 


2.755 


9 


9.310 


8.030 


5.885 


4.575 


3.615 


2.970 



POCKET COMPANION. 



Ill 



LEADS FOB NEWSPAPER. 
Table showing the number of Leads 13 ems Pica long, 
contained in one pound and the number required to lead 
1.000 ems of matter, together with the number of leads in 
a single column of matter regular size newspaper. 



Size of Body Type 


to be Leaded with 


6-to-Pica Leads. 




Aga- Non- 
te. pareil 


Min- Bre- Bour- Long 
ion. vier. geois. Prim 


No. Leads to lb. 60 60 1 60 
" 1.000 ems. 26 29 1 34 


60 
40 


60 
45 


60 
52 



No. of Columns. | No. Leads in Col. Folio or Quarto. 



4 


132 


125 


108 


99 


88 


84 


5 


170 


162 


140 


128 


114 


108 


6 


185 


179 


154 


141 


125 


119 


7 


206 


197 


169 


155 


188 


131 


8 


224 


215 


185 


169 


le50 


143 


9 


241 


233 


201 


183 


163 


154 



STANDARD SIZES OF NEWSPAPERS. 
The following are the regular size, adopted by the 
auxiliary printers. We would advise parties planning 
new newspaper to adopt one of these sizes. The width of 
column is 13 ems. 



No. Col- 
umns. 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 



FOLIO. 



Size of Paper 
20 by 26 
22 " 31 
24 *' 35 
26 " 40 
28 '* 44 



Size of Form 


173/4 by 23% 


193/4. ' 


' 281/4 


2134 ' 


' 33 


233/4 ' 


* 371/^ 


253/4 ' 


' 42 



Head Rule. 
111/8 
13% 
153/4 

18 
201/4 



Col.Rule. 
173/4 
193/4 
213/4 
233/4 
253/4 



QUARTO. 




183/4 by 29 
231/4 '' 37 
273/4 '' 41 
321/2 " 45 




STANDARD NEWSPAPER MEASURE. 
The Standard newspaper measure, as recognized and 
now in general use, is 13 ems pica. |^=" The Standard of 
Meamrement of all sizes of Type is the em quad, not the 
letter m. 

LEADS and SLUGS. 

Leads are designated as **— to-Pica," the number being 

that fraction of a Pica which the lead is, viz: a 6-to-Pica 

lead is one-sixth of a Pica in thickness, or six 6-to-Picas 

are equal to one Pica; four 4-to-Picas one Pica, and so 



112 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

with other sizes or thickness of leads. 

SLUGS. —Lesids of Nonpareil thickness and greater 
are called Slugs, viz: Nonpareil Slugs, Brevier Slugs, Pica 
Slugs, etc., a Pica is one-sixth of an inch nearly. 

AVERAGE WEIGHT OF MATTER. 

A piece of solid matter 13 Ems Pica w^ide and 6 inches 
long will weigh about S^/g pounds, but in order to allow for 
the sorts usually remaining in the case, 43/8 pounds of 
Type would be required to set that amount of solid matter. 

When the matter is to be leaded the weight of the Type 
may be reduced about one quarter. 

A piece of solid matter 12 inches square will weigh 
about 40 pounds. One pound of Type will therefore, meas- 
ure 33/8 square inches. A piece of leaded matter 12 inches 
square will contain about 30 pounds of Type. 

Leads Required for Newspaper and Book Work. 

To lead 1 lb., of Pearl requires 6 ounces of 6-to-Pica 
leads, Agate 51/2 ounces, Nonpareil 5 ounces. Minion 4V2 
ounces, Brevier 4 ounces, Bourgeois 31/2 ounces. Long 
Primer 3 ounces, Small Pica 23/4 ounces, Pica 21/2 ounces, 
English 21/4 ounces. 

COLORED PRINTING-PAPER. 

Are made either by adding coloring-matter to the pulp, 
or, when peculiarly brilliant colors are required, by paint- 
ing or staining the paper. By the use of both processes 
a great variety of shades is produced. In printing on 
colored papers, it should be remembered that the appear- 
ance of the ink is affected by the color of the paper. When 
black letters appear on a colored surface-ground, they 
lose the intense hue they have when printed on white 
paper. On blue they are a failure; on orange (red lead) 
they are telling and brilliant, and assume a greenish 
bronze, on violet they are rich, in a Greenish-Yellow tone; 
the majority of yellows are weakened by black, which 
is thus rendered more intense. It should be remembered 
that— 

1. Black Ink upon Red appears Dark Green. 

2. Black Ink upon Orange, Bluish-black. 

3. Black Ink upon Yellow is Black, with a slight tinge 
of Violet. 

4. Black Ink upon Blue is Orange-gray. 

5. BlacK Ink upon Green appears Reddish-gray. 

6. Black Ink upon Violet appears Greenish-yellow-gray. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



113 





MARKS OR PUNCTUATIONS. 




Comma. 


^f 


Cedilla. 




Semicolon. 


A 


Caret. 




Colon. 


a >> 


Quotation Marks. 




Period. 


c 




_L 


Dash. 


J 


Brace. 


? 


Interrogation. 


I 




! 


Exclamation. 


* * * 


Ellipsis. 


i] 


Parenthesis. 




Ellipsis; also leaders. 


Brackets or Crotchets 




Ellipsis. 




Hyphen. 


* 


Asterisk. 


' 


Apostrophe. 


1 


Dagger, or Obelisk. 


/ 


Acute Accent. 


I 


Double Dagger. 


N 


Grave Accent. 


8 


Section. 


A 


Circumflex Accent. 




Parallels. 


«» 


Circumflex or Tilde. 


»• 


Paragraph. 


_ 


The Long or Macron. 


^ 


Index. 


^ 


The Short or Breve. 
Diaeresis. 


*** or *** 


Asterism. 



CORRECTIONS OF THE PRESS. 

4 , or 5 , (dele) Delete, take out, or expunge. 

9 Turn a reversed letter. 

1 A space, or more space between words, letters, or lines. 

^ Less space, or no space, between words or letters. 

L or J carry a word further to the left or to the right. 

D Indent. 

•—I Elevate a letter, word, or character that is sunk below 
the proper level. 

•—I Sink or depress a letter, word, or character raised above 
the proper level. 

I Shows that a portion of a paragraph projects laterally 
beyond the rest. 

sL Directs attention to a quadrat or space which improp- 
erly appears. 

X, or + directs attention to a broken or imperfect letter. 

[ Bring a words or words to the beginning of a line; also, 
make a new paragraph. 

U Make a new paragraph. 

— Change from Italic to Roman, or from Roman to Italic, 
as the case may be. 

= Put in small capitals. 

— Put in Capitals. 

Note.— The other marks are self-explanatory; but the 

following observations used in correcting proof-sheets, 

require explanation:— 

, wf. Wrong font;— used when a character is of a wrong 

\ size or style; tr., Transpose; l.'c, Lower-case; i, e., put in 

1 small or common letters a word or letter that has been 

printed in capitals or small capitals; s. caps, or sm. c, Put 

in small capitals; Qu., Qy., or? Query; Outj s. c. words are 

wanting, see copy. 

8 



114 HANDY MECHANICAL. 



FIRST PROOF FROM THE TYPE. 
THE CROWNING OF PETRARCH. 

Nothing can be conceived more affecting or 
noble than that ceremony. The superbe pal- 
aces and porticos by which had rolled the ivory 
chariots of Marius and and Caesar had long 
mouldered into dust. The laureled fasces, the 
golden eagles, the shouting Legions, the cap 
fives, and the pictured cities were indeed want- 
ing to his victorious procession. The scep- 
tre had passed away from Rome. But she 
still letained the mightier influence of an em- 
pire intellectual and was now to confer the 
prouder reward of an intellectual tiinmph. To 
the man ^j^o had extended the dominion of 
her ancient language who had erected the 
trophies of philosophy and imagination in 
the haunts of ignorance^and fervency, 
whose captives were the he arts of admiring 
nations; ^^chained by the influence of his song- 
whose spoils were the treasures of ancient gen- 
ius—the Eternal City offered the glorious and 
just tribute of her gratitude. 

Amid the ruined monuments of ancient, 
and the infant eructions of modern art, he 
who had restored the broken link between 
thetwo ages of human civilization was crown- 
ed with the wreath ^^ich he had deserved from 
the moderns who owde to him their refinement 
—from the ancients who owed to him their 
fame Never was a coronation so august wit- 
nessed by Westminister or Rheims. 

^^I Macaulat. 



POCKET COMPANION. 115 



A CORRECTED PROOF SHEET. 



THE CROWNING OF PETRARCH. 



^ V othing can be conceived more affecting or-*, c 
noble than that ceremony. The superb^ pal- 
taces and porticos by which had rolled the ivory 
chariots of Biarius a»4 and C«esar had long al 
„. mouldered hito dust. The laureled fasces, the 
%^ golden eagles, the shouting Legions, the cap^ V 
ttives. and the pictured cities were indeed wani-^ /^^^Z 
Ing to his victorious procession. The scep-*^ 
tre had passed away from Rome. But she 
9 still detained the mightier influence of an em- 
t/r^ pire \ intellectual J and was now to center ihe 
4^ t*f«Mjd#F reward of an mielleciual tiiyfmph. To ♦« / 
r— I the man'J^O had extended the dominioi; of 
her ancient language who had erected the 
. trophies of philosophy and imagination in^ 
Lyx the L haunts^of ^ ignoranc^nd^ forvonoy, ] 
Cofto^/ whose captives were the hejiris of admlrlng,<^^a<^,^ 
, , i nations; £[Jchained by the influence of his song- / . 

„ whose spoils were the trcai<ure& of ancient geUv^Tn/' 
\/\/ iu^-the^Eternal City^offered thefglorious Land ^. 
i usu)Jibute of her gratitude. \ /?i^ 

c^fif /Arniil the ruined monuments of ancient, ^ . 
and they infant eryfctions of modern art, he Jtf 
who had\ restored the broken link between 

iX f thetvyo ag^ of human civilization was crown- ^ 

ed with theWeath which he had deserved from 
ihe modernij who owj[%) to him their refinement*^-, 
—from the ancients who owed to him their 
O ramey.^ NeCer was a coronation so august wit- 
nessed 1^ Westminister or Rheims. ^a/t. 

■— --■ MACAULAY.(id*/ 

jU^UAtJ Arm crt^H'i^yuJu '^t^ <Uc^ 



116 HANDY MECHANICAL. 

PROOF SHEET CORRECTED. 

THE CROWNING OF PETRARCH. 

Nothing can be conceived more affecting or 
noble than that ceremony. The superb pal- 
aces and porticos by which had rolled the ivory 
chariots of Marius and Caesar had long mould- 
ered into dust. The laureled fasces, the golden 
eagles, the shouting legions, the captives, and 
the pictured cities were indeed wanting to his 
victorious procession. The scepter had passed 
away from Rome. But she still retained the 
mightier influence of an intelleectual empire 
and was now to confer the prouder reward of 
an intellectual triumph. To the man who 
had extended the dominion of her ancient lan- 
guage who had erected the trophies of philoso- 
phy and imagination in the haunts of ignorance 
and ferocity, whose captives were the hearts of 
admiring nations, enchained by the influence 
of his song— whose spoils were the treasures of 
ancient genius rescued from obscurity and 
decay— the "Eternal City" offered the just and 
glorious tribute of her gratitude. Amid the 
ruined monuments of ancient, and the infant 
erections of modern art, he who had restored 
the broken link between the two ages of hu- 
man civilization was crowned with the wreath 
which he had deserved from the moderns 
I who owed to him their refinement,— from the 
ancients who owed to him their fame. Never 
was a coronation so august witnessed by West- 
minister or Rheims. 

Macauley, 



POCKET COMPANION. 



117 



COMPLETE TABLE OF SlGXATURJEiS. 









EIGHT 


VO. 








I 


1 


A 


369 


47 


2W 


729 


92 


4R 


9 


2 


B 


377 


48 


2X 


737 


93 


4S 


17 


3 


C 


385 


49 


2Y 


745 


94 


4T 


25 


4 


D 


393 


50 


2Z 


753 


95 


4U 


33 


5 


E 


401 


51 


3A 


761 


96 


4V 


41 


6 


F 


409 


52 


3B 


769 


97 


4W 


49 


7 


G 


417 


53 


30 


777 


98 


4X 


57 


8 


H 


425 


54 


3D 


785 


99 


4Y 


65 


9 


I 


433 


55 


3E 


793 


100 


4Z 


73 


10 


K 


441 


56 


3F 


801 


101 


5A 


81 


11 


L 


449 


57 


3Cx 


809 


102 


5B 


89 


12 


M 


457 


58 


3H 


817 


103 


50 


97 


13 


N 


465 


59 


31 


825 


104 


5D 


105 


14 





473 


60 


3K 


833 


105 


5E 


113 


15 


P 


481 


61 


3L 


841 


106 


5F 


121 


16 


§ 


489 


62 


3M 


849 


107 


5G 


129 


17 


497 


63 


3N 


857 


108 


5H 


137 


18 


s 


505 


64 


30 


865 


109 


51 


145 


19 


T 


513 


65 


3P 


873 


110 


5K 


153 


20 


U 


521 


66 


3 Q 


881 


lU 


5L 


161 


21 


V 


529 


67 


3R 


889 


112 


5M 


169 


22 


W 


537 


68 


3S 


897 


113 


5N 


177 


23 


X 


545 


69 


3T 


905 


114 


50 


185 


24 


Y 


553 


70 


3U 


9i3 


115 


5P 


193 


25 


Z 


561 


71 


3V 


921 


116 


5Q 


201 


26 


2A 


569 


72 


3 W 


929 


117 


5R 


209 


27 


2B 


577 


73 


3X 


937 


118 


5S 


217 


28 


2C 


585 


74 


3Y 


945 


119 


5T 


225 


29 


2D 


593 


75 


3Z 


953 


120 


5U 


233 


30 


2E 


601 


76 


4A 


961 


121 


5V 


241 


31 


2F 


609 


77 


4B 


969 


122 


5W 


249 


32 


2G 


617 


78 


4C 


977 


123 


5X 


257 


33 


2H 


625 


79 


4D 


985 


124 


5Y 


265 


34 


21 


633 


80 


4E 


993 


125 


5Z 


273 


35 


2K 


641 


81 


4F 


1001 


126 


6A 


281 


36 


2L 


649 


82 


4G 


1009 


127 


6B 


289 


37 


2M 


657 


83 


4H 


1017 


128 


60 


297 


38 


2N 


665 


84 


41 


1025 


129 


6D 


305 


39 


20 


673 


85 


4K 




130 


6E 


313 


40 


2P 


681 


86 


4L 


1041 


131 


6F 


321 


41 


IS 


689 


87 


4M 


1049 


132 


6G 


329 


42 


697 


88 


4N 


1057 


133 


6H 


337 


43 


2S 


705 


89 


40 


1065 


134 


61 


345 


44 


2T 


713 


90 


4P 


1073 


135 


6K 


353 


45 


2U 


721 


91 


4Q 


1081 


136 


6L 


361 


46 


2V 















118 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 









I2MO 


AND 18 M O . 






1 


1 


A 


801 


26 


2A 


bUl 


51 


3A 


5 


1* 


A'^ 


305 


26* 


2A2 


605 


51* 


3A« 


la 


2 


B 


313 


27 


2B 


613 


52 


3B 


17 


2* 


B2 


317 


27* 


2B2 


617 


52* 


3B2 


25 


3 


C 


325 


28 


20 


625 


53 


3C 


29 


3* 


C2 


329 


28* 


2C2 


629 


53* 


3C2 


37 


4 


D 


337 


29 


2D 


637 


54 


3D 


41 


4* 


D' 


341 


29* 


2D2 


641 


54* 


3D2 


49 


5 


E 


349 


30 


2E 


649 


55 


3E 


53 


5* 


E2 


353 


30* 


2E2 


653 


55* 


3E2 


61 


6 


F 


361 


31 


2F 


661 


56 


3F 


65 


6* 


F2 


365 


31* 


2E2 


665 


56* 


3F^ 


73 


7 


G 


373 


32 


2G 


673 


57 


3G 


77 


7* 


G2 


377 


32* 


2G2 


677 


57* 


3G2 


85 


8 


H 


385 


33 


2H 


685 


58 


3H 


89 


8* 


H2 


§89 


33* 


2H2 


689 


58* 


3H^ 


97 


9 


I 


397 


34 


21 


697 


59 


31 


101 


9* 


12 


401 


34* 


212 


701 


59* 


3P 


109 


10 


K 


409 


35 


2K 


709 


60 


3K 


113 


10* 


K2 


413 


35* 


2K2 


713 


60* 


3K» 


121 


11 


L 


421 


36 


2L 


721 


61 


3L 


125 


11* 


L^ 


425 


36* 


2L2 


725 


61* 


3L« 


133 


12 


M 


433 


37 


2M 


733 


62 


3M 


137 


12* 


M^ 


437 


37* 


2M2 


737 


62* 


3M2 


145 


13 


N 


445 


38 


2N 


745 


63 


3N 


149 


13* 


N2 


449 


38* 


2N2 


749 , 


f 63* 


3N2 


157 


14 





457 


39 


20 


757 


64 


30 


161 


14* 


02 


461 


39* 


2 02 


761 


64* 


3 0« 


169 


15 


p 


469 


40 


2P 


769 


65 


3P 


173 


15* 


p2 


473 


40* 


2P2 


773 


65* 


3P* 


181 


16 


Q 


481 


41 


2Q 


781 


66 


3Q^ 


185 


16* 


Q2 


485 


41* 


2Q2 


785 


66* 


193 


17 


R 


493 


42 


2 R 


793 


67 


3 R 


197 


17* 


R2 


497 


42* 


2R2 


797 


67* 


3R^ 


205 


18 


S 


505 


43 


2S 


805 


68 


3S 


209 


18* 


S2 


509 


43* 


2S2 


809 


68* 


3S^ 


217 


19 


T 


517 


44 


2T 


817 


69 


3T 


221 


19* 


'P2 


521 


44* 


2X2 


821 


69* 


3T^ 


229 


20 


u 


529 


45 


2U 


829 


70 


3U 


233 


20* 


U2 


533 


45* 


2U2 


833 


70* 


3U2 


241 


21 


V 


541 


46 


2V 


841 


71 


3V 


245 


21* 


y2 


545 


46* 


2V2 


845 


71* 


3V^ 


253 


22 


W 


553 


47 


2W 


8o3 


72 


3 VV 


257 


22* 


w« 


557 


47* 


2W^ 


857 


72* 


3 W^ 


265 


23 


X 


565 


48 


2X 


865 


73 


3X 


269 


23* 


X2 


569 


48* 


2X2 


869 


73* 


3X^ 


277 


24 


Y 


577 


49 


2Y 


877 


74 


3Y 


281 


24* 


Y2 


581 


49* 


2Y2 


881 


74* 


SY'^ 


289 


25 


Z 


589 


50 


2Z 


8&9 


75 


3Z 


293 


25* 


Z» 


593 


50* 


2Z2 


893 


75* 


3 Z^ 



POCKET COMPANION. 



119 



6MO AND 24MO. 





16 MO 






24 MO. 




1 


1 


A 


1 


1 A 


401 


R^ 


17 


2 


B 


9 


1* 


409 


18 S 


33 


3 


C 


17 


A^ 


417 


18* 


49 


4 


D 


25 


2 B 


425 


S^ 


65 


5 


E 


33 


2* 


433 


19 T 


81 


6 


F 


41 


B2 


441 


19* 


97 


7 


G 


49 


3 C 


449 


rji? 


113 


8 


H 


57 


3* 


457 


20 U 


129 


9 


I 


65 


C2 


465 


20* 


145 


10 


K 


73 


4 D 


473 


U^ 


161 


11 


L 


81 


4* 


481 


21 V 


177 


12 


M 


89 


D2 


489 


21* 


193 


13 


N 


97 


5 E 


497 


V? 


209 


14 





105 


5* 


505 


22 W 


225 


15 


P 


113 


E2 


513 


22* 


241 


16 


Q 


121 


6 F 


521 


W2 


257 


17 


R 


129 


6* 


529 


23 X 


273 


18 


s 


137 


F2 


537 


23* 


289 


19 


T 


145 


7 G 


545 


X* 


305 


20 


U 


153 


7* 


553 


24 Y 


321 


21 


V 


161 


G2 


561 


24* 


337 


22 


w 


169 


8 H 


569 


Y2 


353 


23 


X 


177 


8* 


577 


25 Z 


369 


24 


Y 


185 


H^ 


585 


25* 


385 


25 


Z 


193 


9 I 


593 


Z^ 


401 


26 2 A 


201 


9* 


601 


26 2 A 


417 


27 


2B 


209 


12 


609 


26* 


433 


28 


2C 


217 


10 K 


617 


2A2 


449 


29 


2D 


225 


10* 


625 


27 2 B 


465 


30 


2E 


233 


K2 


633 


27* 


481 


31 


2r 


241 


11 L 


641 


2B2 


497 


32 


2G 


249 


11* 


649 


28 2 C 


513 


33 


2H 


257 


L2 


657 


28* 


529 


34 


21 


265 


12 M 


665 


2C2 


545 


85 


2K 


273 


12* 


673 


29 2D 


561 


36 


2L 


281 


M2 


681 


29* 


577 


37 


2M 


289 


13 N 


689 


2D2 


593 


38 


2N 


297 


13* 


697 


30 2 E 


609 


39 


20 


305 


N^ 


705 


30* 


625 


40 


2P 


313 


14 


713 


2W 


641 


41 


2Q 


321 


14* 


721 


31 2 F 


657 


42 


2R 


329 


0^ 


729 


31* 


673 


43 


2S 


337 


15 P 


737 


.2F'* 


689 


44 


2T 


345 


15*. 


745 


32 2G 


705 


45 


2U 


353 


P^ 


753 


32* 


721 


46 


2V 


361 


16 Q 


761 


2G« 


737 


47 


2 W 


369 


16* 


769 


33 2 H 


753 


48 


2X 


377 


Q? 


777 


33* 


769 


49 


2Y 


385 


17 R 


785 


2H^ 


785 


50 


2Z 


393 


17* 


793 


34 21 



120 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



IMPOSITION OF FORMS. 
A Half-Sheet of Seventy-Twcs, with Three Signatures. 



«r 



=1 i 


\ 


'L . _- * 


^! i 


L irij^ 


I 1 


(Z^ EZr 


^! ! 


1 ^ 


-1 

1 



I] 



'LZ] 



-in 



POCKET COMPANION. 
A Half-Sheet of Sixty-Fours. 



121 



z 




£9 




tc 




TG 






9Z 




6G 




89 




. 


15 




60 




47 




18 






23 




42 




66 




10 


»l 


19 




9» 




^rr 






ZZ 




e» 




»9 




II 


3 




62 




r^i 




-3°, 






27 




38 




59 




6 






1 




— ! 


1 

1 
















' 


» 19 96 6S 


85 ZG 09 9 


13 




62 




46 




20 






^1 




44 




63 




12 






























91 




6t 


8f 11 




ts 


If 99 


6 


1 64 33 32 


26 40 57 8 



































122 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

A Half-Sheet of Forty-Eights, with Two Signatures. 

































a sz zz s 


OZ A» 9t IZ 


7 




_18. 




19 




6 






31 




J^^ 




43 




30 


11 




14 




15_ 




10 






35 




38 




39 




34 


21 




St 




91 




9 






9S 




IZ 




0* 




SS 






















1 


























8 


il 


OS 


9 




ZS 




\^ 




** 




6Z 


1 


2 4 


21 




4 




25 48 45 


28 



































A Half-Sheet of Twenty-Fours, without Cutting. 



5 




20 




17 




8 






7 




18 




19 




6 


» 




TZ 




91 




6 






01 


4r 




ZS 


S 


1 




24 


13 


12 




11 14 23 2 

































POCKET COMPANION. 123 

A Common Quarter-Sheet of Sixty-Fours. 



* 




6S 




85 




9 






9 




ZZ 




08 




e 


1.3 




20, 




21 


12 




12 




22 


19 




14 




























91 




11 




*^S 




6 




01 


ez 


81 




91 


1 


32 




26 




8 






7 




26 




31 




2 































A Quarter-Sheet of Sixty-Fours, with Two Signatures. 













61 


















^I 


81 


IS 




OS 






OZ 




6Z 




ZS 




23 




26 


27 




22 






21 




28 




25 




24 


-] 


















-n 












1 


8 




6 




ZI 




S 






9 




J 




01 




^ 


1 




16 


r 




3 




14 


15 


2 














L 






1 















124 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

'a Half-Sheet of Forty-Eights, with Three Signatures. 





















































i 










»s 


I* 




9t 




se 




9E 9> 8* 


ce 


39 42 


43 


38 


37 


** 


41 40 
















L_- 










1 




































1 




L_ 






81 




xe 




OS 




61 




oz 


6S 


zc 


ZT 


23 




26 




27 


2 2 




21 


28 


25 


24 


r 




















! 


































































8 6 Zl 9 


9 XT 01 Z 


1 


16 13 4 




3 




14 


16 2 































A Half-Sheet of Twenty-Fours, 


without Inset. 




















1 
1 




^ 










8X 




CZ 




ZZ 




6X 




1 
OZ 




xz 




f-Z 


ZX 








i 










1 














8 




6 


ZX 




9 






9 




Wr 




OX 




/ 


1 


16 


13 




4 






3 




14 


16 




2 



































POCKET COMPANION. 
A Sheet of Thirty-Twos. 
Outer Form. 



125 



Inner Form. 











- 


[ 




















9 
H 




69 

S4 




86 
43 




22 






oe 

19 




9S 
46 




Z9 
51 




C 
14 






















































































































01 
7 




93 
58 




St 
39 




CS 






81 
31 




34 




09 
63 


91 
2 




































126 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Two Half-Sheets of Twelves Worked Together. 
Outer Form. Inner Form. 



■X-8 -JtS 



»t *6 



\¥r 12* 



■JfOl 
ll'JS- 



A Half-Sheet of Thirty-Twos with Two Signatures. 



































81 




IS 


OS 




61 






05 


6S 




ZS 




IX 


■^ 




26 




27 




2^ 








28 




25 




54 


8 


6 




ZX 




S 






9 




IX 




01 




Z 


1 




16 




13 




4 






3 




14 




15 




2 



Six Page Leaflet. First Page to the Left. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



127 



A Sheet of SIxteens, With one Signature. 
Outer Form. Inner Form. 







_ ^ 












f 6?. 


85 a 


-1 ^? 




20 






2 1 




12 


















91 


ZX 






t5 




6 


1 




32 






25 




8 



































9 IZ 


OS E 


11 




_22_ 






19 




14 


01 


ZZ 






81 




St 


7 


26 






31 




2 



















A Half-Sheet of Thirty-Twos. 



13 20 21 12 



Z5 OS 



n 22 19 14 



91 It *& 



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128 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 
A Half-Sheet of Twenty-Fours. 





















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Six Page Leaflet. First Page to the Right. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



129 



Form of Sixteens with 
first four pages plac- 
ed in center. 



A Half-Sheet of 
Sixteens. 



01 








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130 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Outer Form of a Sheet Inner Form of a Sheet i 

of Twelves. of Twelves, 





















n 
















ZI 




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91 




6 


' 01 




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POCKET COMPANION. 



131 



Different Method of Imposing Half-Sheets of Twelves, 
from the Center. 



9 




I 


8 




S 


9 

1 




I 
4 


3 




II 

10 



A Half-Sheet of Twenties, 
with Two Signatures. 


A Half-Sheet of 
Long Sixteens. 


1 fl.il i 1 




M « 




3 




II 
10 

8 






SI 
9 

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132 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

A Sheet of Twelves With Two Signatures. 
Outer Form. Inner Form. 



















81 




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61 






III mill 








l^ll II 


nil 


















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A Half-Sheet of Thirty-Sixes, Without Cutting. 



SB 9£ 
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81 61 



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POCKET COMPANION. 



133 



Half-Sheet of Twelves, A Common Half-Sheet 

without Cutting. of Twelves. 



6 8 7 6 




































































1 1 
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set-Sheet Turning 
Crosswise of the 
Pages. 



Quarto in Two Forms. 



































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134 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

A Sheet of Twelves Without Cutting. 
Outer Form. Inner Form. 

20 17 



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13 12 





A 


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POCKET COMPANION. 



im 



Two Quarters Sheet of 

Octavo, Imposed from 

the Center. 















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3 2 


1 4 












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A Half-Sheet of Twelves, 
With Two Signa- 
tures. 

4 pages of other matter. 



Half a Sheet of Com- 
mon Octavo. 



Two Quarters of a Sheet 

of Octavo worked 

Tog ether. 



A Sheet of Common 
Octavo. 
Outer Form. 





































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136 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 

A Sheet of Eighteens, with One Signature. 
Outer Form. 







01 




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POCKET COMPANION. 

A Sheet of Octavo, I 2 of the Work 
and 4 of other Matter. 

Outer Form. 



137 



■x-5 -x-e 





Inner Form, 

II 






9 




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Two Half-Sheets of Common Octavo Worked Together. 
Outer Form. Inner Form. 



_ I I 1 J I I I I I I I I _ 

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1 8 5 4 3 6 7 2 

_ I I I I I I I I I I i __ 



A Sheet of Octavo, Imposed from the Center. 
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A Sheet of Octavo, of Hebrew Work. 
Outer Form. Inner Form. 



















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138 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

A Sheet of Eighteens to be Folded Together. 
Outer Form. 







n 




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17 




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POCKET COMPANION. 



139 



A Sheet of Octavo, the Broad Way. 
Outer Form. Inner Form. 


Half a Sheet 
of Commori 




















* 

5 




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A Half-Sheet of Twenty Fours, without Inset. 

























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19 


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1 




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16 




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Octavo..— Eight pages in a line. 



140 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

A Half-Sheet of Eighteens. 



*t 




a 




01 






6 




9 




W- 


■ 




1 






I 








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1 18 11 


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TFTiew ^Tie paper is worked off, transpose the pages ii and 
8 in the place of 7 and 12, and pages 7 and 12 in place of 11 
and 8. 

A Half-Sheet of Eighteens, without Transposition. 

















1 








9 




I 




81 




11 ■ 8 


9 








































1 




6 

12 




91 
13 






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■ 















This form of itnposition will give three single leaves 
wh£n the sheet is cut, and should therefore be avoided ichere 



Broad Eights, In Two Forms. 
Outside. Inside. 



POCKET COMPANION. 
A SHEET OF LONG TWELVES. 

Outer Form. 



141 

























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51 




9 




05 




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1 


16 


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A Half-Sheet of Eighteens, (Containing 16 pages).. 



S « i 
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s 




9 


II 












































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16 




8 
7 






6 
10 




15 




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142 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

A Sheet of Eighteens, with Two Signatures. 
Outer Form. 























81 SI 


91 




6 


•JfrS 




•X-A 










































8 

1 




24 




08 
21 




9 *f 
4 1* 


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Irvmr Form. 
















■ 












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*9 




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11* 




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9 
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A Half-Sheet of Sixteens, The Broad Way. 





1 


» CI 
5 12 


*I s 
11 6 














1 




8 6 
1 16 


or I 

15 2 







POCKET companion; 



14a 



QUARTO. 

Hheet turning 

lengthwise of 

the page. 



s e 

1 > 



QUARTO. 



1 

n 



Sheet turning crosswise of 
t7i£ pages. 

Convenient for Leaflets, 
Frice Lists etc. 



AMERICAN 


AND GERM A N TYPE. 




?ms per 
ermany, 

ems pel 
merica. 






CO 


;;o.^^ 


German Name. 


AMERICAN Name. 


1 








fL, ze ;z;e 


1/8 petit 


American 


1 


811 855 


1/8 Cicero 


German 


li541 570 


1/4 petit 


Saxon 


2 


405 427 


14 Cicero 


Brilliant 


3 


270 285 


Diamant 


Diamond 


4 


203 202 


Perl 


Agate 


5 


162 160 


Nonpareille 


Nonpariel 


6 


135 143 


Colonel 


Brevier 


7 


115 113 


Petit 


Bourgeois 


8 


101 101 


Borgis 


Long-primer 


9 


90 90 


Garmond 


Small-pica 


10 


81 80 


Cicero 


Pica 


12 


68 71 


Mittel 


English 


14 


58 57 


Tertia 


Great-primer 


16 


51 50 


Doppelborgis 


Paragon 
Double S. pica 


18 


45 45 


Texi 


20 


41 40 


Doppelcicero 


Double pica 


24 


34 36 


Doppelmittel 


" Columbian 


28 


29 28 


Kleine canon 


" Gr't Primer 32 


25 25 


Canon or dreicicero *' Paragon 


36 


23 22 


Grobe canon 


Meridian 


40 


20 20 


31/2 Cicero 


3 line Columbian 


42 


19 19 


Kleine missal or 


viercicero Canon 


48 


17 18 


41/2 Cicero 


3 line Paragon 


54 


15 15 


Grosse missal 


6 " S. pica 


60 


14 13 


Kleine sabon 


4 " Paragon 


72 


11 11 



144 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

DECIMAL APPROXIMATIONS FOR FACILI- 
TATING CALCULATIONS. 



Avoirdupois pounds multiplied by .009 


equals Cwts. 
'* Tons 


Lineal feet " 


'• .00019 


Miles". 


yards " 


'^ .000568 


a ». 


Square Inches. " 


- .007 


" Square feet. 


Feet. *' 


- .111 


" Yds. 


Yards. 


" .0002067 


'* " Acres 


Circular Inches ** 


'' .00546 


*' Feet. 


CyUndrical *' 


" .0004546 


'* Cubic " 


Feet 


'' .02909 


" " yds. 


Cuhic Inches " 


" .00058 


" Feet. 


!! -^^f*- 


'' .03704 


'' Yds. 




" .6232 


*'Imper'lg'ls. 


*' Inches " 


'' .003607 


" »• a 


Cylindrical Feet 


4.895 


a a a 


" Inches " 


*' .002832 


a a a 


CuMc 


'' .263 


5 lbs. Avoir. 
" i Cast-Iron. 


«< U ti 


" .281 


*' Wr'gt Iron. 


(( n n 


'* .283 


Steel. 


K ii a 


" .3225 


'* Copper. 


ti (. «t 


'' .3037 


*' Brass. 


<t U i* 


".26 


Zinc. 


U 4< «« 


" .4103 


*' Lead. 


a a .i 


" .2636 


Tin. 


a u <( 


" .4908 


Mercury. 


Cylindrical Inches " 


" .2065 


" Cast-Iron. 


U ii .« 


" .2168 


" Wr'gt Iron. 


U t( u 


'' .2223 


SteeL 


ii ii u 


".2533 


'' Copper. 


(i u u 


" .2385 


Brass. 


X ' • '< ' 


" .2042 


Zinc. 


«( ii n 


" .3223 


** Lead. 


ii , (i «•' 


" .207 


Tin. 


a ii ( 


'' .3854 


*' Mercury. 


Diameter of a o multiplied 


3.1416 


** Circum. 


(( a a 


'* .8862 


" Side of = so. 


ii ii t( 


'* .7071 =Side of inscribed''. 


" Sphere " 


'' .806 '* Dim. of = Cube. 


(( a a 


** .6667 " Length of =cyl'der 


Square of diameter x 


.7854 


Area of a Circle. 


Circum. of a Circle " 


.31831 


Diameter. 


Side of a square " 


1.128 •' Diam of = Circle. 


Sq. Root of Area ** 


1.12837 '' 


** ** Square. 


Sq. of the diam. 




• 


of a sphere. '• 


8.1416 


Convex surface. 


Cube. do. do. " 


.5236 - 


Solidity. 


183.346 Circular inches 


(( 


1 Square foot. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



145 



2.200 Cylindrical inches 


equals 


1 Cubic foot. 


Acres 


X .4840 " 


Square yards. 


Links 


'^ .22 


Yards. 


" 


.66 


Feet. 


Feet 


^' 1.5 


Links. 


Width in chains 


'* 8. 


Acres per Mile. 


Cubic feet 


" 7.48 


U. S. gallons. 


" Inches 


,004329 ^' 


U.S. - 


Cylindrical feet. 


'' 5.874 " 


U. S. •' 


" Inches 


'' .0034 '' 


U. S. " 


U. S. gallons 


.13367 '• 


Cubic feet. 


U. S. gallons 


'* 231. 


Cubic Inches. 


Cubic feet 


.8036 " 


U. S. Bushels. 


" Inches 


.000466 " 


U. S. Bushels. 


U. S. Bushels 


" .0495 - 


Cubic yards. 


U. S. " 


" 1.2446 " 


feet. 


U. S. '' 


'•2150.42 


" inches. 


Cylindrical feet of water 


'' 6. 


U. S. gallons. 


Cubic feet of water. 


" 62.5 


lbs avoirdupois. 


" inches 


.03617 " 


(< a, 


Cyhndrical feet. 


" 49.11 


»* «. 


" inches. 


" .02842 ;; 


«« a 


13.44 U. S. gal. 




1 Cwt. 


268.8 U. S. " 


<( 


ITon. 


1.8 Cubic feet. 


<< 


1 Cwt. 


35.88 


«( 


ITon. 


Square Inches ' 


' 1.273 


Circular Inches. 


STEAM 


AND WATER. 


Pounds of water, at 62° 


F. X 0.016037 equal Cubic feet. 


<« a a 


'' 0.1199 


* Gallons. 


a i( a 


" 1.2 


' Imperial gals. 


Tons " " 


"35.90 


' Cubic feet. 


Gallons per second X 


474.08 equal Cu. feet per hour. 


Gallons per minute '• 


7.9 


u a .< a 


Cu. feet per second " 


2.222 '' Cu. 


yds. per minute. 


a >( a u «. 


133.333 '' '' 


" " hour. 


Cu. feet per minute " 


2.222 " " 


(( li (( 


Feet of water at 52.3° F. X 0.8823 equal? 


inches of mer- 



cury at 32° F. 

Atmospheres x 14.706 equals pounds per square inch. 

" "2105.664 " pounds per square foot. 

" " 8.503 " tons per square yard. 

" " 29.922 " inches of mercury. 

" 33.96 " feet of water at 52.3° F. 

TO CONVERT THE WEIGHT OF— 

Wrought-Iron into Cast-Iron multiplied by 0.928 

Steel. " " 1.014 

Zinc. " " 0.918 

Brass. " " 1.082 

Copper. " " 1.144 

Lead. " " 1.468 

10 



146 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



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OCO?qOO'*OCO!M 



c^coosiras^iir^coaiirsrHc^coasiOrHt^ 
coa5rHTtic^a>(:MTt<i>.oi:Mir2t>-ocoii::3 
cococ^c-r^i^-oooooooiasasasooo 



OOOO'— lr-(rHrHC<JC<l(M(MOO 



C0q5lOr-ig0"^Ot0(M00-^O<:OC<IQ0THOC0S<IQ0Tt<OC0<M00T** 

--jr5QOt-Hcocog5j^^cog5c<iTt<c~cJs:>5in)tr-oc^ioooocoiooo 

Q0Q0a5^a5^OOOOrHrHr-i,-HG<iC<lCCIC0C0C0C0rH'«*<Tt<rt< 



030cs^oo^O':Dc3goTtHO<:ocoa:)in)i-Hi>coa5iOrHc>.coa5iOrH 
Q23iSEr<^<^'"OOOcocoQo»— (co*sOas>-HTticoa5(MTtii:^a5(Mio 
o CO :2! "^ "^ "^ ^^ ^^ »^ i^ <^ '^ 

300000000000 



C<l (Mfo(M C<lcr)C<J (MCO-M 



POCKET COMPANION. 



147 



o 

00 

o 
o 

1 


Tt< O CO -M GO ■^ 


I 
O 
z 

c 



(fl 


OTOl^OiOias 


CX) 00 OO GO 00 QO 

Tti o CO (>q 00 "«*< 

rft C- Oi (M -^ C^ 

CO CO CO Tt^ '^ Tfi 

c- c- !>• t> c- e:' 





CD 

•u 
c 
ns 

(J) 
■D 
CM 
CO 

c/T 
w 

X 
CO 

Z 
llJ 

< 
> 

D 
LiJ 
_J 
< 

o 

Ul 

a 


OCOCO^L^^ 


CO C- C^ C- C' GO 

ITS lO lO lO lO lO 


^^^S^^^ 
^^^^^^_^^ 


OCOCOOiLOi-H 


iiiiii 


-<*< o :o ca 00 T*< 
■^ c^ OS cr5 '^ c- 

C^ C^ C^ CCl (M c^ 


rH CO CO QO rH Tt< 
lO lO iO lO <0 CO 
rH rH rH r-J rH i-H 


CCOOSlOrHC^ 
D-O'MiOGOO 


13-16 
27-32 

29?32 
15-16 
31-32 



O 


lO lO ITS 1^ lO lO lO in 

c^itr5t>. (Mioc^ c^uoc^ c<i»or- 

S^HOoaooooo^iooSSt^cooo^S 
c-c^-c-L-^coGOCooooqaoaiaiaicrsaiai 


Co 




II 
o 


lo ^lO lo ir^ m lo lo lo 

COC^QOlOr-Ht^CO COC^CJOlOr-HIr-CO 

lO^-JCOC^GOCOOilOOCDrHD-COOOTlH 

i-HCOTt^COC^CTiCDC^^lOC^OOOT-HCO 

lO tOiOlOlOlOlOCOCOCOCOCOCOt>t>C— 




2^' 

o fl 

li 


COi-HCO COi-tCO Tft(MTf<i-HT^C<jTti 


o 


IfS to lO lO lO lO m lO 

Mioc- clinic- cqioc3^ (Mior-- 
cocqooiOr-Ht^co coc^qo'Ot— (t-c® 

lOi-HCOC<IOOCOCTliOcOCOTHI>>COGO'*i 
lOCOOOOii-lC^rtiiOC-asOCqcOtQCOOO 
C^ Cq C<] Cq CO CO CO CO CO CO TJ^ r^_ r(H '■^ TJH rt; 


II 


rj< C<I Tt< CO •»+< C^ ■«*• ■rH (M <rH CO -rH C^ tH 
^CO CO CO rH CO CO CO ~5CCO CO CO rH CO CO CD 
"t^OiOilOrHrHCO^l-OCOC^C-CTJtOi— 1 

rH ,-i CQi-tCM JMrHCM w^rHCO 






o 


c^iOC' oquoc' c^iioc' cqioc- 

COC^GOiOi— IC—CO COO^CXXOi— IC^CO 

io^co(rqoocoOTiLCocorHt-coooTfi 
r-.ro '«!ticDt:-cr»oc<i'<*<iiOi:-ooor-Hco 

O O O O O C5 rH r-H rH rH rH 1-H Cq Cq C^_ 


+^ o o 
feog 


^ C<J rH CO '^i C<J -^ rt< C<l rt* CO Ttt cq H^ 
CO Cp CO rH CO CO CO -QCCO CO CO rH CD CO CO 
i-HrHCOrHlAcOI>-'~'d5UOrHCOCqtri.lO 



148 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



DECIMAL PARTS OF A POUND (16 02) REDUCED 
TO THEIR VALUE IN OUNCES. 



Oun- 
ces. 


100th 
Parts. 


Ounces. 


100th 
Parts 


Ounces 


lOOthl 
Parts! 


Ounces 


lOOth 
Parts 


16 


1.00 


12 


.75 


8 


.50 


4 


.25 


15i/f> 


.96 


IIV2 


.72 


71/2 


.46 


3V3 


.22 


15 


.94 


11 


.69 


7 


.43 


3 


.19 


141/f^ 


.90 


101/2 


.65 


6I/2 


.40 


21/2 


.15 


14 


.87 


10 


.62 


6 


.37 


2 


.12 


131/^ 


.84 


91/2 


.59 


51/2 


.34 


11/2 


.09 


18 


.81 


9 


.56 


5 


.31 


1 


.06 


121/2 


.78 


8I/2 


.53 


41/2 


.28 







Equivalents of Carats in Decimal parts, unity 
being Twenty-Four Carats. 



Carats. | Decimals. 1 1 Carats. 


1 Decimals, j | Carats. 


Decimals 


1 


0.042 


9 


0.375 


17 


0.707 


2 


0.033 


10 


. 0.417 


18 


0.750 


3 


0.125 


11 


0.459 


19 


0.792 


4 


0.167 


12 


0.500 


20 


0.833 


5 


0.208 


13 


0.542 


21 


0.875 


6 


0.250 


14 


0.583 


22 


0.917 


7 


0.292 


15 


0.625 


23 


0.958 


8 


0.333 


16 


0.666 


24 


1.000 



DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS TO FRACTIONAL PARTS 

OF LINEAL MEASURES. 

One Inch the Integer or whole Number. 



Inch. 



Dec. I Inch. 



Dec. I Inch. 



Dec. 



?8 + 3-32 = 


.96875 


5/8 + 1-32 - 


.65625 


1/4 + 3-32 = 


.34375 


7/8 


' 1-16 " 


.9375 


5/8 ' 




.625 


1/4 " 1-16 " 


.3125 


7/8 


' 1-32 " 


.90625 


V9, ' 


' 3-32 - 


.59375 


1/4 '' 1-32 ^' 


.28124 




i n 


.875 


1/2 ' 


' 1-16 " 


.5625 


l| •' 


.25 


'6/a 


' 3-32 " 


.84375 


1/2 ' 


' 1-32 '' 


.53125 


1/8 V 3-32 " 


.21875 


^'8 


' 1-16 '' 


.8125 


1/2 




.5 


1/8 '• 1-16 " 


.1875 


^k 


' 1-32 " 


.78125 


^/8' 


' 8-32 " 


.46875 


1/8 *' 1-32 " 


.15625 


% 




.75 


y/8 * 


' 1-16 " 


.4375 


1/8 " 


.125 


5/8 


' 3-32 = 


.71875 




' 1-32 '' 


.40625 


3-32 - 


.09375 


5/8 


' 1-16 " 


.6875 


% * 


i a 


.375 


1-16 *' 


.0625 



ONE FOOT OF 12 INCHES. 

Inch. Dec. I Inch. Dec. | Inch. Dec. I Inch. Dec. 



11 = 


.9166 


6 = 


.5 


1 = 


.0833 


% = 


.03125 


10 " 


.6338 


5 - 


.4166 


7^ " 


.07291 


1/4 - 


.02083 


9 '* 


.75 


4 " 


.3333 


8^t '' 


.0625 


1/8 •' 


.01041 


8 " 


.6666 


3 - 


.25 


5/8 ♦' 


.05208 






7 '' 


.5833 


2 " 


.1666 


1/2 '' 


.04166 







POCKET COMPANION. 149 

SAW-LOGS REDUCED TO INCH BOARD IJEASURE, 





DIAMETER IN INCHES. 


Xb 


12 1 13 1 14i 15 I 16 1 171 18 1 19 1 20 1 21 1 22 1 23 1 24 1 25 1 26 


10 


49 


61 


72 


89 


99 


116 


133 


150 


175 


190 


209i235 


242 


287 


313 


11 


54 


67 


79 


98 


109 


127 


147 


165 


192 


209 


230^259 


278 


315 


344 


12 


59 


73 


86 


107 


119 


L39 


160 


180 


210 


228 


251 


283 


303 


344 


375 


13 


64 


79 


93 


116 


129 


150 


173 


195 


227 


247 


272 


306 


328 


373 


408 


14 


69 


85 


100 


125 


139 


L62 


187 


210 


245 


266 


292 


330 


353 


401 


439 


15 


74 


91 


107 


134 


149 


L73 


200 


225 


262 


285 


313 


353 


379 


430 


469 


16 


79 


97 


114 


142 


159] 


L85 


213 


240 


280 


304 


334 


377 


404 


459 


500 


17 


84 


103 


122 


151 


168] 


L96 


227 


255 


297 


323 


355 


400 


429 


487 


531 


18 


89 


109 


129 


160 


178^ 


108 


240 


270 


815 


342 


376 


424 


454 


516 


562 


19 


93 


116 


136 


169 


188^ 


219 


253 


285 


832 


361 


397 


447 


480 


545 


594 


20 


98 


122 


143 


178 


198^ 


232 


267 


300 


350 


380 


418 


470 


505 


573 


625 


21 


103 


128 


150 


187 


208^ 


243 


280 


315 


368 


399 


439 


495 


530 


603 


656 


22 


108 


134 


157 


196 


218^ 


255 


293 


330 


885 


418 


460 


518 


555 


631 


688 


23 


113 


140 


164 


205 


228^ 


266 


307 


345 


403 437 j 480 


542 


571 


659 


719 


21 


118 


146 


172 


214 


238!: 


278 


320 


360 


420 456|501 


566 


606 


688 


750 


25_ 


123 


152 


179 


223 


248^ 


289 


333 


375 


43814751522 


589 


631 


717 


781 


go) 


DIAMETER IN INCHES. 


S5 


27 1 28 1 29 1 30 1 31 1 32 1 33 1 34 1 35 1 36 1 37 j 38 


10 


342 


363 


381 


411 


44. 


I 460 


490 


500 


547 


577 


644 


669 


11 


377 


400 


419 


457 


48^ 


i 506 


539 


550 


602 


634 


708 


734 


12 


411 


436 


457 


493 


53^ 


2 552 


588 


600 


657 


692 


772 


801 


13 


445 


473 


495 


534 


57( 


) 598 


637 


650 


712 


750 


836 


868 


14 


479 


509 


533 


575 


62^ 


2 644 


686 


700 


766 


807 


901 


934 


15 


514 


545 


571 


616 


66( 


) 690 


735 


750 


821 


865 


965 


1001 


16 


548 


582 


609 


657 


71( 


) 736 


784 


800 


876 


923 


1029 


1068 


17 


582 


618 


647 


698 


m 


) 782 


833 


850 


931 


980 


1094 


1134 


18 


616 


654 


685 


739 


w. 


) 828 


882 


900 


985 


1038 


1158 


1201 


19 


650 


692 


723 


780 


84: 


J 874 


931 


950 


1040 


1096 


1222 


1268 


20 


684 


728 


761 


821 


88^ 


^ 920 


980 


1000 


1095 


1152 


1287 


1335 


21 


719 


764 


800 


863 


931 


2 966 


1029 


1050 


1150 


1210 






22 


753 


800 


838 


904 


97( 


) 1012 


1078 


1100 


1204 


1268 






23 


787 


837 


876 


945 


102] 


[ 1058 


1127 


1150 


1259 


1322 






24 


821 


873 


914 


986 


106^ 


) 1104 


1176 


1200 


1314 


1380 






25 


856 


910 


952 


1027 


im 


) 1150 


1225 


1250 


1369 14381 







To find the amount of lumber any log will make— First, 
find the length of the log in the first or left-hand column; 
then, on the top of the page, to the right, find the diameter 
and under the same will be found the quantity of lumber 
your log will malie; calculated for any length from 10 
to 25 feet, and for any diameter from 12 to 38 inches. 



150 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table to Facilitate the Mensuration of Timber. 






Flat or Board Measure. 




Brea- 


«^ a3i^ 


Brea- 


'^ '^ii 


Brea- 


_= ^ 


Brea- 


c6 4^ 


dth in 


|"S5 


dth in 


l^is 


dth in 


^0^ 


dth in 




Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


^oB 


14 


.0208 


314 


.2708 


61/4 


.5208 


91/4 


.7708 


l/a 


.0417 


31/2 
33/4 


.2916 


6I/2 


.5416 


91/0 


.7917 


8/4 


c0625 


.3125 


63/4 


.5625 


93/^ 


.8125 


1 


.0834 


4 


.3334 


7 


.5833 


10 


,8334 


11/4 


.1042 


414 


.3542 


71/4 


.6042 


101/4 


.8542 


IV2 


.1250 


4Va 


.3750 


71/2 


.6250 


IOV2 


.8750 


1^/4 


.1459 


43/4 


.3958 


73/4 


.6458 


103^ 


.8959 


2 


.1667 


5 


.4167 


8 


.6667 


11 


.9167 


2t4 


.1875 


51/4 


.4375 


8V4 


.6875 


111/4 


.9375 


2V2 


.2084 


51/2 


.4583 


81/2 


.7084 


111/2 


.9583 


23/4 


.2292 


53/4 


.4792 


83/4 


.7292 


1134 


.9792 


3 


.2500 


6 


.5000 


9 


.7500 







( 



Rule.— Multiply the length by the number in the table 
corresponding to any given number. 

Example.— Given a board I6I/2 feet in length and 934 
inches in breadth. 

The number in the table opposite 93/4 inches = .8125 
X I6I/2 = 13.4 square feet. 
Contents (Board Measure) of I lineal foot of Timber. 



Ps 


THICKNESS IN INCHES. 


PQS 


2 1 3 1 4 i 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 ! 10 | 11 i 12 1 13 


18 


3. 


4.5 


6. 


7.5 


9. 


10.5 


12. 


13. 5 


15. 


16. 5 


18. 


19.5 


17 


2.83 


4.25 


5.66 


7.08 


8.5 


9.92 


11.32 


12.75 


14.17 


15.58 


17. 


18.42 


16 


2.67 


4. 


5.33 


6.67 


8. 


9.33 


10.67 


12. 


13.33 


14.67 


16. 


17.33 


15 


2.50 


3.75 


5. 


6.25 


7.5 


8.75 


10.00 


11.25 


12.5 


13.75 


15. 


16.25 


14 


2.38 


3.5 


4.67 


5.83 


7. 


8.17 


9.33 


10.5 


11.67 


12.83 


14. 


15.17 


13 


2.17 


3.25 


4.335.42 


6.5 


7.58 


8.67 


9.75 


10.83 


11.92 


13. 


14.08 


12 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


8. 


9. 


10. 


11 


12. 




11 


1.83 


2.75 


3.67 


4.58 


5.5 


6.42 


7.33 


8.25 


9.17 


10.08 






10 


1.67 


2.5 


3.33 


4.17 


5. 


5.83 


6.67 


7.5 


8.33 








9 


1.5 


2.25 


3. 


3.75 


4.5 


5.25 


6. 


6.75 










8 


1.33 


2. 


2.67 


3.33 


4. 


4.67 


5.33 












7 


1.17 


1.75 


2.33 


3.92 


3.5 


4.08 














6 


1. 


1.5 


2. 


2.50 


3. 
















5 


.83 


1.25 


1.67 


2.08 


















4 


.67 


1. 


1.33 




















3 


.50 


.75 






















2 


.33 










1 













To ascertain the contents of a piece of timber. Find in 
the table the contents of one foot and nmltlply by the 
length in feet of piece. 

Example :— What is the contents of a piece of timber 
10 X 11. 20 feet long? 9.17 X 20 = 183.4 feet. B. M, 



POCKET COMPANION. 



151 



TABLE TO FACILITATE THE MENSURATION OF 




THE SOLIDITY OF TIMBER. 




1 qr girth 
in 


Area in 


1 qr girth 


Area in ! 


1 qr girth 


Area in 


inches. 


Feet. 


in 
Inches. 


Feet, j 


in 
Inches. 


Feet. 


6 


.250 


121/4 


1.042 


19 


2.506 


61/4 


.272 


123/1 


1.085 


191/2 


2.640 


6V2 


.294 


1.129 


20 


2.777 


68/4 


.317 


13 


1.174 


201/2 


2.917 


7 


.340 


131/4 


1.219 


21 


3.062 


71/4 


.364 


131/2 


1.265 


2IV2 


3.209 




.390 


133/k 


1.313 


22 


3 362 


.417 


14 


1.361 


221/2 


3.516 


8^ 


.444 


141/4 


1.410 




3.673 


8I/4 


.472 


141/2 


1.460 


iv2 


3.835 


8I/2 


.501 


143/4 


1.511 


24 


4.000 


834 


.531 


15 


1.562 


241/2 


4.168 


9 


.562 


151/4 


1.615 


25 


4.340 


91/4 


.594 


151/2 


1.668 


251/2 


4.516 


91/2 


.626 


153y^ 


1.722 


26 


4.694 


934 


.659 


16 


1.777 


26V2 


4.876 


10 


.694 


I6I/4 


1.833 


27 


5.062 


101/4 


.730 


I6I/2 


1.890 


271/2 


5.252 


101/2 


.766 


163/4 


1.948 


28 


5.444 


103/4 


.803 


17 


2.006 


281/2 


5.640 


11 


.840 


171/4 


2.066 


29 


5.840 


1114 


.878 


17V2 


2.126 


291/2 


6,044 


IIV2 


.918 


1734 


2.187 


30 


6.250 


11^/4 


.959 


18 


2.250 






12 


1.000 


181/2 


2.376 







Rule:— Multiply the area corresponding to the quarter 
girth in inches by the length in feet. 

Example:— Given a piece of timber 20 feet long and 12 
inches square. 

The number opposite 12 inches = 1.000 X 20 = 20 Cubic 
feet. 

The following table of scantling measure gives the num- 
ber of feet in a scantling from 1 foot to 13 feet and from 
2X2 to 11X12. 

Example:— How many feet in a 5x6 scantling 10 feet 
long? First find 10 feet under the column marked "Length 
in Feet" and opposite the number under the column mar- 
ked 5X6 will be found 25 feet, the number of feet, the 
scantling contains, 

If your scantling is longer than that given in the table 
take two lengths and add them together. 

Example:— How many feet in a 3X4 scantling 21 feet 
long? Opposite 10 feet and under 3X4 is 10 feet. Opposite 
11 feet and under 3X4 is 11 feet. Then 10 + H = 21 feet, 
the number of feet the scantling contains. 



152 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

SCANTLING MEASURE. 



Length 
in Feet. 


INCHES. 


2X2 1 2X3 1 2X4 | 2X5 | 2x6 ! 2X7 




ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. m. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


1 





4 


6 


8 


10 


1 


1 2 


2 





8 


1 


1 4 


1 8 


2 


2 4 


3 


1 





1 6 


2 


2 6 


3 


3 6 


4 


1 


4 


2 


2 8 


3 4 


4 


4 8 


5 


1 


8 


2 6 


3 4 


4 2 


5 


5 10 


6 


2 





3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


7 


2 


4 


3 6 


4 8 


5 10 


7 


8 2 


8 


2 


8 


4 


5 4 


6 8 


8 


9 4 


9 


8 





4 6 


6 


7 6 


9 


10 6 


10 


8 


4 


5 


6 8 


8 4 


10 


11 8 


11 


8 


8 


5 6 


7 4 


9 2 


11 


12 10 


12 


4 





6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


13 


4 


4 


6 6 


8 8 


10 10 


13 


15 2 





1 21/2X3 1 21/2X4 1 21/2X5 


1 21/2X6 1 21/2X7 


1 2V2X8 


1 





8 





10 


1 


1 


1 


3 


1 6 


1 8 


2 


1 


3 


1 


8 


2 


1 


2 


6 


2 11 


3 4 


3 


1 


11 


2 


6 


3 


1 


3 


9 


4 5 


5 


4 


2 


6 


3 


4 


4 


2 


5 





5 10 


6 8 


5 


3 


2 


4 


2 


5 


8 


6 


8 


7 4 


8 4 


6 


3 


9 


5 





6 


3 


7 


6 


8 9 


10 


7 


4 


5 


5 


10 


7 


4 


8 


9 


10 3 


11 8 


8 


5 





6 


8 


8 


4 


10 





11 8 


13 4 


9 


5 


8 


7 


6 


9 


5 


11 


8 


13 2 


15 


10 


6 


3 


8 


4 


10 


5 


12 


6 


14 7 


16 8 


11 


6 


11 


9 


2 


11 


6 


13 


9 


16 1 


18 4 


12 


7 


6 


10 





12 


H 


15 





17 6 


20 


13 


8 


2 


10 


10 


13 


7 


16 


3 


19 


21 8 





3X 


3 


i 3X4 


i 3X5 


1 3X6 


3 


x7 


3X8 


1 





9 


1 





1 


8 


1 


6 ! 1 


9 


2 


2 


1 


6 


2 


U 


2 


^.6 


3 





8 


6 


4 


3 


2 


3 


3 





3 


9 


4 


6 


5 


8 


6 


4 


3 


U 


4 





5 





6 





7 





8 


5 


3 


9 


5 





6 


8 


7 


6 


8 


9 


10 


6 


4 


6 


6 


U 


7 


6 


9 





10 


6 


12 


7 


b 


3 


7 





8 


9 


10 


6 


12 


8 


14 


8 


6 


U 


8 





10 





12 





14 





16 


9 


6 


9 


9 


U 


11 


8 


18 


6 


15 


9 


18 


10 


7 


6 


10 





12 


6 


15 





17 


6 


20 


11 


8 


8 


11 





13 


9 


16 


6 


19 


8 


22 


12 


9 


U 


12 





15 





18 





21 





24 


13 


9 


9 


13 





16 


3 


19 


6 


22 


9 


26 



POCKET COMPANION. 153 

SCANTLING MEASURE. 



Length 
in Feet. 



INCHES. 



4X4 I 4x5 



4X6 I 4X7 



4X8 I 4X9 





ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


1 


1 


4 


1 


8 


2 





2 


4 


2 


8 


3 





2 


2 


8 


3 


4 


4 





4 


8 


5 


4 


6 





3 


4 





5 





6 





7 





8 





9 





4 


5 


4 


6 


8 


8 





9 


4 


10 


8 


12 





5 


6 


8 


8 


4 


10 





11 


8 


13 


4 


15 





6 


8 





10 





12 





14 





16 





18 





7 


9 


4 


11 


8 


14 





16 


4 


18 


8 


21 





8 


10 


8 


13 


4 


16 





18 


8 


21 


4 


24 





9 


12 





15 





18 





21 





24 





27 





10 


13 


4 


16 


8 


20 





23 


4 


26 


8 


30 





11 


14 


8 


18 . 


4 


22 





25 


8 


29 


4 


33 





12 


16 





20 





24 





28 





32 





36 





13 


17 


4 


21 


8 


26 





i30 


4 


34 


8 


39 






i 


5X5 i 


5X6 


! 


5X^ 


1 


5X8 


1 


5x 


9 i 


5X10 


1 


2 


1 


2 


6 


2 


11 


3 


4 


3 


9 


4 2 


2 


4 


2 


5 





5 


10 


6 


8 


7 


6 


8 4 


3 


6 


3 


7 


6 


8 


9 


10 





11 


3 


12 6 


4 


8 


4 


10 





11 


8 


13 


4 


15 





16 8 


5 


10 


5 


12 


6 


14 


7 


16 


8 


18 


9 


20 10 


6 


12 


6 


15 





17 


6 


20 





22 


6 


25 


7 


14 


7 


17 


6 


20 


5 


23 


4 


26 


3 


29 2 


8 


16 


8 


20 





23 


4 


26 


8 


30 





33 4 


9 


18 


9 


22 


6 


26 


8 


30 





33 


9 


37 6 


10 


20 


10 


25 





29 


2 


33 


4 


37 


6 


41 8 


11 


22 


11 


27 


6 


32 


1 


36 


8 


41 


3 


45 10 


12 


25 





30 





35 





40 





45 





50 


13 


27 


1 i32 


6 


37 


11 


43 


4 


48 


9 


54 2 



I 6X6 I 6X7 I 6X8 I 6X9 | 6x10 | 6X11 



1 


3 





8 


6 


4 





4 


6 


5 





5 


6 


2 


6 





7 





8 





9 





10 





11 





3 


9 





10 


6 


12 





13 


6 


15 





16 


6 


4 


12 





14 





16 





18 





20 





22 





5 


15 





17 


6 


20 





22 


6 


25 





27 


6 


6 


18 





21 





24 





27 





30 





33 





7 


21 





24 


6 


28 





31 


6 


35 





38 


6 


8 


24 





28 





32 





36 





40 





44 





9 


27 





31 


6 


36 





40 


6 


45 





49 


6 


10 


30 





35 





40 





45 





50 





55 





11 


33 





38 


(5 


44 





49 


6 


55 





60 


6 


12 


36 





42 





48 





54 





60 





66 





13 


39 





45 


6 


52 





58 


6 


65 





71 


6 



154 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

SCANTLING MEASURE. 



Leugth 
in Feet. 


INCHES. 


7X7 1 7X8 1 7X9 | 7x10 | 7x11 | 7X12 




ft. 


in 


ft. in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


1 


4 


1 


4 8 


5 


3 


5 10 


6 5 


7 


2 


8 


2 


9 4 


10 


6 


11 8 


12 10 


14 


3 


12 


3 


14 


15 


9 


17 6 


19 3 


21 


4 


16 


4 


18 8 


21 





23 4 


25 8 


28 


5 


20 


5 


23 4 


26 


3 


29 2 


32 1 


35 


6 


24 


6 


28 


31 


6 


35 


38 6 


42 


7 


28 


7 


32 8 


36 


9 


40 10 


44 11 


49 


8 


32 


8 


37 4 


42 





46 8 


51 4 


56 


9 


36 


9 


42 


47 


3 


52 6 


57 9 


63 


10 


40 


10 


46 8 


52 


6 


58 4 


64 2 


70 


11 


44 


11 


51 4 


57 


9 


64 .2 


70 7 


77 


12 


49 





56 


63 





70 


77 


84 


13 


53 


1 


60 8 


68 


3 


75 10 


83 5 


91 





8X8 i 


8X9 1 


8X10 


1 8X11 


8X12 i 


9X9 


1 


5 


4 


6 





6 


8 


7 


4 


8 





6 9 


2 


10 


8 


12 





13 


4 


14 


8 


16 





13 6 


3 


16 





18 





20 





22 





24 





20 3 


4 


21 


4 


24 





26 


8 


29 


4 


32 





27 


5 


26 


8 


30 





33 


4 


36 


8 


40 





33 9 


6 


32 





36 





40 





44 





48 





40 6 


7 


37 


4 


42 





46 


8 


51 


4 


56 





47 3 


8 


42 


8 


48 





53 


4 


58 


8 


64 





54 


9 


48 





54 





60 





66 





72 





60 9 


10 


53 


4 


60 





66 


8 


73 


4 


80 





67 6 


11 


58 


8 


66 





73 


4 


80 


8 


88 





74 3 


12 


64 





72 





80 





88 





96 





81 


13 


69 


4 


78 





86 


8 


95 


4 


104 





87 9 



9X10 I 9X11 I 9X12 I 10X10 | 10X11 | 10X12 



1 


7 


6 


8 


3 


9 





8 


4 


9 


2 


10 


2 


15 





16 


6 


18 





16 


8 


18 


4 


20 


3 


22 


6 


24 


9 


27 





25 





27 


6 


30 


4 


30 





33 





36 





33 


4 


36 


8 


40 


5 


37 


6 


41 


3 


45 





41 


8 


45 


10 


50 


6 


45 





49 


6 


54 





50 





55 





60 


7 


52 


6 


57 


9 


63 





58 


4 


64 


2 


70 


8 


60 





66 





72 





66 


8 


73 


4 


80 


9 


67 


6 


74 


3 


81 





75 





82 


6 


90 


10 


75 





82 


6 


90 





83 


4 


91 


8 


100 


11 


82 


6 


90 


9 


99 





91 


8 


100 


10 


110 


12 


90 





99 





108 





100 





110 





120 


13 


97 


6 1107 


3 


117 





108 


4 


119 


2 


130 



POCKET COMPANION. 155 

BOARD MEASURE, (I inch thick). 



Length 
in Feet. 








WIDTH IN INCHES. 










4 1 5 


6 ! 


7 1 8 


1 


9 




ft. 


in 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


1 





4 





5 


6 





7 





8 





9 


2 





8 





10 


1 


1 


2 


1 


4 


1 


6 


3 


1 





1 


3 


1 6 


1 


9 


2 





2 


3 


4 


1 


4 


1 


8 


2 


2 


4 


2 


8 


3 





5 


1 


8 


2 


1 


2 6 


2 


11 


3 


4 


3 


9 


6 


2 





2 


6 


3 


3 


6 


4 





4 


6 


7 


2 


4 


2 


11 


3 6 


4 


1 


4 


8 


5 


3 


8 


2 


8 


3 


4 


4 


4 


8 


5 


4 


6 





9 


3 





3 


9 


4 6 


5 


3 


6 





6 


9 


10 


3 


4 


4 


2 


5 


5 


10 


6 


8 


7 


6 


11 


3 


8 


4 


7 


5 6 


6 


5 


7 


4 


8 


3 


12 


4 





5 





6 


7 





8 





9 





13 


4 


4 


5 


5 


6 6 


7 


7 


8 


8 


9 


9 





10 


i 11 


12 




13 




14 i 


15 


1 





10 





11 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


1 3 


2 


1 


8 


1 


10 


2 


2 


2 


2 


4 


2 6 


3 


2 


6 


2 


9 


3 


3 


3 


3 


6 


3 9 


4 


3 


4 


3 


8 


4 


4 


4 


4 


8 


5 


5 


4 


2 


4 


7 


5 


5 


5 


5 


10 


6 3 


6 


5 





5 


() 


6 


6 


6 


6 





7 6 


7 


5 


10 


6 


5 


7 


7 


7 


7 


2 


8 9 


8 . 


6 


8 


7 


4 


8 


8 


8 


8 


4 


10 


9 


7 


6 


8 


3 


9 


9 


9 


9 


6 


11 3 


10 


8 


4 


9 


2 


10 


10 


10 


10 


8 


12 6 


11 


9 


2 


10 


1 


11 


11 


11 


11 


10 


13 9 


12 


10 





11 





12 


13 





14 





15 


13 


10 


10 


11 


11 


13 


14 


1 


15 


2 


16 3 





16 


1 


17 






18 


19 


1 


20 




21 




1 


1 


4 


1 


5 


1 


6 


1 


7 


1 


8 


1 


9 


2 


2 


8 


2 


10 


3 





3 


2 


3 


4 


3 


6 


3 


4 





4 


3 


4 


6 


4 


9 


5 





5 


3 


4 


5 


4 


5 


8 


6 





6 


4 


6 


8 


7 





5 


6 


8 


7 


1 


7 


6 


7 


11 


8 


4 


8 


9 


6 


8 





8 


6 


9 





9 


6 


10 





10 


6 


7 


9 


4 


9 


11 


10 


6 


11 


1 


11 


8 


12 


3 


8 


10 


8 


11 


4 


12 





12 


8 


13 


4 


14 





9 


12 





12 


9 


13 


6 


14 


3 


15 





15 


9 


10 


13 


4 


14 


2 


15 





15 


10 


16 


8 


17 


6 


11 


14 


8 


15 


7 


16 


6 


17 


5 


18 


4 


19 


3 


12 


16 





17 





18 





19 





20 





21 





13 


17 


4 


18 


5 


19 


6 


20 


7 


21 


8 


22 


9 



Note: 
manner 



—The rule for this table is worked in the same 
as the rule for scantling measure, on page 151. 



156 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

BOARD M E AS U RE, (2 inch thick). 



Length 
in Feet. 



WIDTH IN INCHES. 



9 I 10 I 11 





ft. m 


ft. 


in. 


n. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


8 


8 


9 


4 


10 


8 


12 





13 


4 


14 8 


9 


9 


10 


G 


12 





13 


6 


15 





16 6 


10 


10 


n 


8 


13 


4 


15 





16 


8 


18 4 


11 


11 


12 


10 


14 , 


8 


16 


6 


18 


4 


20 2 


12 


12 


]4 





16 





18 





20 





22 


13 


13 


15 


2 


17 


4 


19 


6 


21 


8 


23 10 


14 


14 


16 


4 


18 


8 


21 





23 


4 


25 8 


15 


15 


17 


6 


20 





22 


6 


25 





27 6 


16 


16 


18 


8 


21 


4 


24 





26 


8 


29 4 


17 


17 


19 


10 


22 


8 


25 


6 


28 


4 


31 2 


18 


18 


21 





24 





27 





30 





33 


19 


19 


22 


2 


25 


4 


28 


6 


31 


8 


34 10 


20 


20 


23 


4 


26 


8 


30 





33 


4 


36 8 


1 12 


13 ! 14 


i 


15 1 16 


i 17 


8 


16 


17 


4 


18 


8 


20 





21 


4 


22 8 


9 


18 


19 


6 


21 


0- 


22 


6 


24 





25 6 


10 


20 


21 


8 


23 


4 


25 





26 


8 


28 4 


11 


22 


23 


10 


25 


8 


27 


6 


29 


4 


31 2 


12 


24 


26 





28 





30 





32 





34 


13 


26 


28 


2 


30 


4 


32 


6 


34 


8 


36 10 


14 


28 


30 


4 


32 


8 


35 





37 


4 


39 8 


15 


30 


32 


6 


35 





37 


6 


40 





42 6 


16 


32 


34 


8 


37 


4 


40 





42 


8 


45 4 


17 


34 


36 


10 


39 


8 


42 


6 


45 


4 


48 2 


18 


36 


39 





42 





45 





48 





51 


19 


38 


41 


2 


44 


4 


47 


6 


50 


8 


53 10 


20 


40 


43 


4 


46 


8 


50 





53 


4 


56 8 





18 1 


19 






20 


21 


1 


22 




23 


8 


24 


25 


4 


26 


8 


28 





29 


4 


30 8 


9 


27 


28 


6 


30 





31 


6 


33 





34 6 


10 


30 


31 


8 


33 


4 


35 





36 


8 


38 4 


11 


33 


34 


10 


36 


8 


38 


6 


40 


4 


42 2 


12 


36 


38 





40 





42 





44 





46 


13 


39 


41 


2 


43 


4 


45 


6 


47 


8 


49 10 


14 


42 


44 


4 


46 


8 


49 





51 


4 


53 8 


15 


45 


47 


6 


50 





52 


6 


55 





57 6 


16 


48 


50 


8 


53 


4 


56 





58 


8 


61 4 


17 


51 


53 


10 


56 


8 


59 


6 


62 


4 


65 2 


18 


54 


57 





60 





63 





66 





69 


19 


57 


60 


2 


63 


4 


66 


6 


69 


8 


72 10 


20 


60 


63 


4 


66 


8 


70 





73 


4 


76 8 



Note:— The rule for this table is worked in the same 
manner as the rule for scantling measure, on page 151. 



POCKET COMPANION. 157 

Cubic Contents of Square Timber. 



Length 
in Feet. 


INCHES. 


6X6 1 6X7 1 6X8 | 6X9 | 6X10 


1 6X11 




ft. in 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


10 


2 6 


2 


11 


3 4 


3 9 


4 


2 


4 7 


11 


,2 9 


3 


3 


3 8 


4 2 


4 


7 


5 1 


12 


3 


3 


6 


4 


4 6 


5 





5 6 


13 


3 3 


3 


10 


4 4 


4 11 


5 


5 


6 


14 


3 6 


4 


1 


4 8 


5 3 


5 


10 


6 5 


15 


3 9 


4 


5 


5 


5 8 


6 


3 


6 11 


16 


4 


4 


8 


5 4 


6 


6 


8 


7 4 


17 


4 3 


5 





5 8 


6 5 


7 


1 


7 10 


18 


4 6 


5 


3 


6 


6 9 


7 


6 


8 3 


19 


4 9 


5 


7 


6 4 


7 2 


7 


11 


8 9 


20 


5 


5 


10 


6 8 


7 8 


8 


4 


9 2 


21 


5 3 


6 


2 


7 


7 11 


8 


9 


9 8 


22 


5 6 


6 


5 


7 4 


8 3 


9 


2 


10 1 





7X7 


7X8. 


i 7X9 


7X10 


7X11 


1 7X12 


10 


3 


5 


3 11 


4 


5 


4 


10 


5 


4 


5 10 


11 


3 


9 


4 3 


4 


10 


5 


4 


5 


11 


6 5 


12 


4 


1 


4 8 


5 


3 


5 


10 


6 


5 


7 


13 


4 


5 


5 1 


5 


8 


6 


4 


6 


n 


7 7 


14 


4 


9 


5 5 


6 


2 


6 


10 


7 


6 


8 2 


15 


5 


1 


5 8 


6 


7 


7 


4 


8 





8 9 


16 


5 


5 


6 3 


7 





7 


9 


8 


7 


9 4 


17 


5 


9 


6 7 


7 


5 


8 


3 


9 


1 


9 11 


18 


6 


2 


7 


7 


11 


8 


9 


9 


8 


10 6 


19 


6 


6 


7 5 


8 


4 


9 


3 


10 


2 


11 1 


20 


6 


10 


7 9 


8 


9 


9 


9 


10 


. 8 


11 8 


21 


7 


2 


8 2 


9 


2 


10 


3 


11 


3 


12 3 


22 


7 


6 


8 7 


9 


8 


10 


8 


11 


9 


12 10 





8x8 1 


8X9 1 


8X10 


8X11 1 


8X12 


8X13 


10 


4 


5 


5 





5 


7 


6 


1 


6 


8 


7 3 


11 


4 


n 


5 


6 


6 


1 


6 


9 


7 


4 


7 11 


12 


5 


4 


6 





6 


8 


7 


4 


8 





8 8 


13 


5 


9 


6 


6 


7 


3 


7 


11 


8 


8 


9 5 


14 


6 


3 


.7 





7 


9 


8 


7 


9 


4 


10 1 


15 


6 


8 


7 


6 


8 


4 


9 


2 


10 





10 10 


16 


7 


1 


8 





8 


11 


9 


9 


10 


8 


11 7 


17 


7 


7 


8 


6 


9 


5 


10 


5 


11 


4 


12 3 


18 


8 





9 





10 





11 





12 





13 


19 


8 


5 


9 


6 


10 


7 


11 


7 


12 


8 


13 9 


20 


8 


11 


10 





11 


1 


12 


3 


13 


4 


14 5 


21 


9 


4 


10 


6 


11 


8 


12 


10 


14 





15 2 


22 


9 


9 


11 





12 


3 


13 


5 


14 


8 


15 11 



Note :— The rule for this table is worked in the same 
manner as the rule for scantling measure, on page 151. 



158 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Cubic Contents of Round Timber. 



Length 
in Feet. 


DIAMETER IN INCHES. 


10 


1 11 1 12 


1 13 1 1^ 


[ 1 15 




ft. 


in 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


13 


7 


1 


8 


7 


10 


3 


12 





13 


11 


15 11 


14 


7 


8 


9 


3 


11 





12 


11 


15 




17 2 


15 


8 


2 


9 


11 


11 


9 


13 


10 


16 


1 


18 5 


16 


8 


9 


10 


7 


12 


7 


14 


9 


17 


1 


19 8 


17 


9 


3 


11 


3 


13 


4 


15 


8 


18 


2 


20 10 


18 


9 


10 


11 


11 


14 


2 


16 


7 


19 


3 


22 1 


19 


10 


4 


12 


7 


14 


11 


17 


6 


20 


4 


23 4 


20 


10 


11 


13 


2 


15 


9 


18 


5 


21 


5 


24 7 


21 


11 


6 


13 


10 


16 


6 


19 


4 


22 


6 


25 9 


22 


12 





14 


6 


17 


3 


20 


3 


23 


6 


27 


23 


12 


7 


15 


2 


18 


1 


21 


3 


24 


7 


28 3 


24 


13 


1 


15 


10 


18 


10 


22 


2 


25 


8 


29 6 


25 


13 


8 


16 


6 


19 


8 


23 


1 


26 


9 


80 8 




1( 


) 17 i 18 


1 


19 1 20 : 21 


13 


18 


2 


20 


6 


23 





25 


7 


28 


4 


31 3 


14 


19 


7 


22 


1 


24 


9 


27 


7 


80 


7 


33 8 


15 


20 


11 


23 


8 


26 


6 


29 


7 


32 


9 


36 1 


16 


22 


4 


25 


3 


28 


3 


31 


6 


34 


11 


38 6 


17 


23 


9 


26 


10 


30 


1 


33 


6 


37 


1 


40 11 


18 


25 


2 


28 


5 


31 


10 


35 


5 


39 


3 


43 4 


19 


26 


6 


30 





33 


7 


37 


5 


41 


6 


45 9 


20 


27 


11 31 


6 


35 


4 


39 


5 


43 


8 


48 2 


21 


29 


4 


33 


1 


37 


2 


41 


4 


45 


10 


50 6 


22 


30 


9 


34 


8 


38 


11 


43 


4 


48 





52 11 


23 


32 


2 


B6 


3 


40 


8 


45 


4 


50 


2 


55 4 


24 


33 


6 


87 


10 


42 


5 


47 


3 


52 


5 


57 9 


25 


34 


11 


89 


5 


44 


2 


49 


3 54 


7 


60 2 







^2 1 




23 


24 


1 




25 1 


26 1 


27 




13 


34 


4 


87 


6 


40 


10 


44 


4 


47 


11 


51 


9 


14 


87 





40 


5 


44 





47 


9 


51 


8 


55 


8 


15 


39 


7 


43 


4 


47 


2 


51 


2 


55 


4 


59 


8 


16 


42 


3 


46 


2 


50 


3 


54 


7 


59 





63 


8 


17 


44 


11 


49 


1 


53 


5 


58 





62 


8 


67 


7 


18 


47 


6 


51 


11 


56 


7 


61 


5 


66 


5 


71 


7 


19 


50 


2 


54 


10 


59 


9 


64 


10 


70 


1 


75 


7 


20 


52 


10 


57 


9 


62 


10 


68 


2 


73 


9 


79 


7 


21 


55 


6 


60 


7 


66 





71 


7 


77 


G 


83 


6 


22 


58 


1 


63 


6 


69 


2 


75 





81 


2 


87 


6 


23 


60 


9 


66 


5 


72 


3 


78 


5 


84 


10 


91 


6 


24 


63 


5 


69 


3 


75 


5 


81 


10 


88 


6 


95 


6 


25 


66 





72 


2 


78 


7 


85 


3 


92 


3 


99 


5 



Note:— The rule for this table is worked in the same 
manner as the rule for scantling measure, on page 151. 



POCKET COMPANION. 159 

Cubic Contents of Round Timber when Squared. 



Length 
in Feet. 






DIAMETER IN INCHES. 






] 


LO 1 


11 1 


12 1 


13 1 14 


1 15 






ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


tn. 


13 


4 


1 


4 


11 


5 


10 


6 


10 


8 





9 


2 


14 


4 


5 


5 


4 


6 


4 


7 


5 


8 


7 


9 


10 


15 


4 


8 


5 


8 


6 


9 


7 


11 


9 


2 


10 


7 


16 


5 





6 


1 


7 


2 


8 


5 


9 


10 


11 


3 


17 





4 


6 


5 


7 


8 


9 





10 


5 


11 


11 


18 


5 


8 


6 


10 


8 


1 


9 


6 


U 





12 


8 


19 


5 


11 


7 


2 


8 


7 


10 





11 


8 


13 


4 


20 


6 


3 


7 


7 


9 





10 


7 


12 


3 


14 


1 


21 


6 


7 


7 


11 


9 


5 


11 


1 


12 


10 


14 


9 


22 


6 


11 


8 


4 


9 


11 


11 


7 


13 


6 


15 


6 


23 


7 


2 


8 


8 


10 


4 


12 


2 


14 


1 


16 


2 


24 


7 


6 


9 


1 


10 


10 


12 


8 


14 


8 


16 


11 


25 


7 


10 


9 


5 


11 


3 


13 


2 


15 


4 


17 


7 





16 




17 




18 


1 




19 1 




20 . 


21 


13 


10 


5 


11 


9 


13 


2 


14 


8 


16 


3 


17 11 


14 


U 


2 


12 


8 


14 


2 


15 


10 


17 


6 


19 4 


15 


12 





13 


7 


15 


2 


16 


11 


18 


9 


20 8 


16 


12 


9 


14 


5 


16 


2 


18 


1 


20 





22 1 


17 


13 


7 


15 


4 


17 


3 


19 


2 


21 


3 


23 5 


18 


14 


5 


16 


3 


18 


3 


20 


4 


22 


6 


24 10 


19 


15 


2 


17 


2 


19 


3 


21 


5 


23 


9 


26 2 


20 


16 





18 


1 


20 


3 


22 


7 


25 





27 7 


21 


16 


9 


19 





21 


3 


23 


8 


26 


3 


28 11 


22 


17 


7 


19 


10 


22 


3 


24 


10 


27 


6 


30 4 


23 


18 


5 


20 


9 


23 


3 


25 


11 


28 


9 


31 8 


24 


19 


2 


21 


8 


24 


4 


27 


1 


30 





83 1 


25 


20 





22 


7 


25 


4 


28 


2131 


3 


34 5 







12 1 




23 


24 


1 




25 1 


26 1 


27 


13 


19 


8 


21 


6 


23 


5 


25 


5 


27 


6 


29 7 


14 


21 


2 


23 


2 


25 


2 


27 


4 


29 


7 


31 11 


15 


22 


8 


24 


10 


27 





29 


4 


31 


8 


34 2 


16 


24 


2 


26 


5 


28 


10 


31 


8 


33 


10 


36 5 


17 


25 


9 


28 


1 


30 


7 


33 


2 


35 


11 


38 9 


18 


27 


3 


29 


9 


32 


5 


35 


2 


38 





41 


19 


28 


9 


31 


5 


34 


2 


37 


1 


40 


2 


43 3 


20 


30 


3 


33 


1 


36 





39 


1 


42 


3 


45 7 


21 


31 


9 


34 


9 


37 


10 


41 





44 


4 


47 10 


22 


33 


3 


36 


4 


39 


7 


43 





46 


6 


50 1 


23 


34 


9 


38 





41 


5 


44 


11 


48 


7 


52 5 


24 


36 


4 


39 


8 


43 


2 


46 


11 


50 


8 


54 8 


25 


37 


10 


41 


4 


45 





48 


10 


52 


10 


56 11 



Note:— The rule for this table is worked in the same 
manner as the rule for scantling measure, on page 151. 



160 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Standard Contents of Logs. 



Length 
in Feet. 



DIAMETER IN INCHES. 



10 I 11 



12 I 13 I 14 



15 



10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 



.21 


.26 


.31 


.86 


.42 


.23 


.28 


.84 


.40 


.46 


.26 


.31 


.37 


.43 


.50 


.28 


.84 


.40 


.47 


.54 


.80 


.36 


.43 


.50 


.58 


.32 


.89 


.46 


.54 


.63 


.34 


.41 


.49 


.58 


.67 


.86 


.44 


.52 


.61 


.71 


.38 


.46 


.55 


.64 


.75 


.40 


.49 


.58 


.68 


.79 


.43 


.52 


.61 


.72 


.84 


.45 


.54 


.64 


.76 


.88 


.47 


.57 


.67 


.79 


.92 





16 


!- 17 


i 18 


19 


1 20 


i 21 


10 


.55 


.62 


.69 


.77 


.85 


.94 


11 


.60 


.68 


.76 


.85 


.94 


1.03 


12 


.65 


.74 


.83 


.92 


1.02 


1.18 


13 


.71 


.80 


.90 


1.00 


1.11 


1.22 


14 


.76 


.86 


.97 


1.08 


1.19 


1.32 


15 


.82 


.92 


1.04 


1.15 


1.28 


1.41 


16 


.87 


.99 


1.10 


1.23 


1.36 


1.50 


17 


.93 


L05 


1.17 


1.31 


1.45 


1.60 


18 


,98 


1.11 


1.24 


1.38 


1.53 


1.69 


19 


1.04 


L17 


1.81 


1.46 


1.62 


1.79 


20 


1.09 


1.23 


1.38 


1.54 


1.70 


1.88 


21 


1.15 


1.29 


1.45 


1.62 


1.79 


1.97 


22 


1.20 


1.35 


1.52 


1.69 


1.88 


2.07 





22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


10 


1.03 


1.13 


1.28 


1.83 


1.44 


1.55 


11 


1.13 


1.24 


1.35 


1.46 


1.58 


1.71 


12 


1.24 


1.35 


1.47 


1.60 


1.73 


1.86 


13 


1.34 


1.47 


1.60 


1.73 


1.86 


2.02 


14 


1.44 


1.58 


1.72 


1.86 


2.02 


2.17 


15 


1.55 


1.69 


1.84 


2.00 


2.16 


2.33 


16 


1.65 


1.80 


1.96 


2.13 


2.80 


2.49 


17 


1.75 


1.92 


2 09 


2.26 


2.45 


2.64 


18 


1.86 


2.03 


2.21 


2.40 


2.59 


2.80 


19 


1.96 


2.14 


2.33 


2.58 


2.74 


2.95 


20 


2.06 


2.25 


2.46 


2.66 


2.88 


3.11 


21 


2.17 


2.37 


2.58 


2.80 


3.02 


3.26 


22 


2.27 


2.48 


2.70 


2.93 


3.17 


3.42 



Note:— A log 18 feet long and 19 inches in diameter is 
the standard. The table shows the comparison of logs 
with this standard. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



IGl 



Table showing the Temperature of Steam at different 

pressures, from I lb., to 240 lbs., per square inch, 

and the quantity of Steam produced from a cubic 

inch of water, according to pressure. 





Corresp'd'g 
Temp, of S. 
to pressure. 


C. Ins. of S. 
from a C. In 
of waier ac- 
cord'g to P. 


1^ 


Corresp'd'g 
Temp, of S. 
to pressure. 


C. Ins. of S. 
from a C.In 
of water ac- 
cord' g to P. 


2^ 

^1 


Corresp'd'g 
Temp, of S. 
to pressure. 


C Ins. of S. 
from a C.In 
of water ac- 
cord's to P. 


1 


102.9 


20868 


39 


267.5 


695 


77 


313.1 


374 


2 


126.1 


10874 


40 


269.1 


679 


78 


314.0 


370 


a 


141.0 


7437 


41 


270.6 


666 


79 


314.9 


366 


4 


152.3 


5685 


42 


272.1 


649 


80 


315.8 


362 


5 


161.4 


4617 


43 


273.6 


635 


81 


316.7 


358 


6 


169.2 


3897 


44 


275.0 


622 


82 


317.6 


354 


7 


175.9 


3376 


45 


276.4 


610 


83 


318.4 


350 


8 


182.0 


2983 


46 


277.8 


589 


84 


319.3 


346 


9 


187.4 


2674 


47 


279.2 


586 


85 


320.1 


342 


10 


192.4 


2426 


48 


280.5 


575 


86 


321.0 


339 


11 


197.0 


2221 


49 


281.9 


564 


87 


321.8 


335 


12 


201.3 


2050 


50 


283.2 


554 


88 


322.6 


332 


13 


205.3 


1904 


51 


284.4 


544 


89 


323.5 


328 


14 


209.1 


1778 


52 


285.7 


534 


90 


324.3 


325 


15 


212.8 


1669 


53 


286.9 


525 


91 


325.1 


322 


16 


216.3 


1573 


54 


288.1 


516 


92 


325.9 


319 


17 


219.6 


1488 


55 289.3 


508 


93 


326.7 


316 


18 


222.7 


1411 


56 


290.5 


500 


94 


327.5 


313 


19 


225.6 


1343 


57 


291.7 


492 


95 


328.2 


310 


20 


228.5 


1281 


58 


292.9 


484 


96 


329.0 


307 


21 


231.2 


1225 


59 


294.2 


477 


97 


329.8 


304 


22 


233.8 


1174 


60 


295.6 


470 


98 


330.5 


301 


23 


236.3 


1127 


61 


296.9 


463 


99 


331.3 


298 


24 


238.7 


1084 


62 


298.1 


456 


100 


332.0 


'295 


25 


241.0 


1044 


63 


299.2 


449 


110 


339.2 


271 


26 


243.3 


1007 


64 


300.3 


443 


120 


345.8 


251 


27 


245.5 


973 


65 


301.3 


437 


130 


352.1 


233 


28 


247.6 


941 


66 


302.4 


431 


140 


357.9 


218 


29 


249.6 


911 


67 


303.4 


425 


150 


363.4 


205 


30 


251.6 


883 


68 


304.4 


419 


160 


368.7 


193 


31 


253.6 


857 


69 


305.4 


414 


170 


373.6 


183 


32 


255.5 


833 


70 


306.4 


408 


180 


378.4 


174 


33 


257.3 


810 


71 


307.4 


403 


190 


382.9 


166 


34 


259.1 


788 


72 


308.4 


398 


200 


387.3 


158 


35 


260.9 


767 


73 


309.3 


393 


210 


391.5 


151 


36 


262.6 


748 


74 


310.3 


388 


220 


395.5 


145 


37 


264.3 


729 


75 


311.2 


383 


230 


399.4 


140 


38 


265.9 


712 


76 


312.2 


379 


240 


403.1 


134 



Note:— Add the pressure of tlie atmosphere 15 lbs to the 
pressure on the Steam gauge, to correspond with the table. 



162 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table showing the average Pressure ot the Steam upon 

the Piston throughout the Stroke when cut-off in 

the Cylinder, from I - 3 to 11-12 commencing 

with 10 lbs., and advancing in 5 lbs., up to 

I 35 lbs.. Pressure. 



t^^ 


Pressure in Hbs., at the Commencement 


5"S 


of the Stroke. 


10 1 15 1 20 1 25 1 30 i 35 i 40 1 45 ! 50 ! 55 1 60 1 65 1 70 | 75 





Average Pressure in lbs. upon the Piston. 


i 


7 


lOJ 


141 


in 


21 


241 


28 


31i 


35 


381 


42 


454 


49 


52i 


9i 


14 


18| 


23| 


281 


322 


37^ 


42 


462 


511 


561 


61 


651 


70i 


14 


6 


9 


12 


15 


17| 


202 


232 


261 


292 


322 


352 


382 


412 


44f 


1/0 


80- 


122 


17 


21 


25.- 


29, 


332 


38 


421 


461 


502 


55 


59: 


63^ 


3/4 


9? 


14.^ 


m 


24 


281 


33^ 


381 


43 i 


48i 


53 


572 


621 


671 


72i 


1-5 


5. 


71 


vn 


13 


15.2 


18i 


202 


23 i 


26 


28i 


311 


34 


36, 


39 


2-5 


7^ 


m 


m 


19 


23 


262 


30^- 


241 


m 


42 


46 


492 


53,^ 


571 


3-5 


9 


13 


18 


221 


27 


3I5 


36| 


401 


45i 


492 


541 


582 


63: 


67; 


4-5 


91 


m 


19J 


23| 


29i 


341 


39 


44 


49 


532 


581 


63^ 


68^ 


73 


1-6 


U 


7 


9i 


IH 


14 


I64 


m 


202 


231 


251 


272 


301 


321 


34; 


5-6 


9| 


14? 


191 


24| 


29^ 


34- 


39i 


441 


491 


54 


59 


64 


69 


73i 


1-7 


4i 


64 


8| 


io| 


12. 


142 


162 


182 


21 


231 


251 


271 


29^ 


31 


2-7 


61 


9^ 


12| 


16 


194 


22,- 


252 


28| 


32 


351 


38^ 


412 


45 


484- 


3-7 


7| 


111 


15| 


19| 

22t 


231 


27f 


311 


85i 


391 


43^ 


47i 


5U 


55i 


59.: 


4-7 


8| 


13j 


17i 


261 


3I4 


35^ 


40 


441 


49 


m 


572 


62i 


66: 


5-7 


9^ 


ui 


19 


23f 


28^ 


331 


381- 


421 


472 


521 


m 


62 


662 


7I2 


6-7 


9| 


14^- 


191 


24f 


29^ 


34, 


39i 


441 


m 


541 


m 


63f 


691 


741 


Vs 


3| 


51 


7| 


9^ 


lU 


131 


15i 


17i 


m 


2U 


23 


25 


27 


282- 


8/g 


u 


11 


141 


isl 


22,r 


26 


292 


33^ 


37 


402 


44^ 


481 


52 


55; 


5/3 


9i 


131 


18J 


22I 


274 


32 


362 


41i 


45^ 


m 


55j 


592 


64? 


68j 


% 


9| 


141 


191 


24| 


292- 


342 


m 


m 


49^ 


54^ 


59^ 


641 


69^ 


74.- 


1-9 


3^ 


5i 


7 


8| 


lOi 


12i 


14i 


152 


171 


19^ 


21: 


23 


242 


26i 


2-9 


5k 


Sh 


11 


131 


16i 


19i 


22i 


25 


271 


30^ 


33 


36 


38; 


41: 


4-9 


8 


12 


16 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


401 


44i 


48: 


52i 


56 


60 


5-9 


8| 


13i 


17^ 


22 


26i 


302 


35j 


39^ 


44 


48i 


52;: 


56| 


61f 


66 


7-9 


9^ 


14^ 


m 


241 


29 


34 


382 


432 


48^ 


53^ 


58: 


631 


68 


721 


8-9 


9| 


141 


m 


24f 


291 


343 


392 


44i 


i% 


m 


59^ 


64J 


691 


74i 


1-11 


3 


4i 


6 


7| 


94- 


101 


m 


13| 


151 


162 


18i 


20 


2U 


23 


2-11 


4| 


7i 


91 


121 


141 


17^ 


19i 


22 


24^ 


27 


29i 


312 


341 


361 


8-11 


61 


9^ 


12i 


151 


18f 


212 


25 


23 


311 


341 


37^ 


40f 


432 


47 


4-11 


U 


101 


14^- 


m 


21f 


25* 


291 


322 


36^ 


m 


432 


47. 


51 


541 


5-11 


8 


12 


m 


201 


241 


28i 


32i 


36^ 


4O5 


44^ 


481 


522 


562 


60 


6-11 


8| 


13 


m 


21i 


m 


30^ 


35 


391 


432 


48 


52, 


56f 


611 


65 


7-11 


9i 


m 


m 


23 


27,- 


321 


362 


4U 


46 


501 


551 


60 


64J 


69 


8-11 


9^ 


14i 


19 


231 


281 


33J 


381 


43 


472 


522 


57^ 


62^ 


67 


71 


9-11 


9| 


141 


19^ 


m 


29: 


341 


39j 


44 


49 


54 


582- 


632 


68f 


73 


10-11 


9| 


14£- 


191 


241 


292 


34.1 


39^ 


442 


492 


542 


59^- 


64| 


69| 


74: 


1-12 


25 


4i 


51 


7i 


81 


10 


11 


13 


14^ 


152 


17? 


182 


20| 


21 


7-12 


8i 


12^ 


161 


21 


251 


29^ 


332 


38 


421 


46^ 


50f 


55 


591 


63 


11-12 


9* 


141 


191 


242 


292 


342 


39| 


441 


491 


541 


592 


64f 


692 


742 



POCKET COMPANION. 



163 



Table showing the average Pressure of the Steam upon 

the Piston throughout the Stroke when cut-off in 

the Cylinder, from I - 3 to 11-12 commencing 

with I lbs., and advancing in 5 lbs., up to 

135 lbs., Pressure, {Continued). 





Pressure in R)S., at the Commencement 




of the Stroke. 


B^B 


80 1 85 r90 1 95 |100| 105 1 110 1 115 1 120 1 125 | 130 1 185 


|o^ 


Average Pressure in lbs. upon the Piston. 


1/3 


56 


59i 


63 


06-^- 70 


73 


77i 


80i 


84 


87-1 


91 


94i 




75 


m 


m 


B9 93f 


981 


103 


1071 


1122 


117 


1211 


126i 


471 


50| 


m 


561 59! 


62? 


65i- 


68i- 


lU 


741 


771 


80i 


l/o 


67f 


72 


761 


m 


841 


89 


981- 


971- 


IOI2 


1052 


110 


1141 


3/4 


77j 


82 


87 


911 


96i 


lOU 


1061 


111 


1152 


1202 


125, 


130i 


1-5 


41f 


441 


47 


49J 


521 


54| 


571 


60 


621 


651 


67f 


701 


2-5 


61i 


65 


69 


721 


76i 


m 


84i 


88 


912 


952 


994 


103i 


3-5 


72-- 


77 


8U- 


86 


90^ 


951 


m 


1041 


1082 


1131 


1172 


122i 


4-5 


78i 


83 


88 


921 


971 


1021 


\m 


1121 


117^ 


122-1 


1271 


182 


1-6 


87i 


39i 


41f 


441 


46^ 


481 


51i 


581 


552 


58 


60i 


621 


5-6 


78f 


831 


88a 


931 


98i 


103^ 


1081 


1131 


118} 


1281 


128 


133 


1-7 


33^ 


351 


37| 


40 


42 


44 


46 


481 


504 


521 


542 


561 


2-7 


51^ 


54^ 


57f 


61 


641 


67^ 


703 


74 


771 


m 


88i 


861 


3-7 


684 


67^ 


711 


754 


79 


83 


87 


91 


9^2 


982 


1021 


1061 


4-7 


71 


652- 


80 


84i 


89 


93i 


98 


102^ 


1062 


\m 


1152 


120i 


5-7 


765 


81 


85| 


901 


95^ 


lOOi 


105 


1091 


114^ 


1191 


124 


1281 


6-7 


79 


84 


89 


93f 


982 


1081 


108f 


1131 


1182 


128^ 


1281 


133i 


1/g 


301 


32| 


34, 


36,: 


m 


4Ci 


42| 


441 


461 


48 


50 


52 


3/g 


59^ 


63 


66| 


7O2 


741 


78 


811 


85^ 


89 


922 


96i 


lOOi 


Wq 


73i 


78 


82. 


87i 


91| 


961 


101 


1051 


1101 


1142 


119i 


124 


?8 


791 


841 


89 


94^ 


99 


104 


109 


114 


119 


124 


1281 


1881 


1-9 


281- 


30:: 


31f 


884 


m 


871 


89 


481 


424 


441 


46 


47i^ 


2-9 


44^ 


47:, 


55 


574 


55i 


581- 


61 


68f 


66f 


69,1 


72^ 


75 


4-9 


64i 


68: 


72i 


76. 


80i 


m 


881 


921 


96-4 


lOli- 


104^ 


108J 


5-9 


70^ 


743 


791 


831 


88 


m 


97 


IOI4 


1052 


1101 


1141 


119 


7-9 


771 


m 


871 


924 


974- 


102 


107 


lllf 


1162 


121i 


126.i 


131i 


8-9 


79i 


84: ; 


89i 


94i 


99i 


1041 


1091 


1141 


1191 


124 


129 


134 


Ml 


m 


264 


271 


291 


30f 


821 


83f 


851 


37 


882 


40 


¥| 


2-11 


89| 


41i 


441- 


461 


49 


5U 


54 


561 


59 


6U 


682 




3-11 


50 


531 


561 


594 


62^ 


65? 


681 


72 


751 


78i 


81i 


84| 


4-11 


m 


62 


65^ 


69; 


73 


76f 


801 


84 


872 


9U 


95 


98* 


5-11 


65 


69 


73 


77 


811 


851 


891 


931 


97-1 


lOU 


1054 


1091 


6-11 


70 


741 


78| 


83 


874 


91f 


961- 


1082 


105 


109J 


1132 


1181 


7-11 


78i 


m 


83 


871 


924 


97 


lOU 


1061 


1102 


115i 


120 


1241 


8-11 


761 


8H 


861 


91 


955 


101^ 


105i 


1101 


115 


1194 


1244 


129i 


9-11 


781 




881 


981 


98^ 


103 


108 


1121 


1172 


122i 


1271 


132i 


10-11 


1% 


844 


891 


94^ 


99^ 


1044 


1094 


1141 


119i 


124^ 


\m 


134i 


1-12 


m 


24-J 


26 


27^ 


29 


80| 


31!^ 


831 


342 


35: 


372 


39 


7-12 


671 


72 


761 


801 


84f 


89 


93i 


m 


im 


105i 


110 


114^ 


11-12 


79^ 


m 


894 


944 


99i 


1041 


109i 


114^ 


1194 


1244 


129i 


134i 



164 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

CONDENSING ENGINE. 
Example:— 15 pounds pressure on the piston above 
atmosphere, cut-off at one-fourth the piston's traverse, 
will be thus; 15 pounds steam and 15 pounds the atmos- 
phere pressure equals 30; then look for 30 pounds at the 
head of the table, and down the first column for 14 ; trace 
that 14 under 30 and you will find the average to be 1734 
pounds throughout the stroke. 

NON-CONDENSING ENGINE. 

Example:— 45 pounds steam above atmosphere upon 
the piston, cut-off at one quarter the length of stroke. 
Thus 45 pounds of steam cut-off at one-fourth the stroke 
with 15 pounds added make 60 pounds. 

Look for 60 on the top line and 14 on the side, trace that 
14 to the figures under 60 and the average will be found to 
be 35B4 pounds. Take 16 pounds from 8534 pounds, for 
friction (1 lb)., and atmosphere pressure, and there 
remains 1934 pounds, the available pressure on the piston. 



STEAM. 

A cubic inch of water evaporated under an ordinary 
atmospheric pressure Is converted into 1 cubic foot of 
steam (approximately.). 

The specific gravity of steam (at atmospheric pressure) is 
.411 that of air at 34° Fahrenheit, and .0006 that of water 
at same temperature. 

27.222 cubic feet of steam weigh 1 pound; 13.817 cubic 
feet of air weigh 1 pound. 

Locomotives average a consumption of 8000 gallons of 
water per 100 miles run. 

The best designed boilers, well set with good draft and 
skillful firing, will evaporate from 7 to 10 pounds of water 
per pound of first-class coal. The average result is from 
25 to 60 per cent, below this. 

In calculating horse-power of Tubular or Flue boilers, 
consider 15 square feet of heating surface equivalent to 
one nominal horse-power. 

Steam engines in economy, vary from 20 to 60 pounds of 
feed water, and from 2 to 7 pounds of coal per hour per 
indicated horse-power. 

Condensing engines require from 20 to 30 gallons of 
water to condense the steam represented by every gallon of 
water evaporated— approximately for most engines, we 
say, from 1 to II/2 gallons per minute per I. H. P. Jet 
condensers do not require quite as much water for con- 
densing as surface condensers. 

Surface condensers should have about 2 square feet of 
tube (cooling surface per horse-power of steam engine. 



I 



POCKET COMPANION. 



165 



RATIO OF VACUUM TO TEMPERATURE (Fahrenheit) 
OF FEED WATER. 



Inches, Vacuum 212° 171/2 Inches, Vacmim, 112° 

11 " " 190° 281/2 " " 92° 

18 ♦' '' 170° 29 " '' 72° 

221/2 '' " 150° 291/2 " " 52° 

*25 '' " 135° 

*Usually considered the standard point of efficiency— con- 
denser and air pump being well proportioned. 



A TABLE OF MULTIPLIERS TO FIND THE LAP AND 
LEAD, WHEN THE STEAM IS TO BE CUT 

OFF AT 1/4 TO 7/8ths OF STROKE. 



Half- 
Stroke. 



Five-eig'hs 

of 
the stroke. 



Three- I Seven- 
fourths of eighths of 
the Stroke. |theStroke 



2 I 1 



2 I 1 



lap. 


lead. 


2.41 


.000 


2.16 


.145 


2.06 


.198 


1.94 


.268 


1.84 


.818 


1.97 


.858 


1.71 


.891 


1.65 


.420 


1.60 


.444 


1.56 


.467 


1.48 


.505 


1.41 


.540 


1.85 


.570 


1.80 


.595 


1.25 


.617 


1.21 


.688 


1.17 


.657 


1.13 


.674 



lap. 

1.58 

1.41 

1.35 

1.27 

1.21 

L16 

1.12 

1.08 

1.05 ' 

1.02 
.968 
.921 
.881 
.844 
.810 
.779 
.751 
.724 



lead. 
.000 
.124 
.170 
.231 
.276 
.312 
.342 
.368 
.391 
.412 
.449 



.532 
.554 

.572 
.592 
.607 



lap. 

1.000 
.893 
.851 
.795 
.754 
.723 
.691 
.668 
.644 
.623 
.586 
.554 
.526 
.500 
.476 
,454 
,434 
.415 



lead. 
.000 
.105 
.146 
.200 
.240 
.271 
.299 
.322 
.343 
.362 
.396 
.425 
.451 
.473 
.495 
.514 
.532 
.548 



lap. lead 

.540 .000 

.477 .089 

.450 .123 

.413 .170 

.385 .204 

.363 .232 

.344 .257 

.327 .277 

.313 .296 

.298 .313 

.273 .343 

.251 .370 

.232 .393 

.215 .414 

.198 .434 

.183 .452 

.160 .468 

.156 .483 



-a:, ^ S O 






.00000 
.00208 
.00416 
.00833 
.01250 
.01666 
.02083 
.02500 
.02916 
.03333 
.04166 
05000 
05833 
06666 
07500 
08333 
09166 
00000 



The lap must be equal to the width of the Steam port 
multiplied by col 1. The lead must be equal to the width 
of the Steam port multiplied by col. 2. 

Example:— Stroke 36 inches; width of port 2 inches; 
Steam to be cut off at half-stroke; distance of the piston 
from the end of its stroke when Steam is readmitted for 
the return stroke, 1.5 inches. 

1.5 ^ 18 = .0833 Find that number or the one nearest to 
it, in the right hand or last column, and take out the mul- 
tipliers on the same line under the head half-stroke. 

Then 2 x 1.21 = 2.42 inches = the lap. 

And 2X .638=L276 " = the lead. 



166 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table showing the amount of "LAP" required for 
slide valves, when the Steann is to be worked expansively. 



Traverse 
of the 
Valve in 


Traverse of the Piston when the Steam is cnt-ofl. 


1/4 1 1/3 15-12 


1/2 1 7-12 1 


2/^3 1 3/4 1 10-12 


11-12 


Inches. 


The required Lap. 


2 


7/8 


3/4 


H 


5/8 


f« 


^/2 


Y5 


^/8 


h 


21/2 


IrV 




% 


n 


U 


1^^ 


1/2 


?^ 


% 


3 




u^ 


11/g 




^^ 


34 


5/8 


^n 




31/2 


IV2 


ih 


IiIt 


11/8 


It^t 


1 


?8 


3/4 


TB 


4 


IWa 


h% 


It^b 


iiir 


114 


ItV 




i^- 


I4 


41/2 


2 


Vd 


ItIt 


IV'^ 


13/8 


11/4 


11/8 


% 


5 


21/8 


2 


lU 


1^ 


IV?! 


13/8 


11/4 




if 


51/2 


2,^, 


2f'B 


2 


Mi 


15/8 


11/3 




11/8 


^n 


6 




2^ 


2f»if 


2 


14^ 


15/8 


Ih 


il 


61/2 


234 


2fi. 




2.^ 


2 


m 


15/8 






7 


8 


2iA 


'Zi% 


23/8 


252 


2 


134 


1% 


11/8 


71/2 


3i^ 


3 


2H 


21/a 


23/8 


2^^^ 


2% 


11/2 


1?^ 


8 


Sh 


3^ 


3 


2% 


21/2 


23/8 


2 


15/8 


11/4 


81/2 


35/8 


3i^n 


3f^ 


21^ 


2U 


21/2 


21/8 




Ifs 


9 


m 


35/8 


3^ 


3 


21^ 


2H 


21/4 


17/q 


13/8 


91/2 


4 


m 


35/8 


3^ 


3 


2i^ 


23/8 


2 


If^ 


10 


41/4 


4 


3^^ 


'dT% 


8f^^ 


3 


21/2 


2-^ 


11/2 


IOV2 


4t^ 


414 


4 


31/2 


3,^ 


31/8 


25/8 


2-~n 




11 


4rlT 


4t'h 


41/4 


85/g 


31/3 


3,^e 


23/4 


21/4 


IIV2 


m 


4^^^ 


4^6 


3V/8 


35/8 




2y/8 




12 


5 Uig 


4-^ 


4V8 


4 


35/8 


3 


21/2 


1% 



Note:— The traverse of the valves being ascertained, 
and also the amount of cut-off desired, the above table 
shows the amount of *' LAP " required. 



Table of Constant Numbers, by which to ascertain the 
Average Pressure of the Steam against the Piston 
for Different Pressure and Points of Cut-off, 
from I -4 to 7-8 of the stroke. 



Point of 
Cut-off. 


Constant 
Number. 


1 Point of 
1 Cut-off. 


Constant 
Number. 


1/2 


.5965 
.6995 

.7428 
.8465 


5/8 
% 


.9188 
.9370 
.9657 
.9919 



Multiply the pressure in pounds, as shown by the gauge, 
by the constant number opposite the point of cut-off in the 
left column. The product is the average. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



167 



Table showing usual consumption of coarse anthracite coal 
and soft wood by different sized engines, 12 hours per day. 



Horse- 
Power. 


Pounds 

of 

Coal. 


Cords 

of 
Wood. 


Horse- 
power. 


Pounds 

of 

Coal. 


Cords 

of 
Wood. 


4 


168 


1/2 


50 


2100 


6 


6 


252 


3/4 


55 


2300 


6I/2 


8 


336 


1 


60 


2520 


71A 


10 


420 


11/4 


65 


2730 


8 


12 


504 


11/2 


70 


2940 


8I/2 


14 


588 


13/4 


75 


3150 


94 


16 


672 


2 


80 


3360 


9?A 


18 


756 


21/4 


85 


3560 


101/2 


20 


840 


21/2 


90 


3780 


11 


25 


1066 


3 


• 95 


3990 


113/4 


30 


1260 


31/2 


100 


4200 


12V2 


35 


1458 


41/4 








40 


1680 










45 


1896 


51/2 









Table showing the efflu£nt velocity with which Steam at 
different pressures, will flow into the atmosphere, or 

into steam at a lower pressure 



Pressure 


Velocity 


Pressure 


Velocity 


above the 


of escape 


above the 


of escape 


atmosphere. 


per Sec. 


atmosphere. 


per Sec. 


lbs. 


feet. 


lbs. 


feet. 


1 


540 


. 50 


1736 


2 


698 


60 


1777 


3 


814 


70 


1810 


4 


905 


80 


1835 


5 


981 


90 


1857 


10 


1232 


100 


1874 


20 


1476 


110 


1889 


30 


1601 


120 


1900 


40 


1681 


130 


1909 



Table of Areas of Cylinders from I to 36 ins. Diam. 



Diara. 


Area 


Diam. 


Area 1 


Diam. 


Area 


Diam 


Area 


in Ins. 


in Ins. 


in Ins. 


in Ins. 1 


in Ins. 


in Ins. 


in Ins. 


in Ins 


1 


.78 


51/2 


23.7 


10 


78 


19 


283 


11/^ 


1.7 


6 


28.2 


11 


95 


20 


314 


2 


3.1 


6I/2 


33.1 


12 


113 


21 


346 


21/2 


4.9 


7 


38.4 


13 


132 


22 


380 


3 


7. 


71/2 


44.1 


14 


153 


23 


415 


3V2 


9.6 


8 


50.2 


15 


176 


24 


452 


4 


12.5 


8I/2 


56.7 


16 


201 


28 


615 


41/3 


15.9 


9 


63.6 


17 


226 


30 


706 


5 


19.6 


91/2 


70.8 


18 


254 1 


36 


1017 



To find the area— Multiply the square of the diameter in 
inches by .7854— For other Areas see page 73. 



168 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table showing length of stroke and number of revolu- 
tions for different piston speeds in feet per minute. 



11 




Speed of Piston in feet per minute. 




200 


210 


220 


230 


240 1 


250 


260 


i 270 1 280 


CO.S 


Revolutions. 


2 


600 


630 


660 


690 


720 


750 


780 


810 


840 


3 


400 


420 


440 


460 


480 


500 


520 


540 


560 


4 


800 


315 


330 


345 


860 


375 


390 


405 


420 


5 • 


240 


252 


264 


276 


288 


300 


312 


824 


836 


6 


200 


210 


220 


230 


240 


250 


260 


270 


280 


7 


170 


180 


188 


197 


206 


214 


223 


231 


240 


8 


150 


L,7 


165 


172 


180 


187 


195 


202 


210 


9 


133 


140 


147 


153 


160 


166 


173 


180 


187 


10 


120 


126 


132 


138 


144 


150 


156 


162 


168 


11 


M)d 


114 


120 


125 


131 


136 


142 


147 


153 


12 


100 


105 


110 


115 


120 


125 


130 


135 


140 


13 


92 


97 


101 


106 


111 


115 


120 


125 


129 


14 


86 


90 


94 


98 


103 


107 


111 


116 


120 


15 


80 


84 


88 


92 


96 


100 


104 


108 


112 


16 


75 


79 


82 


87 


90 


94 


97 


101 


105 


17 


70 


74 


78 


81 


85 


88 


92 


95 


99 


18 


67 


70 


73 


76 


80 


83 


86 


90 


93 



Table of Units of H. P. for Different Piston Speeds. 
Indicated Horse-Fower for each pound average pressure 
per square inch, with different Diarn. and sjjeed ofjnston. 



Diam. 

of Cy- 




Speed of Piston in 


feet per minute. 




linder 


240 1 300 


850 1 400 1 450 j 500 | 550 i 600 


Ins. 
4 


.091 


.114 


.133 


.152 


.171 


.19 


.209 


.228 


5 


.144 


.18 


.21 


.24 


.27 


.3 


.33 


.36 


6 


.205 


.256 


.299 


.34 


.885 


.428 


.471 


.513 


7 


.279 


.348 


.408 


.466 


.524 


.583 


.641 


.699 


8 


.365 


.456 


.532 


.60S 


.685 


.761 


.837 


.912 


9 


.462 


.577 


.674 


.77 


.866 


.963 


1.059 


1.154 


10 . 


.571 


.714 


.833 


.952 


1.071 


1.39 


1.409 


1.428 


11 


.691 


.864 


1.008 


1.152 


1.296 


1.44 


1.58 


1.728 


12 


.820 


1.025 


1.195 


1.866 


1.54 


1.708 


1.884 


2.05 


13 


.964 


1.206 


1.407 


1.608 


1.809 


2.01 


2.211 


2.412 


14 


1.119 


1.398 


1.631 


1.864 


2.097 


2.331 


2.564 


2.797 


15 


1.285 


1.606 


1.873 


2.131 


2.409 


2.677 


2.945 


3.212 


16 


1.461 


1.827 


2.131 


2.436 


2.741 


3.045 


3,349 


3.654 


17 


1.643 


2.054 


2.396 


2.739 


3.081 


3.424 


3.766 


4.108 


18 


1.849 


2.312 


2.697 


8.083 


3.468 


3.854 


4.239 


4.264 


19 


2.061 


2.577 


3.006 


3.436 


3.865 


4.295 


4.724 


5.154 


20 


2.292 


2.855 


8.331 


8.807 


4.265 


4.759 


5.234 


5.731 


21 


2.518 


3.148 


8.672 


4.197 


4.722 


5.247 


5.771 


6.296 


22 


2.764 


3.455 


4.031 


4.607 


5.183- 


5.759 


6.334 


6.911 



POCKET COMPANION. 



169 



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170 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table showing the power to raise water to different 
altitudes, varying from I foot to I 0.000 feet. 



What a H. P. 


2 H. P 


. will 


3 H. P 


. will 


4 H. P. 


will 


will raise per 


raise per 


raise per 


raise per 


minuce. 


minute. 


minute. 


minute. 


gals. 


feet 


gals. 


feet 


gals. 


feet 


gals. 


feet ^ 


or 


or 


or 


or 


or 


or 


or 


or 


feet. 


gals. 


feet. 


gals. 


feet. 


gals. 


feet. 


gals. 


2.500 


1 


5.000 


1 


7.500 


1 


10.000 


1 


1.250 


2 . 


2.500 


2 


3.750 


2 


5.000 


2 


833 


3 


1.666 


3 


2.500 


3 


3.333 


3 


625 


4 


1.250 


4 


1.875 


4 


2.500 


4 


500 


5 


1.000 


5 


1.500 


5 


2.000 


5 


416 


6 


833 


6 


1.250 


6 


1.666 


6 


357 


7 


714 


7 


1.070 


7 


1.428 


7 


312 


8 


625 


8 


937 


8 


1.250 


8 


277 


9 


555 


9 


833 


9 


1.111 


9 


250 


10 


500 


10 


750 


10 


1.000 


10 


125 


20 


250 


20 


375 


20 


500 


20 


83 


30 


166 


30 


250 


30 


333 


30 


62 


40 


125 


40 


187 


40 


250 


40 


50 


50 


100 


50 


150 


50 


200 


50 


41 


60 


83 


60 


125 


60 


166 


60 


35 


70 


72 


70 


107 


70 


142 


70 


31 


80 


62 


80 


93 


80 


125 


80 


27 


60 


55 


90 


83 


90 


111 


90 


25 


100 


50 


100 


75 


100 


100 


100 



To find what an 8 Horse-Power will raise, multiply gals. 
or feet column under 4 Horse-Power by 2 the product will 
be the number of gals, or feet. 

To find what any H. P. will raise, multiply gals, or feet in 
first column, by the H. P. you have, and the product will 
be the number of gals, or feet. 



CAPACITY OF CISTERNS.— JzV 77. S. GALLONS, 

(2.31 Cubic Inches) FOR EACH 10 INCHES IN DEPTH 



Feet in 
Diam. 


Gallons. 


Feet in 
Diam. 


Gallons. 


Feet in 
Diam. 


Gallons. 


2 


19.5 


6 


176.25 


10 


489.20 


21/2 


30.5 


61/2 


206.85 


11 


592.40 


3 


44.06 


7 


239.88 


12 


705. 


31/2 


59.97 


71/2 


275.40 


13 


807.4 


4 


78.33 


8 


313.33 


14 


959.6 


41/2 


99.44 


81/2 


353.72 


15 


1101.6 


5 


122.40 


9 


396.56 


20 


1958.6 


51/2 * 


148.10 


91/2 


461.40 


25 


3059.9 



POCKET COMPANION. 



171 



Table Showing the Capacity of Cisterns and Tanks, 
Computed in Barrels of 311/2 Gallons. 



Depth 


DIAMETER IN FEET. 


in feet. 


5 1 6 1 7 1 8 i 9 i 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 


5 


28.8 


88.6 


45.7 


59.7 


75.5 


98.2 


112.8 


184.8 


157.6 


6 


28.0 


40.8 


54.8 


71.7 


90.6 


111.9 


185.4 


161.1 


189.1- 


7 


82.7 


47.0 


64.0 


83.6 


105.7 


130.6 


158.0 


188 


220.6 


8 


87.3 


58.7 


78.1 


95.5 


120.1 


149.2 


180.5 


214.8 


252.1 


9 


42.0 


60.4 


82.2 


107.4 


186.0 


167.9 


203.1 


241.7 


283.7 


10 


46.7 


67.1 


91.4 


119.4 


151.1 


186.5 


225.7 


268.6 


315.2 


11 


51.8 


78.9 


100.5 


181.8 


166.2 


205.1 


248.2 


295.4 


346.7 


12 


56.0 


80.6 


109.7 


148.2 


181.8 


223.8 


270.8 


322.3 


378.2 


13 


60.7 


87.8 


118.8 


155.2 


196.4 


242.4 


293.4 


349.1 


409.7 


14 


65.8 


94.0 


127.9 


167.1 


211.5 


261.1 


815.9 


376.0 


441.8 


15 


70.0 


100.7 


187.1 


179.0 


226.6 


279.8 


888.5 


402.8 


472.8 


16 


74.7 


107.4 


146.2 


191.0 


241.7 


298.4 


861.1 


429.7 


504.3 


17 


79.8 


114.1 


155.4 


202.9 


256.8 


317.0 


388.6 


456.6 


585.8 


18 


84.0 


120.9 


164.5 


214.8 


272.0 


835.7 


406.2 


488.4 


567.8 


19 


88.7 


127.6 


173.6 


226.8 


287.0 


354.3 


428.8 


510.3 


598.0 


20 


93.3 


181.3 


182.8 


288.7 


802.1 


373.0 


451.3 


587.1 


630.4 



For cisterns larger in diameter multiply the barrels of 
halt the diameter by four and the product will be the num- 
ber of barrels which it will contain. Thus 10 feet deep by 
20 feet in diameter, I/2 of 20 feet is 10 feet, looli opposite 
10 feet in first column and under 10 feet we find 186.5 X 4 = 
746 barrels. 

Table showing the power in foot pounds, required to 
raise a given quantity of water a given height. 



Height 
in feet. 


Number of gallons raised per minute. 


1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 10 1 20 1 30 


40 1 50 


1 


20 


40 


60 


80 


100 


175 


300 


425 


550 


675 




30 


60 


90 


120 


150 


275 


500 


750 


950 


1175 


3 


40 


80 


120 


160 


200 


875 


700 


1025 


1850 


1675 


4 


50 


100 


150 


200 


250 


475 


900 


1825 


1750 


2175 


5 


60 


120 


180 


240 


300 


575 


1100 


1625 


2150 


2675 


10 


110 


220 


880 


440 


500 


1076 


2102 


3128 


4154 


5180 


20 


210 


420 


680 


840 


1050 


2076 


4102 


6128 


8154 


10180 


30 


310 


620 


980 


1240 


1550 


8076 


6102 


9128 


12154 


15180 


40 


410 


820 


1280 


1640 


2050 


4076 


8102 


12128 


16154 


20180 


50 


510 


1020 


1580 


2040 


2550 


5076 


10102 


15128 


20154 


25180 


100 


1010 


2020 


3030 


4040 


5050 


10076 


20102 


30128 


40154 


50180 



The numbers given in the table are in foot lbs. includ- 
ing allowance for friction. 

A foot pound = 1 lb. raised 1 foot high in 1 minute. 

A man is capable of exerting 6.000 toot pounds for 10 
hours a day. 33.000 ft. lbs. = 1 Horse-Power. 



172 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Table showing quantity of water per lineal foot in pumps 
verticle pipes of different diameters. 



Diam. of 


1 No. of 


No. of 


Diam. of 


No. of 


No. of 


Pump in 


gal. per 


Cu. ft. per 


Pump in 


gal. per 


Cu. ft. per 


Inches. 


1 lin. ft. 


lineal foot 


Inches. 


lin. ft. 


lineal foot 


2 


.136 


.0218 


8 


2.176 


.3490 


21/4 


.172 


.0276 


81/4 


2.314 


.3712 




.212 


.0340 


8I/2 


2.456 


.3940 


23/4 


.257 


.0412 


83/4 


2.603 


.4175 


3 


.306 


.0490 


9 


2.754 


.4417 


31/4 


.359 


.0576 


91/4 


2.909 


.4666 


31/2 


.416 


.0688 


91/2 


3.068 


.4923 


33/4 


.478 


.0766 


93/4 


3.232 


.5184 


4 


.544 


.0872 


10 


3.400 


.5454 


41/4 


.614 


.0985 


101/4 


3.572 


.5730 


41/2 


.688 


.1104 


101/2 


3.748 


.6013 


43/4 


.767 


.1230 


103/4 


3.929 


.6302 


5 


.850 


.1363 


11 


4.114 


.6599 


51/4 


.937 


.1503 


111/4 


4.303 


.6902 


51/2 


1.028 


.1649 


111/2 


4.496 


.7212 


53/4 


1.124 


.1803 


113/4 


4.694 


.7529 


6 


1.224 


.1963 


12 


4.896 


.7853 


61/4 


1.328 


.2130 


121/2 


5.312 


.8521 




1.436 


.2304 


13 


5.746 


.9217 


634 


1.549 


.2489 


131/2 


6.196 


.9934 


7 


1.666 


.2672 


14 


6.664 


1T0689 


71/4 


1.787 


.2866 


15 


7.650 


1.2271 


71/2 


1.912 


.3067 


16 


8.704 


1.3962 


73/4 


2.042 


.3275 


18 


11.016 


1.7670 



AIR IN MOTION. 



Velocity 

Miles 

per 

Hour. 


f the wind. 

Feet 
per 

Sec. 


Force or 

pressure 

per sq. ft. in 

lbs. avoir. 


Common applications 
of the Force Wind. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
60 
80 


1.47 

2.93 

4.40 

5.87 

7.33 

14.67 

22.00 

29.34 

36.37 

44.01 

51.34 

58.68 

66.01 

73.35 

88.02 

117.36 


.005 Hardly preceptible. 
.020^ Tnst 
.0445- *^"^^ 

123 ( ^^^^1^' pleasant winds. 

j-^^^ |- Pleasant brisk gale. 

3:07l( ^ery brisk. 

tfM High winds. 

lfi\ Very high. 
12.300 A Storm or Tempest. 
17.715 A great storm. 
31.400 A hurricane. 



I 



POCKET COMPANION. 



173 



TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF FEET IN SQUARE 
FRAMES OF DIFFERENT SIZES AND WIDTHS, 



Leng- 
th in 




Width of Mouldings in 


Inches. 




Ins. 


1 


11/2 


2 


21/2 


3 


31/2 


4 


41/2 


5 


8 


2 


2i 


21 


3 


34 


31 


4 


4.^ 


41 


10 


2J 


21 


3 


34 


31 


4 


4^ 


41 


5 


12 


2§ 


3 


3^ 


31 


4 


44 


4§ 


5 


5,^ 


14 


3 


3i 


3S 


4 


44 


41 


5 


5^ 


51 


16 


3i 


3§ 


4 


44 


4| 


5 


5^ 


51 


6 


18 


3| 


4 


44 


4i 


5 


54 


51 


6 


64 


20 


4 


H 


41 


5 


54 


5| 


6 


6i 


61 


22 


H 


4| 


5 


54 


51 


6 


64 


6| 


7 


24 


4| 


5 


54 


51 


6 


64 


6i 


7 


74 


26 


5 


H 


51 


6 


64 


61 


7 


7^ 


71 


28 


5i 


5| 


6 


64 


61 


7 


7^ 


71 


8 


30 


5| 


6 


64 


61 


7 


74 


71 


8 


84 


32 


6 


6i 


61 


7 


74 


71 


8 


8^ 


81 


34 


6i 


6| 


7 


74 


71 


8 


8^ 


81 


9 


36 


6| 


7 


74 


71 


8 


84 


SI 


9 


94 


38 


7 


7* 


7§ 


8 


8i 


81 


9 


9.^ 


91 


40 


7^ 


7| 


8 


84 


81 


9 


9.^ 


9| 


10 


42 


71 


8 


84 


81 


9 


94 


91 


10 


104 


44 


8 


8i 


^ 


9 


94 


91 


10 


101 


101 


46 


H 


8| 


9 


94 


91 


10 


10^ 


lOf 


11 


48 


4 


^ 


94 


91 


10 


104 


101 


11 


Hi 


50 


9 


9i 


91 


10 


104 


101 


11 


H^ 


Hi 


52 


% 


91 


10 


104 


101 


11 


H^ 


Hi 


12 


54 


91 


10 


104 


101 


11 


in 


HI 


12 


124 


56 


10 


10^ 


10| 


11 


114 


Hi 


12 


12.^ 


121 


58 


lOi 


10| 


11 


11^ 


HI 


12 


124 


121 


13 . 


60 


101 


11 


114 


111 


12 


124 


121 


13 


134 


62 


11 


m 


Hi 


12 


124 


121 


13 


13^ 
131 


131 


64 


lu 


Hi 


12 


124 


121 


13 


131 


14 


66 


11^ 


12 


12^ 


121 


13 


134 


13i 


14 


H4 



Rule.— Take the number of inches in half the size of 
a frame, (thus; a frame 22x28 added, maldng 50 inches), 
find 50 in the first column, select your width, and you have 
the number of feet desired. 

SURFACE OF BOILER TUBES. 



Diam. 


Length. 


Surface, i 


1 Diam. 


Length. 


Surface. 


Ins. 


ft. in. 


sq. ft. 


Ins. 


ft. in. 


sq. in. 


21/2 


5 


3.27 


3 


6 


4.70 






5 3 


3.42 






6 3 


4.90 






5 6 


3.60 






6 6 


5.10 






5 9 


3.75 






7 


5.50 






6 


3.90 






7 6 


5.89 






6 3 


4.05 






8 


6.28 






6 6 


4.20 






8 6 


6.67 



174 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Value of Iron per Ton of 2.240 Pounds at 

FROM 2c. TO I 3c. PER LB. 

pern).|i^TonilperIb#Ton.|lperIbi^Ton||perIb^Ton. 



'2 


$44.80 


43/4 


$106.40 


7I/2 


168.00 


101/4 


$229.60 


21/8 


47.60 


4^/8 


109.20 


75/g 


170.80 


103/8 


232.40 


21/4 


50.40 


5 


112.00 


7a/4 


173.60 


101/^ 


235.20 


m 


53.20 


51/8 


114.80 


77/8 


176.40 


105/8 


238.00 


2Vf^ 


56.00 


51/4 


117.60 


8 


179.20 


1034 


240.80 


2% 


85.80 


53/8 


120.40 


81/8 


182.09 


107/8 


243.60 


25/g 


61.60 




123.20 


81/4 


184.80 


11 


246.40 


27b 


64.40 


55/8 


126.00 


83/8 


187.60 


111/8 


249.20 


3 


67.20 


5'i/4 


128.80 


81/2 


190.40 


111/4 


252.00 


31/8 


70.00 


57/8 


131.60 


85/8 


193.20 




254.80 


31/4 


72.80 


6 


134.40 




196.00 


111/2 


257.60 


33/g 


75.60 


61/8 


137.20 


8?8 


198.80 


115/8 


260.40 


31/2 


78.40 


6I/4 


14^.00 


9 


201.60 


113/4 


263.20 


81.20 


6% 


142.80 


91/8 


204.40 


117/^ 


266.00 


3% 


84.00 


61/f^ 


145.60 


91/4 


207.20 


12 


268.80 


37/8 


86.80 


6% 


148.40 


93/8 


210.00 


121/8 


271.60 


4 « 


89.60 


m 


151.20 


91/2 


212.80 


121/4 


274.40 


41/8 


92.40 


6//8 


154.00 


95/8 


215.60 


123/8 


277.20 


41/4 


95.20 


7 


156.80 


93/4 


218.40 


121/2 


280.00 


4% 


98.00 


71/8 


159 60 


9% 


221.20 


125/8 


282.80 


41/2 


100.80 


71/4 


162.40 


10 


224.00 


123/4 


285.60 


45/8 


103.60 


73/8 


165.2C' 


101/8 


226.80 


13 


291.20 



DEPRECIATION 


OF MACHINERY. 


Per Annum on first Cost. 


Depreci- 
ation. 


Wear and 
Tear. 


Total. 


Engines. 

Boilers. 

Machinery tools. 

Mill work, shaf ti'g & gear. 

Bands and Belts. 


6 per <l^ 
10 '' 

71/2 '' 
4 " 


3 per ^ 

3 

31/2 " 


9 per ^ 
13 - 
11 

4^^ :: 





REGULAR POLYGONS. 


sM% Name. 


Numbers en square for mitre. 


3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
10 


Triangle, 

Square, 

Pentagon. 

Hexagon. 

Heptagon. 

Octagon. 

Decagon. 


121/2 and 71/4, mark along longest measure. 

Any two equal numbers. 

71/4 and 10, mark along shortest measure. 

71/4 and 121/2, " 

6 " 121/2, '' 

2 and 5; or7 and 17" 

6V2and20. " " " 



Regular polygons are plain figures whose sides are equal 
straight lines. A regular polygon of six sides is often called 
a six-square, and one of eight sides an eight-square, etc. 



POCKET COMPANION. 175 

United States Copyright Regulations. 

No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting 
in every copy published: 

''Entered according to act of Congress in the year , 

Z>y . , in the office of the librarian of Congress, at 

Washington;'' or, at the option of the person entering the 
copyright,tlie words, ''Copyright, 18~, hy ." 

The law imposes a penalty of $100. upon the person who 
has not obtained a Copyright who shall insert the notice 
" Entered according to act of Congress,'^ or " Copy right, ^^ 
or words of the same import, in or upon any book or other 
article. 

JEach Copyright secures the exclusive right of publishing 
the book or article Copyrighte:i for the term of 28 years. 
Six months before the end of that time, the author or des- 
Igaer, or his widow or children, may secure a renewal for 
tho further term of 14 years, making 42 years in all. 

Any copyright is assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, but such assignment must be recorded in the office 
of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from its 
date. The fee for this record and certificate is one dollar. 

A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any 
copyright entry will be furnished, under seal, at the rate 
of fifty cents. 

Copyrights cannot be granted upon Trade-marks, nor 
upon Labels intended to be used with any article of manu- 
facture. If protection for such prints or labels is desired, 
application must be made to the Patent Office, where they 
are registered at a fee of $6. for labels and $25. for 
Trade-marks. 

A fee of 50 cents, for recording the title of each book or 
other article, must be Inclosed with the title as above, 
and 50 cents in addition (or one dollar in all) for each cer- 
tificate or copyright under seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, which will be transmitted by early mail. 

Within ten days after publication of each book or other 
article, two complete copies must be sent, prepaid, to per- 
fect the copyright, with the address, "Librarian of Con- 
gress, Washington, D. C." 

Without the deposit of copies above required the copy- 
right is void, and a penalty of $25. is incurred. 

Every applicant for a copyright must state distinctly the 
name and residence, of the claimant, and whether right 
is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No formal 
application is required. 

A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or 
photograph, or a description of the painting, drawing, 
chromo, statue, statuary or model or design for a work of 
the fine arts, for which copyright is desired, must be 
sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed, " Librarian 
of Congress, Washington, D. C." This must be done before 
publication of the book or other article. 



176 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

SCEDULE OF U. S. PATENT FEES. 

Sec, 4.934 U. S. Rev. Stat, reads: The followiuj^ 
shall be rates for patent fees; 

On application for patent, except in design cases. $15. 

In design cases for 3 y'rs and 6 mo. 10. 

In design cases for 7 years. 15. 

In " " " 14 " 30. 

Filing caveat. 10. 

" disclaimer. 10. 

Re-issue application. di). 

On appeal from primary examiners. 10. 

On appeal to Commissioner. 20. 



CEMENTS. 
Cast-Iron Slowlt Setting.- Two ounces of sal-am- 
moniac, 1 ounce sulphur, and 16 ounces of borings cr 
filings of cast-iron, to be mixed well in a mortar, and kept 
dry. When required for use, take one part of this powder 
to 20 parts of clear iron borings or filings, mix thoroughly 
in a mortar; make the mixture into a stiff paste with a 
little water, and then it is ready for use. A little fine 
grindstone sand improves the cement. 

Cast-Iron Quickly Setting.— One ounce sal-ammoniac, 
2 ounces of sulphur, and 80 ounces of iron filings or bor- 
ing. Mix the same as for " slowly setting." 

Red Lead Cement for Face Joints. -Equal parts of 
white and red lead, mixed with linseed-oil to the proper 
consistency. 

For Leather.— By dissolving in a mixture of 10 parts; 
of bisulphide of carbon and 1 part of oil of turpentine 
enough gutta-percha to thicken the composition. The 
leather must be free from grease, which may be done by 
placing a cloth between the leather and a hot iron. 

The pieces cemented must be pressed together until the 
cement is dry. 

For Brass and Glass.— Boil 3 parts of resin with 1 part 
of caustic soda and 5 parts of water. Add 5 times its weight 
of plaster of Paris. It sets finely in from 1/2 to H/4 of an 
hour. Zinc, white lead, or percipitated chalk may be sub- 
stituted for plaster, but hardens more slowly. 

For Stone or Marble.— The best cement for mending 
marble or any kind of stone, is made by mixing 20 parts 
of litharge and one part of freshly-burned lime in fine 
dry powder. This is made into a putty by the addition of 
linseed-oil. It sets in a few hours, having the appearance 
of light stone. 



POCKET COMPANION. 177 

' Fire and Water-Proof Cement.— To 1/2 pint of milk, 
put an equal quantity of vinegar, in order to curdle it; 
then separate the curd from the whey, and mix the whey 
with 4 or 5 eggs, beating the whole well together. When 
it is well mixed, add a little quick lime through a sieve, 
until it has acquired the consistency of thick paste. With 
this cement, broken vessels and cracks of all kinds may be 
mended. It dries quickly, and resists the action of water 
as well as considerable degree of fire. 

For Fastening Leather to Iron, China, or Glass.— 
To 1 quart of glue dissolved in good cider vinegar; add 1 
ounce of good Venice turpentine. It should be allowed to 
simmer about 1/2 day. 

How TO Mix a Good Adhesive Cement.— Mix pulver- 
ized Gum-Arabic with its weight of finely powdered cal- 
cined alum. When mixed with a small quantity of water, 
it forms a cement which unites wood, paper, porcelain, 
glass, and crockery very finely. It must be kept dry in 
powder and moistened only as needed. 

For Cisterns AND Water Casks.— Melted glue 8 parts: 
linseed-oil, 4 parts; boiled into varnish with litharge. 

This cement hardens in about 48 hours, and renders the 
joints of wooden cisterns and casks air and water tight. 

Rubber BELTiNG?~Take 16 parts of Gutta-Percha or 
India-Rubber; 2 parts common pitch, and 1 part linseed- 
oil. Melt together, and use hot. This cement will unite 
leather or rubber that has not been vulcanized. 

ForSteam Joints.— Take 2 parts powdered litharge, 
very fine sand, 2 parts; slacked quick-lime, 1 part. Mix 
all together. So use. Mix the proper quantity with boiled 
linseed-oil, and apply quickly. It gets hard very soon. 

Or 10 pounds of ground litharge; 4 pounds of ground 
Paris- white; 1/2 pound of yellow ochre and 1/2 ounce of 
hemp: Cut into lengths of 1/2 inch: Mix all together with 
boiled linseed-oil to the consistency of a stiff putty. This 
cement resists fire and will set in water. 

Ammonia Shellac Cement. —As rubber plates and rings 
are now-a-days used almost exclusively for making connec- 
tions between steam and other pipes and apparatus, much 
annoyance is often experienced by the mipossibiiity or 
imperfection of an air-tight connection. This is obviated 
entirely by employing a cement which fastens alike well to 
the rubber and to the metal or wood. Such cement is pre- 
pared by a solution of shellac in ammonia. This is best 
made by soaking pulverized gum-shellac in 10 times its 
weight of strong ammonia, when a slimy mass is obtained 
which in three to four weeks, will become liquid without 
the use of hot water. This softens the rubber and becomes 
after volatilization of the ammonia, hard and impermea- 
ble to gases and fluids. 



178 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Ceivients FOR Belts.— The cements used for belts may 
be made by melting together; 1 part shellac; 2 parts pitch; 
2 parts linseed-oil; 4 parts India-rubber; 16 parts gutta- 
percha, until thoroughly incorporated. It is applied warm, 
in a thin coating, very quickly, and the 2 parts of the belt 
are properly and firmly clamped together and left until 
completely set. 

Cement for Belts. —Of common glue and American 
isinglass, take equal parts; place in a kettle, add sufficient 
water to cover the whole. Let them soak 10 hours ; then 
bring the mixture to the boiling point, and add tannin, 
until the whole becomes soapy or appears like the white of 
eggs; apply it warm. Buff the grain otf the leather where 
it is to be cemented; rub the joint surfaces solidly together, 
and let it dry for a few hours. 

Transparent.— A transparent cement may be made by 
dissolving 75 parts of India-rubber (not vuncanized) in 60 
parts of chloroform, and adding to this solution 15 parts of 
gum mastich. Balsam of fir will also serve the purpose, as 
it is a strong cement when not exposed to heat. Both the 
cement and the edges of the article to which it is applied 
should be previously warmed before joining. 

For Leather, Wood, etc. -A cement resisting the ac- 
tion of water both hot and cold, and most of the acids and 
alkalies. Three parts, by weight, of shellac and 1 part of 
caoutchouc are to be dissolved in separate vessels, in ether 
free from alcohol, applying a gentle heat. When fairly 
dissolved, the 2 solutions are to be mixed. If the glue be 
thinned by the admixture of ether, and applied as varnish 
to leather, it renders a joint or seam water-tight. 

VARKISHJES, 

Lac Varnish.— Five parts of lac, 1 of turpentine, dis- 
solve in 5 times its weight of alcohol; keep warm until 
fluid, then strain. 

Spar Yarnish.— Boiled oil and resin. 

Gold Varnish.— Turmeric, 1 drachm; gamboge, 1 dr; 
oil of turpentine, 1 quart; shellac, 5 ounces- sandarach, 5 
ounces; dragons-blood, 7 drachms; with occasional shak- 
ing, for 14 days in a warm place, set it aside to fine and 
pour off the clear. 

Varnish for Iron.— Dissolve in 2 pounds of tar-oil li> 
pound asphaltum, V2 pound of powdered resin, mix hot 
and apply cold. 

Varnish for Metals. —Dissolve 1 part of bruised copal 
in 2 parts of strong alcohol. It dries very quickly. 

Oil Varnish.— Dissolve resin in turpentine to about the 
consistency of treacle; add 2 pints of linseed-oil to 1 of 
resin and turpentine. 



POCKET COMPANION. 179 

Varnish for Wood Patterns.— Gum-shellac, 3 ounces; 
and resin, II/2 ounce; dissolved in a pint of wood naphtha. 

Varnish for Plaster Casts.~A quarter of an ounce of 
soap is dissolved in a pint of water, and an equal quantity 
of wax afterwards incorporated. The cast is dipped in 
this liquid, and after drying a week is polished by rubbing 
with soft linen. The surface produced in this manner 
approaches the polish of marble. When intended to 
resemble bronze, a soap is used, made of linseed-oil and 
soda colored by the sulphates of Copper and Iron. 

Varnish for Iron and Steel.— Clear grains of mastic, 
10 parts; camphor, 5 parts; sandarach. 15 parts; and elemi, 
5 parts; dissolved in a sufficient quantity of alcohol, and 
apply without heat. This varnish will retain its transpar- 
ency, and the metallic brilliancy of the articles will not be 
obscured. 

Black Varnish.— Heat to boiling, 10 parts of linseed-oil 
varnish with burnt umber, 2 parts, and powdered asphal- 
tum, 1 part. When cooled, dilute with spirits of turpen- 
tine as required. 

A Varnish to Gild vs^ith, without Gold -Take half a 
pint of spirits of wine, in which you dissolve 1 drachm of 
saffron, and half a drachm of dragon's-blood, both pre- 
viously well pulverized together. Add this to a quantity of 
Shelllac varnish, and get it on fire with 2 drachms of 
aloes. 

A Varnish for Fastening the Leather on Top Roll- 
ers IN Factories.— Dissolve 2% ounces of Gum Araoio 
in water, and so much isinglass dissolved in brandy and 
it is fit for use. 

Imitation Gold Varnish. -As a substitute for the expen- 
sive "gold varnish" 1/2 gallon of turpentine, 1/2 a giU of 
aspaltum, 2 ounces of yellow aniline, 4 ounces of umber, 
1 gallon of turpentine varnish, and V2 pound of gamboge, 
mixed and boiled for ten hours. This is said to have as 
good an effect as the gold varnish and is very cheap. 

ENAMELS. 

Whttb Enamel. —Potash 25 parts; arsenic, 14 parts; 
glass, 13 parts; salt-petre, 12 parts; flint 5 parts; and lith- 
arge, 8 parts. 

Black Enamel.— Clay, 2 parts; protoxide of Iron 1 part. 

Blue Enamel.— Fine paste, 10 parts; Nitre, 3 parts; 
color with cobalt. 

Green Enamel.— Frit, 1 pound; oxide of C opper, 1/2 
ounce; red oxide of Iron, 12 grains. 

Yellow^ Enamel.— White lead, 2 parts; alum, white 
oxide of Antimony, and sal-ammoniac, each 1 part. 



180 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Gelatine Glue. —If gelatine which has been swelled in 
cold water, be immersed in linseed-oil and heated, it dis- 
solves and forms a glue of remarkable tenacity which when 
once dry perfectly resists dampness, and two pieces of wood 
joined by it will separate any where else rather than at the 
joint, ordinary glue may be thus dissolved, and sometimes 
a small quantity of red-lead In powder is added. 

Marine Glue.— India-Rubber, 1 part; coal-tar naphtha 8 
to 10 parts; shellac, 15 to 20 parts; melted together. Use 
hot. Glue dissolved in skimmed milk will resist the action 
of moisture; also glue softened with boiled oil or resin, and 
its weight of Iron oxide added. 

Water-Proop Glue. —Boil 8 parts of common glue with 
about 30 parts of water, until a strong solution is obtained, 
add 41/2 parts of boiled linseed-oil and let the mixture boil 
2 or 3 minutes, stirring it constantly. 

Ether Glue.— An excellent glue is made by dissolving 
glue in nitric ether; this fluid will only dissolve a certain 
amount of glue, consequently the solution cannot be made 
too thick. The glue solution obtained has about the con- 
sistency of molasses, and is doubly as tenacious as that 
made by hot water. If a few pieces of caoutchouc cut into 
scraps the size of buck-shot be added and the solution be 
allowed to stand a few^ days, being frequently stirred, 
it will be all the better, and will resist dampness twice as 
well as glue made with water. 

Liquid Glue.— Glue, water, and vinegar, each 2 parts. 
Dissolve in a water bath, then add alcohol, 1 part. 

Parchment. -Parchment shavings. 1 pound; water, 6 
quarts. Boil until dissolved, then strain and evaporate 
slowly to the proper consistency. 

POLISHING COMPOUNDS. 

Paste for Cleaning Metals.— Oxalic acid, 1 part- 
rotten stone, 6 parts. Mix with equal parts of train-oil 
and spirits of turpentine. 

To Clean Brass.— Brass that has not been gilt or lac- 
quered may be cleaned by washing with alum boiled in 
strong lye, in proportion of an ounce to a pint; afterwards 
rub with strong tripoli. 

Polish for Silver, Gold, Brass and Glass.— Take 5 
pounds of the best Spanish whiting, and with it, mix 3 
ounces of alcohol, and then wet to the consistency of dough, 
make into cakes and dry. 

Cleaning Silver, Glass, etc.— Emerson s compound 
for polishing and cleaning glass, silver-plate, tinware and 
surfaces that permit only slight friction and but little ac- 
tion, consists of water 4 onuces; carbonate of ammonia 1 
ounce. When dissolved add 16 oimces of Paris white, with 



POCKET COMPANION. 181 

aniline for coloring. This forms a solid, as the Paris white 
consists of white lead, all who purchase this compound 
should beware of using it upon the inside of culinary 



To French Polish Furniture.— For the polish take 1 
pint of spirits of wine, add 1/2 ounce gum shellac, 1/2 ounce 
seed lac, lA ounce gum sandarac; submit the whole to a 
gentle heat, frequently shaking it until the gums are dis- 
solved, when it is fit for use. Make a roller of list, put a 
little of the polish upon it, and cover that with soft linen 
rags which must be lightly touched in cold-drawn linseed- 
oil. Rub the wood in a circular direction (not covering too 
large a piece at one time) until the pores of the wood are 
filled up; after this rub in the same manner spirits of wine 
with a little of the polish added to it. 

Patent Leather Polish. - A splendid polish for patent 
leather, which is used as a blacking in the ordinary way 
and requires no brushes for polishing; is made by boiling 
well together I/2 pound brown sugar, 1 ounce gum-arabic 
and 2 pounds of ivory black. Allow this mixture to cool 
and become settled and then bottle it. 

For Holes in Castings. -Sal-ammoniac, 2 parts; sulphur 
in powder, 1 part; powdered iron turnings, 80 parts. Make 
into a thick paste. The ingredents composing this 
cement should be kept separate and not mixed until 
required for use. 

To Kill Knots.— Cover them with fresh slacked lime 
for 24 hours; scrape lime off and lay on a coat of red and 
white lead mixed with glue-size. Pumice-stone when dry 
and lay on some paint. 

Files (recutting).— Lay dull files in diluted sulphuric 
acid until they are bit in deep enough. 
Watch-Makers Oil, which never corrodes or thickens 
—Place coils of thin sheet lead in a bottle of olive-oil, 
expose it to the sun for a few weeks, and pour off the clear 
oil. 

French Polish.— Five ounces of naphtha. 1 ounce of 
shellac. 1 drachm of myrrh, 10 grains of isinglass, 6 
drachms of olive-oil. 

Bronzing, or Bronzing Liquid. -Sulphate of Copper, 1 
ounce; sweet spirits of nitre, 1 ounce; water, 1 pint. Mix 
well. In four or five days it will be fit for use. 

Brov^n Tint for Iron and Steel.— Dissolve, in 4 parts; 
of water, 2 parts of crystallized chloride of iron, 2 parts of 
chloride of antimony, and 1 part of gallic acid, and apply 
the solution with a sponge or cloth to the article, and dry 
it in the air. Repeat this any number of times, according 
to the depth it is desired to produce. Wash with water 
and dry. and finally rub the article over with boiled linseed- 
oil. The metal thus receives a brown tint and resists mois- 
ture. The chloride of antimony should be as little acid as 
possible. 



182 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Browning for Gun Barrels.— Tincture of muriate of 
iron, 1 ounce; nitric ether, 1 ounce; sulphate of copper; 4 
scruples; rain water, 1 pint. If the process is to be hur- 
ried, add 2 or 3 grains of oxymuriate of mercury. When 
the barrel is finished, let it remain a short time in lime 
water, to neutralize any acid which may have penetrated; 
then rub it well with an iron wire scratch-brush. 

Bronzing Fluid for Guns.— Nitric acid, sp. gr. 1, 2; 
pure niciic ether, alcohol, muriate of iron, each 1 part. 
Mix, then add sulphate of copper 2 parts, dissolved in 
water 10 parts. 

Patina Antiqua Bronze. —Bronze of a good quality 
acquires, by oxidation, a fine green tint. Corinthian brass 
receives, in this way, a beautiful clear, green color. This 
appearance is imitated by an artificial process, called 
bronzing. A solution of sal-ammoniac and salt of sorrel 
in vinegar is used for bronzing metals, any number of 
layers may be applied, and the shade becomes deeper in 
proportion to the number applied. For bronzing sculp- 
tures of wood, plaster figures, etc. etc., a composition of 
yellow ochre, Prussian blue, and Umip-black, dissolved in 
water is employed. 

NON-CONDUCTING COVERING FOR STEAM-BOILERS AND 

Pipes.— Make a thin paste of boiling water and flour, then 
stir in as much sawdust as it can hold together. After 
drying it will adhere to iron when slightly warmed, after 
which several coats may be applied in succession. It may 
be made water-proof by painting with coal-tar. 

Flour Paste. -To make paste that will keep a long time 
mix with each 100 pounds of flour; 5 pounds of alum. 8 
ounces of sulphate of lime, and 2 ounces of oil of 
sassafras. 

Parting Sand. —Burnt sand scraped from the surface 
of castings. 

Loam.— Mixture of brick, clay, and old foundry sand. 

Blackening for Moulds.— Charcoal i)owder; oi, in 
some instances, fine coal-dust. 

Black- WASH.— Charcoal, plumbago, and size. 

To Soften Horn. —Take 1 pound, of wood-ashes, add 2 
pounds of quick-lime, put them into a quart of water, let 
the whole boil imtil reduced to 1-3, then dip a feather into 
it. if the plume comes off on drawing it out. then it is 
boiled enough; when settled filter it off. and in the liquor, 
add shavings of horn, let them soak for 3 days, then rub- 
bing oil on your hands work the horn into a mass, and 
print or mould it in what ever shape you want. 

Easy way of Cleaning the Hands from Dyes etc. - 
Take a small quantity of pot-ash or pearl-ash in your 



POCKET COMPANION. 183 

hand, pour into it a small quantity of water, rub it well 
all over your hands with a little sand, then wash it off, 
take in your hands a small quantily of chemic (chloride 
of lime), pour a little water into it. and rub it well on the 
hands in a semi-liquid state; wash the hands well in water, 
and they will be clean. If not perfectly clean, repeat the 
operation. 

Presekvative for Steel.— Caoutchouc, 1 part; turpen- 
tine, 16 parts; and boiled oil, 8 parts; well mixed and boil- 
ed together, caoutchouc should first be dissolved in the 
turpentine by gentle heat, and the boiled oil added, it 
should be applied with a brush, and may be removed by 
turpentine. 

To Prevent Iron from Rusting.^ Warm it, then rub 
with white wax; warm again to allow the wax to prevade 
the entire surface, or immerse the iron in boiled linseed- 
oii, and allow it to dry upon the metal. 

Brazing.— The edges filed or scraped clean and bright, 
covered with spelter and powdered borax, and exposed in 
a clear tire to a heat sufficient to melt the solder. 

MixtureforWelding Steel.— One part of sal-ammo- 
niac and 10 parts of borax, pounded together and fused 
until clear, when it is poured out, and when cool reduce to 
powder. 

Etching Solution for Iron and Steel.- Take 4 of 
nitric acid, 2 of sal-ammoniac, 1 of sulphate of copper, 
and 72 parts water. This is by weight. 

Water Annealing.— Heat the steel to a red heat, and 
let it lie a few minutes, until nearly black hot, then throw 
it into soap suds. Steel in this way, may be annealed sof- 
ter than by putting in the ashes on the forge. 

Everlasting Paste.— Dissolve half a teaspoonful of 
alum in a pint of water; when it is cold, for it should be 
heated when the alum is mixed with it, stir in flour enough 
to make it about as thick as rich cream; do not leave a 
lump in it; stir in as much powdered rosin as will lie on 
a cent piece. Put a saucepan on the stove, put a 
teacupful of boiling water in it, then stir in the mixture; 
stir it constantly to keep it from burning. Add a few 
drops of winter-green. When it is about as thick as mush 
take it from the fire, put it in a jar or glass can and set it 
where it will be cool. It will become hard, and when 
needed for use take out a little and soften it with warm 
water; it will only take a minute or two to do this. This 
paste will keep a year at least. 

STAINING WOODS. 

Rosewood,— Boil 8 ounces of logwood in 3 pints of water 
until reduced to i !>; apply it boiling hot 2 or 3 times, let- 



184 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

ting it dry each time. Put in the streaks with a camel's 
hair brush dipped in a solution of copperas and verdigris 
in a decoction of logwood. 

Light Mahogany.— Brush over the"surface with diluted 
nitrous acid, and when dry apply with a soft brush the fol- 
lowing: Four ounces of dragon's blood, 1 ounce of car- 
bonate of soda, 3 pints of alcohol. Let it stand in a warm 
place, shake it frequently and then strain. 

To Stain Musical Instruments.— Boil 1 pound of ground 
Brazil wood in 3 quarts of water for 1 hour; strain it, then 
add V2 an ounce of cochineal; boil 1/2 hour longer. This 
makes a crimson stain. 

Ebony.— Wash the wood several times with a solution of 
sulphate of iron; let it dry. then apply a hot decoction of 
logwood and nutgalls. When dry wipe it with a wet sponge ; 
and when dry again polish it with linseed-oil. 

Purple.— Boil a pound of chip logwood in 3 quarts of 
water for an hour; then add 4 ounces of alum. 

Blue.— Boil 4 parts of alum with 85 parts of water. 

To Imitate Ebony. —Infuse gall-nuts in vinegar wherein 
you have soaked rusty nails; then rub your wood with this; 
let it dry, polish and burnish. 

To Prevent Logs and Planks from Splitting.— Logs 
and planks split at ends because the exposed surface 
dries faster than the inside. Saturate muriatic acid with 
lime, and apply like whitewash to the ends. The chloride 
of calcium formed attracts moisture from the air, and pre- 
vents the spliting. 

Turning or Cutting Metal w^ith Petroleum.— A 
machinist has discovered that by keeping his turning tools 
constantly wetted with petroleum, he was able to cut met- 
als and alloys with them, although when the tools were 
used without the oil, their edges were turned and dulled. 
The hardest steel can be turned easily if the tools be thus 
wet with a mixture of 2 parts of petroleum with 1 part of 
turpentine. 

Water-Proof Boots— The following is said to have 
been used by the New England fishermen for over a cen- 
tury: Tallow 4 ounces; rosin and bees-wax, of each 1 oun- 
ce: melt together in a gentle heat, and add an equal bulk 
of neats-foot oil. This is first melted and applied to the 
boots, rubbing it in before the fire; It will make them soft, 
and at the same time water-proof. 

Tracing Paper.— Nut-oil, 4 parts; turpentine, 5 parts; 
mix and apply to the paper, then rub dry with flour and 
brush it over with ox gall. 

Tracing Paper.— A very good tracing-paper may be 
made by saturating with a camel-hair pencil the finest tis- 

I 



POCKET COMPANION 185 

sue paper with the following mixture:— Half an ounce of 
the balsam of Canada, to one ounce of the spirits of tur- 
pentine, shaken well together in a two ounce bottle, it re- 
quires no heat, When covered with the mixture, hang 
the paper on a line to dry; then wash in like manner the 
other side. 

Paper for Draughtsmen etc. —Powdered tragacanth, 1 
part; water 10 parts. Dissolve and strain through clean 
gauze, then lay it smothly upon the paper, previously 
stretched upon a board. This paper will take either oil 
or water color. 

Transferring PAPER.-Take half a sheet of very fine 
bank post paper, lay It on a clean place and rub it well 
with the scrapings of red chalk; a small bit of sponge is 
good for this purpose. Apply the chalk, until the paper is 
all one color, then with a piece of clean old muslin, rub 
the greater part of the color from the surface. The color 
maybe renewed occasionally as the marking becomes faint. 

Blue Prints for Copying Mechanical Drawings etc. 

Take 1% ounces pure Ammonia Citrate of Iron, Bounces 
distilled water or pure rain water. Pure Ferricyanide 
(Red Prussiateof Potash), U^ ounces, 8 ounces distilled 
water. Mix separately and unite. Keep in yellow bottle or 
in the dark. 

To sensitize paper, moisten it uniformly with the liquid 
by means of a soft clean camel hairbrush and suspend in 
a dark room to dry. Keep from light. 

To print the design or drawing put the sensitized paper 
on a flat surface and then lay the drawing over it and cover 
with a pane of glass. Expose to the Sun for 15 to 30 min- 
utes (according to the brightness of the Sun) and then 
rinse thoroughly with pure rain or distilled water. 



FACTS FOR FARMERS. 

Table Showing the Quantity of Garden Seeds Required 
to Plant a Given space. 



Designation. 
Asparagus. 

Roots. 
Eng.dwarf beans. 
French " 
Beans,pole,large. 
'* " small. 
Beets. 

Broccoli and Kale 



Space and Quantity of Seeds. 
1 oz. produces 10 Ji) plants and requires a 

bed 12 feet square. 
1000 plant a bed 4 ft. wide, 225 feet long. 
1 qt. plants from 100 to 150 feet of row. 
1 '• " 250 or 350 of row. 
1 '' " 100 hills. 
1 '' " 300 " or 250 feet of row. 
10 lbs. to the acre; 1 oz. plants 150 feet 

of row. 
1 oz. gives 2500 plants, and requires 40 

square feet of ground. 



186 

Cabbage. 

Cauliflower. 

Carrot. 

Celery. 

Cucumber. 

Cress. 

Egg Plant 

Endive. 

Leek. 

Lettuce. 

Melon. 

Nasturtium 

Onion. 

Okra. 

Parsley. 

Parsnip. 

Peppers. 

Peas. 

Pumpkin. 

Radish. 

Salsify. 

Spinage. 

Squash. 

Tomato. 
Turnip. 
Water melon. 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Early sorts same as broccoli, and recjuires 

60 square feet of ground. 
The same as cabbage. 
1 oz. to 150 of row. 
1 oz. gives 7000 plants, and recinires 8 

square feet of ground. 
1 oz. for 150 hills. 
1 oz. sows a bed 16 feet square. 
1 oz. gives 2000 plants. 

3000 " req'i'es 80 ft. of ground 



1 oz. 
1 oz. 
1 oz. 
1 oz. 



60 
seed bed of 120 ft. 



•• 2000 

" 7000 
for 120 hills. 
1 oz. sows 25 feet of row. 
loz. '• 200 " 
1 oz. *• 200 " 
1 oz. •' 200 " 
1 oz. '* 250 " 
1 oz. gives 2500 plants. 
1 quart sows 120 feet of row. 
1 oz. to 50 hills. 
1 oz. to 100 leet. 
1 oz. to 150 " of row. 
1 oz. to 200 '• 
1 oz. to 75 hills 
1 oz. gives 2500 plants, reciuiring seed bed of 

"" feet. 
1 oz. to 2000 feet. 
1 oz. to 50 hills. 



1 



Table Showing the Number of Plants, Hills, or Trees 

Contained In an Acre at Epual Distances Apart. 

From 3 Inches up to 66 Feet. 



Distance 




No. of 


Distance No. of 


apart. 




plants. 


apart. 


plants. 


H inches, by. 3 inches. 


696.960 


4 feet. 


by 1 foot 10.890 


4 


4 '* 


392.040 


4 " 


"2 feet 5.445 


6 


6 " 


174.240 


4 '• 


- 3 •• 3.630 


9 


9 '* 


77.440 


4 " 


" 4 " 2.722 


1 foot 


1 foot 


43.560 


41/2 '• 


'' 41/2 " 2.151 


11/2 feet •• 


11/2 feet 


19.860 


5 •' 


'• 1 foot 8.712 


2 


1 foot 


21.^80 


5 " 


" 2 feet 4.356 


2 


2 feet 


10.890 


5 •• 


" 3 " 2.904 


21 o '• 


2i/-> '• 


6.960 


5 " 


" 4 •• 2.178 


3 "^ '• 


1 foot 


14.520 


5 •• 


•• 5 '• 1.742 


3 


2 feet 


7.260 


51/2 •• 


'^ 51/2 " 1.417 


3 


3 


4.840 


6 •* 


" 6 *• 1.210 


31i> '• 


31 2 " 


3.555 


6l/'> '• 


'• 61/2 •• 1.031 



POCKET COMPANION. 



187 





Distance 


No. of 




Distance 


No. of 




apart. 


plants. 




apart. 


plants. 


7 feet ?)y 7 feet 


881 


17 


feet ])y 17 


150 


8 


'• " 8 " 


680 


IS 


•• •• 18 


134 


9 


" " 9 " 


537 


19 


.. .. ly 


120 


10 


" " 10 " 


435 


20 


'■ " 20 


108 


11 


.. .. 11 .. 


361 


25 


'• •• 25 


69 


12 


•• " ]2 •• 


302 


30 


'• •• 30 


48 


13 


.. .. 13 .. 


257 


33 


" " 33 


40 


14 


" •• 14 •• 


222 


40 


•• " 40 


27 


15 


" " 15 - 


193 


50 


•' " 50 


17 


16 


" '* 16 " 


170 


60 


•' " 60 


12 


161/2 


'• " 161i>'- 


160 


66 


" " 66 


10 



Table Showing the Numtber of Seeds in one Pound, 
and Weight per Bushel. 



NAME. 

Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Rye. 

Vetches. 

Lentils. 

Beans. 

Peas, 

Flax seed. 

Turnip seed. 

Rape seed. 

Mustard (white). 

Cabbage seed. 

Mangel-wurzel. 

Parsnip seed. 

Carrot-seed. 

Lucern-seed. 

Clover (red). 

" (white). 
Rye-grass (perennial) 

" (Italian). i 
Sweet vernal grass. 
Buck-wheat. I 



No. of seeds 

per pound. 

10.500 

15,400 

20,000 

23,000 

8,300 

8,200 

600 to 1,300 

1.800 to 2,000 

108,000 

155,000 

118,000 

75,000 

128,000 

24,600 

97.000 

257,000 

205.000 

249,600 

686.400 

334,000 

272,000 

923,000 

25,000 



No. of lbs., 
per bushel. 
58 to 64 
48 to 56 
38 to 42 
56 to 60 
60 to 63 
58 to 60 
60 to 65 
60 to 65 
50 to 60 
50 to 56 
50 to 56 
57 
52 

20 to 24 
14 
9 

58 to 60 
60 to' 63 

59 to 62 
20 to 28 
13 to 18 

8 
42 to 52 



Table Showing Quantity per Acre when Planted in 
Rows or Drills. 



Broom Corn. 1 to 11/2 bushel. 
Beans. IV2 to 2 

Peas. li/i>to2 

Pea-nuts. 1 to 2 " 



Onions. 4 to 5 pounds 

Carrots. 2 to 210 

Parsnips. 4 to 5 

Beets. 4 too 



188 



HANDY MECHANICAL. 



Table showing the quantity of seed required to the acre. 



Designation . 

Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Rye. 

Buckwheat. 

Millet. 

Corn. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

Hemp. 

Flax. 

Rice. 



Quantity 
of Seed. 
11/4 to 2 bu. 



11/2 ' 
2 ' 
1 ' 

8/4* 
1 ' 

14' 
1 ' 

21/2' 
1 ' 

2"< 



21/2 " 

4 " 

2 '* 

11/3 '• 

11/3 ;; 

2 *• 

31/2 '• 

11/2 " 

2 '• 

21/2 •• 



Designation. 

Broom Corn. 
Potatoes. 
Timothy. 
Mustard. 
Herd Grass. 
Flat Turnip. 
Red Clover. 
White Clover. 
Blue , Grass. 
Orchard " 
Carrots. 
Parsnips. 



Quantity 

of Seed. 

Ito 11/2 bus. 



10 

24 qts. 
20 " 
16 

3 
16 

4 
15 
30 

5 



rbs. 



NUMBER OF YEARS SEEDS RETAIN THEIR VITALTY. 



Vegetables. 
Cucumber. 
Melon. 
Pumkin. 
Squash. 
Brocoli. 
Cauliflower. 
Artichoke. 
Endive. 
Pea. 
Radish. 
Beets. 
Cress 
Lettuce. 
Mustard. 
Okra. 
Rhubarb. 
Spinach 
Turnips. 



years. 
\ to 



Vegetables. 
Asparagus. 
Beans. 
Carrots. 
Celery. 

Corn (on cob). 
Leek. 
Onion. 
Parsley. 
Parsnip. 
Pepper. 
Tomato. 
Egg Plant. 



years. 



HERBS. 

Anise. 3 

Caraway. 2 

Summer Savory. 1 

Sage. 2 



to 4 



a 



Amount of Seeds, Bulbs, etc., Requi'-ed to 
Plant One Acre. 

Barley, 21/2 bus. 

Beans, bunch, in drills 21/2 feet . . . IV2 " 
Beans, poles, lima, 4x4 feet . . . .20 qts. 

Beets, drills 21/2 feet 9 lbs. 

Broom-corn in drills 121/2 " 

Cabbage in beds 12 oz. 

Cabbage in frames 4 '* 

Clover, large, red 16 lbs. 

Clover, large, with timothy 12 " 

Corn, sugar 10 qts. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



189 



Com, field .... 

Cucumbers in hills . 

Grass, timothy with clover . 

Grass, timothy without clover 

Grass, orchard 

Grass, red-top . . . . 

Grass, blue .... 

Grass, rye . 

Lawn grass .... 

Melons, water, 8x8 feet . 

Oats 



25 to 
20 to 



Onions in beds for sets 
Onions in rows for large bulbs 
Pumpkins in hills 8x8 feet 
Peas in drills, low varieties . 
Peas in drills, tall varieties 
Peas, broadcast 
Potatoes . . 
Rye, broadcast 

Rye, drilled 

Turnips in drills 2 feet 
Turnips, broadcast 
Wheat in drills 
Wheat, broadcast 



1 to 



8 qts. 


8 *• 


6 •• 


10 " 


30 •• 


25 " 


28 " 


20 •• 


25 lbs. 


3 *' 


2 bus. 


50 lbs. 


7 ^' 


2 qts. 


2 bus. 


11/2 " 


3 '' 


8 •' 




11/^ '* 


3 lbs. 


3 ♦' 


114 bus 


2 



Table showing the number of hills or plants on an acre 

of land, for any distance apart, from 10 inches 

to 6 feet— the lateral and longitudinal 

distances being unequal, 

|10in.|12in.|15in|18 in|20in.|2 ft.!2ift. 3ft.|3^ft|4 ft. 



10 in. 
12 '' 
15 ♦* 

18 '• 
20 '' 

2 feet 
2V2" 

3 *' 
3V2" 

4 " 
^W 

5 *' 
5V2" 

6 " 



62626 
52272 
41817 
34848 
31363 
26136 
20908 
17424 
14935 
13068 
11616 
10454 
9504 
8712 



43560 

34848 

29040 

26136 

21780 

16424 

14520 

12446 

10890 

9680 

8712 

7920 

7260 



27878 

23232 

20908 

17424 

13939 

11616 

9953 

8712 

7744 

6069 

6336 



19360 
17424 
14520 
11616 

9680 
8197 
7260 
6453 
5808 
5280 
4840 



15681 
13068 
10454 
8711 
7467 
6534 
5808 
5227 
4752 
4356 



10890 
8712 
7260 
6223 
5445 
4840 
4356 
3960 
3630 



6969 
5808 
4976 
4356 
3872 
3484 
3168 
2904 



4840 
4148 
3630 
3226 
2904 
2640 
2420 



3565 
3111 

2767 
2489 
2263 
2074 



2722 
2420 
2178 
1980 
1865 



TO PROTECT NEWLY PLANTED CORN. 
To prevent the corn from being destroyed and eaten by 
chickens, birds, or insects before it grows through the sur- 
face of the soil, prepare the seed before planting by 
sprinkling a sufficient portion of coal tar, (procured at the 
gas manufactory), through it, stirring so that a portion 



190 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



will adhere to each grain; then mix among the com some 
ground plaster-of-Paris, which will prevent the tar from 
sticking to the fingers of those who drop the corn, and 
vegetation will be promoted thereby. The tar and plaster 
will not injure the corn so as to prevent its growing, by be- 
ing kept some days after it is so mixed together. 

TO PROTECT CORN i^TALKS FROM MICE. 

Sprinkle from four to six bushels of dry white sand upon 
the root of the stalk before the thatch is put on. The sand 
Is no detriment of the corn, and stacks thus dressed have 
remained without injury. So very effective is the remedy, 
that nests of dead yoimg mice have been been found where 
the sand have been used, but not a live mouse could be 



MEASURE OF AN ACRE PLOT. 
Either of the following measure include about an acre plot. 



3 


by 531/8 Rods. 


8 


by 20 Rods. 


4 


40 


9 


" 17?8 


5 


"32 


10 


- 16 


6 


" ^^ 


11 


•• 14 6-11 " 


7 


22 6-7 


12 


" 131/3 




12 Rods 10 ft. and 8I/2 in 


square 


^ make an Acre. 



Square Feet and Feet Square in Fract 


ions of 


an Acre. 


Fractions 
of an Acre. 


Sq. Ft. 


Ft. Sq. 


Fractions 0^ ^. ^. ^^ 
of an Acre. ^^' ^^' ^*- ^^• 


1-16 

1/8 
V4 
V3 


27221/2 

5445 
10890 
14520 


521/2 1 
7334 1 

1041/2 \ 

1201/2 


V2 
1 
2 
3 


21780 

43560 

87120 

130680 


295V4 



HILLS IN AN ACRE OF LAND 
Hills. 



Hills. 



40 feet apart. 


27 


8 feet apart. 


680 


35 •' " 


35 


6 '' 


1210 


30 " '' 


48 


5 '• •' 


1742 


25 '' - 


69 


31/9'* " 


355G 


20 '' " 


108 


3 *' 


4840 


15 " 


193 


21/2" " 


6969 


12 - *' 


302 


2 " 


10890 


10 '• 


435 


1 '• 


43560 



TO ESTIMATE GRAIN CROPS PER ACRE. 

Frame together four light sticks, measuring exactly a 

loot square inside, and with this in one hand, walk into 

the field and select a spot of fair average yield, and lower 

the frame square over as many heads as it will Inclose, and 



POCKET COMPANION. 



191 



shell out the headvS thus enclosed carefully, and weigh the 
grain. It is fair to presume that the proportion will be the 
43560th part of an acre's produce. To prove it go through 
the field and make ten or twenty similar calculations, and 
estimate by the mean of the whole number of results. It 
will certainly enable a farmer to make a closer calculation 
of what a field will produce than he can by guessing. 



Hops. 

Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Peas. 

Beans. 

Plums. 

Cherries. 

Onions. 

Hay. 

Pears. 



Comparative Yie 
VegetabI 

Lbs.. 

per Acre. 

,442 

1,260 
1.600 
1.840 
1,920 
2.000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,800 
4,000 
5,000 



Id of Various Grains, 
es and FruitSc 



Grass. 

Carrots. 

Potatoes. 

Apples. 

Turnips. 

Cinque foil grass. 

Vetches, green. 

Cabbage. 

Parsnips. 

Mangel Wurzel. 



Lbs., 
per Acre, 

7,000 

6.800 

7,500 

8,000 

8,420 

9,600 

9,800 
10,900 
11,200 
22.000 



COXTEXTS OF FIELDS AND LOTS, 



To assist farmers in making an estimate of the 
amount of land in different fields. 



220 
440 
110 
60 
120 
240 
200 
100 
100 



feet by 



198 
99 
369 
726 
363 
18U^ 
108x1,- 
145^ 



feet of land equals. 



A PRACTICAL RULE FOR LAYING PIPE 

FOR DRAINING LAND. Distance. 
Depth of Pipe. apart. 

4 feet 6 inches, 60 feet. 



Soils. 
Coarse, Gravel Sand. 

Light Sand with Gravel. 4 " 

Light Loam. 3 " 6 

Loam with Clay. 3 •* 2 

•^ Gravel. 3 " 3 

Sandy Loam. 3 " 9 

Soft Clay. 2 • 9 

StifiEClay. 2 " G 

Greatest Fall of Rniii is 2 inches per hour--54308.6 g;i!- 
lons per acre. 



.50 
.33 
.21 
.27 
.40 
.21 
.15 



192 



HANDY MECHAMICAL, 



Showing Numher of Acres drained hy different sizes of 

iile^ the rainfall being considered as equal to one-Jmlf 

inch in depth each 24 hours. 



Rate of Inclination 




ACRES DRAINED. 




Feet to one of rise. 


2-in. 
Tile. 


3-in. 
Tile. 


4-in. 
Tile. 


6-in. 
Tile. 


8-in. 10-in. 
Tile. Tile. 


12-in. 
Tile. 


1 foot in 10 feet. 


6.6 


18.9 












1 '♦ 20 " 


4.7 


13.0 


26.8 










1 '' 25 " 


4.2 


11.4 


24.0 


66.2 








1 '• 30 •' 


3.9 


10.9 


21.9 


61.5 


126.4 






1 '• 40 " 


3.4 


9.4 


19.0 


53.3 


109.6 


190.5 




1 '• 50 '• 


3.0 


8.4 


17.0 


47,7 


98.0 


170.4 


269.0 


1 " m - 


2.7 


7.6 


15.6 


43.4 


90.0 


156.0 


246.0 


1 " 70 '' 


2.5 


6.9 


14.5 


89.9 


83.0 


144.4 


228.1 


1 " 80 " 


2.3 


6.5 


13.4 


37.2 


77.0 


135.0 


213.0 


1 " 90 - 


2.2 


6.1 


12.6 


35.0 


72.5 


127.0 


200.5 


1 " 100 *' 


2.0 


5.7 


11.9 


33.1 


69.2 


120.6 


190.5 


1 " 150 " 


1.6 


4.5 


9.5 


26.6 


56.0 


97.3 


154.4 


1 " 203 " 




3.9 


8.2 


22.8 


48.0 


83.9 


132.5 


1 " 250 " 




3.5 


7.5 


20.4 


43.4 


74.4 


117.0 


1 '• 300 " 






6.9 


18.4 


38.2 


65.5 


107.0 


1 " 400 - 






5.9 


16.5 


34.6 


60.3 


90.7 


1 " 500 ^' 








14.8 


30. L 


54.0 


81.6 


1 '' 600 " 








13.3 


28.0 


48.6 


74.0 


1 " 800 " 










24.0 


41.9 


65.0 


1 '' 1.000 '• 










21.2 


37.2 


56,0 


1 *' 1.500 '* 












30.8 


47.0 


1 " 2.000 '* 














40.8 



Sh o7ving carrying capacity of differejit sizes of tile in Gal s. 
Carrying Capacity— Gallons per Minute. "" 







9--*-^ 


i-t^ 


5,d 


13 =« 


13 ^tn 


rt=iH 


^d 


Size of 


:s 


-csB 


^o 


^8 


?8 


> 


^- 


5- 


pipes. 




o*-* 


o'-' 


-s-t 


X-^ 


t^^ 


>^^ 


o^ 




sq^ 


rt u 


a ^^ 


rt H 




(M^ 


M=H '^ 


«M U 




;^a3 


"-< <D 


•^ <D 


•-^ 0^ 


i; 


;S-^ 


0^ 


® 




;::ift |co ft 


cr. ft 


en ft 


^ ft 


^ ft 


(^1 ft 


ccft 


21/2 in. 


14 


20 


28 


34 


40 


49 


55 


68 


3 


21 


30 


42 


52 


60 


74 


85 


104 


4 


36 


52 


76 


92 


108 


132 


148 


184 


5 


54 


78 


111 


134 


159 


192 


219 


269 


6 


84 


120 


169 


206 


240 


294 


338 


414 


8 


144 


208 


304 


368 


482 


528 


592 


736 


9 


232 


330 


470 


570 


660 


810 


930 


1140 


10 


267 


378 


563 


655 


803 


926 


1.340 


1613 


12 


470 


680 


960 


1160 


1360 


1670 


1920 


2350 


15 


830 


1180 


1680 


2040 


2370 


2920 


3340 


4100 


18 


1300 


1850 


2630 


3200 


3740 


4600 


5270 


6470 


20 


1760 


2450 


3450 


4180 


4860 


5980 


6850 


8410 


24 


3000 


4152 


5871 


7202 


8303 


10021 


11743 


14466 



POCKET COMPANION. 



193 



THE NUMBER OF RAILS, RIDERS AND STAKES 

REQUIRED FOR EVERY TEN RODS 

OF ZIGZAG FENCE. 



'S 


II. 

c ;h a? 

if 


tig 


Number of Rails for 
each 10 Rods. 


S4-I 

o 




Gas 




In 


If 




Ft. 


Ft. 1 Ft. 


H 


12 
14 
161/2 


6 ; 8 

7 i 10 

8 1 12 


103 
83 
69 


123 i 144 

99 , 116 

84 r 95 


42 
34 

28 


21 
17 
14 



For longer distances than 10 rods the proper number of 
rails, etc., may be computed by multiplying. For instance: 
If 50 rods of fence, multiply the above number by 5; if for 
100, multiply by 10, etc. The like rule will apply to the 
next. 



THE NUMBER OF RAILS AND POSTS REQUIRED 

TO EACH TEN RODS OF POST AND 

RAIL STRAIGHT FENCE. 



5'S 



Ft. 






Ft. 









Number of Rails for each 
10 Rods. 



^ 


xn 






Sfn 


^fn 






^W 


xW 


^ 


m 






S3 

b£ 



10 


8 


205/8 


21 


103 


123 


144 


165 


12 


10 


I6V2 


17 


83 


99 


116 


133 


14 


12 


133/4 


14 


69 


84 


95 


109 


161/2 1 141/2 


111/3 


12 


57 


69 


81 


93 



194 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 





Contents of B 


ns anc 


i Granaries. 






Width 

and 

Length 

in feet. 


1 Ft 


high. 


2 Ft 

Sti'- 
k'n. 


high. 
Heap. 


3 Ft. 


high. 


4 It. high. 


Sti' 
k'n. 


Heap. 


Sti'- 
k'n. 


Heap. 


l^i;:iHe-p, 


3X3 


n 


52 


14^ 


llo 


212 


171 






3" 4 


9i 


72 


191 


15; 


29 


231 






3" 5 


12 


92 


24 


191 


361 


29 






3" 6 


14J 


lli 


29 


231 


431 


342 






3" 7 


17 


Vdh 


332 


27 


502 


401 






3" 8 


19i 


15g 


38., 


302 


572 


461 






3*' 9 


211 


17j 


43^- 


342 


65 


52 






3 ''10 


24 


191 


484 


38i 


721 


572 






4'' 4 


121 


IO4 


252 


20J 


38.^ 


302 


511 


411 


4'' 5 


16 


12i 


32^ 


252 


481 


38a- 


641 


5n 


4'' 6 


19i 


155 


38^ 


302 


572 


461 


771 


612 


4" 7 


22^ 


18 


45 


36 


67, 


54 


90 


72 


4" 8 


251 


m 


51i 


411 


77i 


612 


1022 


821 


4" 9 


29 


231 


572 


m 


862 


69J 


1152 


92^ 


4 ''10 


32i 


252 


641 


5U 


96^ 


771 


128^ 


1022 


5'' 5 


20 


16 


401 


321 


601 


48.f 


801 


641 


5" 6 


24 


191 


48^- 


381 


72^- 


572 


%h 


771 


5" 7 


28i 


221 


564 


45 


84^ 


67 2- 


1121 


90 


5'' 8 


321 
361 


252 


64^ 


5Ut 


96, 


77,- 


1281 


1022 


5" 9 


29 


721 


572 


IO85 
120i 


862 


1442 


1152 


5 "10 


40^ 


321 


801 


641 


96| 


1602 


128^ 


5 "11 


44i 


35i 


88^ 


702 


132g 


106 


1762 


14U 


6" 6 


29 


231 


572 


461 


86^- 


69^ 


1152 


92^ 


6" 7 


332- 


27 


67^ 


54 


101. 


81... 


135 


108 


6" 8 


SSh 


31 


771 


612 


1152 


^541 


123^ 


6" 9 


m 


342 


862 


6dh 


130. 


lot 


173^ 


138^ 


6 "10 


481- 


38^ 


961 


Ilk 


144- 


1152 


1922 


1541 


6 "11 


53 


42J 


106 


842 


159 


1271 


2121 


1692 


7" 7 


39i 


3U 


781 


63 


1181 


941 


157A 


126 


7" 8 


45" 


36 


90 


72 


135 


108 


180 


144 


7" 9 


50? 


40^ 


1011 


81 


152 


121^ 


202^ 


162 


7 "10 


56i 


45 


112^ 


90 


1682 


135 


225 


180 


7 "11 


62 


49J 


1231 


99 


185- 


148^ 


247^ 


198 


7 " 12 


67j 


54 


135 


108 


202. 


162 


270 


216 


8" 8 


51. 


411 


1022 


821 


154.r 


123. 


2052 


164^ 


8" 9 


572 


461 


1152 


92^ 


173. 


1382 


231^ 


1851 


8 " 10 


64; 


51§ 


128. 


102=^ 


1922 


154^- 


2571 


2052 


8 "11 


702 


56^ 


141^ 


1131 


212; 


1692 


2822 


2261 


8 "12 


771- 


612 


1541 


123^ 


23H 


1851 


308^ 


2462 


9" 9 


65 


52 


130. 


104^- 


1951 


1561 


260,- 


2081 


9 "10 


721 


572 


1442 


1152 


217 


173^ 


289.f 


23U 


9 "11 


79^ 


632 


159 


127^- 


2382 


191 


3I84 


2551 


9 "12 


862 


69^ 


173^ 


1382 


2601 


2081 


347 4 


2772 


10 " 10 


801 


641 


160i 


128^ 


241 


1922 


321i 


2571 


10 "11 


88| 


702 


176;' 


141^ 


2651 


2121 


353.1 


2822 


10 " 12 


96^ 


771 


192; 


1541 


289. 


23U 


3852 


308^ 


11 " 11 


971 


772 


194i 


155^ 


291- 


2331 


389 


3111 


11 " 12 


106 


842 


2121 


1692 


318; 


254i 


4241 


339i 


12 " 12 


1151 


92^ 


23U 


185j 


3471 


2772 


4622 


3701 



POCKET COMPANION. 



195 



Contents of Bins and Granaries. 


(Continued) 




Width 
and 


5 Ft 


. high. 


6 Ft 


high. 


7 Ft. high. 


8 Ft. high- 


Length 
in feet. 


Sti' 
k'n. 


Heap. 


Sti'- 
k'n. 


Heap. 


Sti'- 
k'n. 


Heap. 


l^i;:lHe'p. 


5X5 


1001 


80i 














5'^ 6 


r20i 


96, 














5" 7 


1401 


112^ 














5" 8 


1603 


128-2 














5" 9 


180,1 


1441 














5 "10 


201 


1601 














5 ''11 


221 


176j 


im 


1381 










6" 6 


1443 


1154 


2021 


162 










6" 7 


1681 


135 


231i 


1851 










6" 8 


1921 


154i 


2601 


2081 










6" 9 


217 


173i 


289i 


23U 










6 "10 


241 


1921 


318i- 


254J 










6 "11 


265i 


212i 


3471 


2771 










7" 7 


197 


157i 


2361 


189 


2751 


2201 






7" 8 


225 


180 


270 


216 


315 


252 






7" 9 


253i 


202i 


3031 


243 


3541 


2831 






7 "10 


281:- 


225 


3371 


270 


3931 


315 






7 "11 


309^ 


247i 


3711 


297 


433i 


3461 






7 "12 


337. 


270 


405 


324 


4721 


378 






8" 8 


257i 


2051 


308^ 


2461 


360 


288 


4111 


329i 


8" 9 


289:: 


231J 


347i 


2771 


405 


324 


4623 


sm 


8 "10 


32H 


2571 


385£ 


3081 


450 


360 


5141 


411- 
452$ 


8 "11 


353^ 


2821 


4241 


3391 


495 


396 


5653 


8 "12 


3852 


308^ 


4623 


3701 


540 


432 


617^ 


4931 


9" 9 


325^ 


260i 


3901 


312^ 


4551 


3641 


5201 


416-2 


9 "10 


361 2 


289i 


434 


347i 


5061 


405 


578, 


462i 


9 "11 


397j 


318i 


4771 


3811 


557 


445i 


636- 


5111 


9 "12 


434 


347i 


5201 


416i 


6071 


486" 


694^ 


5551 


10 " 10 


4011 


3211 


4821 


3851 


5621 


450 


6423 


5141 


10 " 11 


442 


3531 


530i 


424i 


6183 


495 


707i 


5651 


10 " 12 


4821 


3853 


578i 


4621 


675 


540 


7711 


617i 


11 " 11 


486i- 


389 


583^ 


4661 


6803 


5441 


777| 


6221 


11 " 12 


530i 


4241 


6361 


5091 


7421 


590 


848, 


6783 


U " 12 


578i 


4621 


6941 


5551 


810 


648 


9251 


7401 



This table of " Stricken and Heap " MsheLs is given to 
the nearest quarter and can be used for deeper bins, than 
that employed in the table:— Take the contents of half 
the depth and multiply by 2. 

CAPACITY OF BOXES. 

A box 16 inches square and 8.4 inches deep, will contain 
1 bushel. 

A box 16 inches by 8.4 inches wide, and 8 inches deep 
will contains 1/2 bushel. 

A box 8 inches by 8.4 inches wide, and 8 inches deep will 
contain 1 peck. 



196 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

A box 8 inches by 8 inches square, and 4.2 inches deep, 
will contain 1 gallon. 

A box 7 inches by 4 inches wide, and 4.8 inches deep, will 
contain 1/2 gallon. 

A box 4 inches by 4 inches square and 4.'2 inches deep, will 
contain 1 quart. 

A box 24 by 16 inches square, and 28 inches deep will con- 
tain a barrel (5 bushels shelled corn). 

A box 24- by 16 inches square, and 14 inches deep will 
contain \k a barrel. 

A box 26 by I6I/2 inches square, and 8 inches deep, will 
contain 1 bushel. 

A box 4 feet by 7 inches long, 2 feet 4 inches wide, 2 feet 4 
inches deep, holds 20 bushels. 

CAPACITY OF A FREIGHT CAR. 

A load is nominally 10 tons of 20.000 pounds. The follow- 
ing can be carried: whiskey, 70 bbls.. salt, 70 bbis., lime, 
70 bbls. ; flour, 90 bbls. ; eggs, 130 tol60 bbls. ; flour, 200 sacks; 
wood 6 cords; cattle, 18 to 20 head; hogs, 50 to 60; sheep, 80 
to 100; lumber, 6.000 feet; barley, 400 bushels; wheat, 340 
bushels; flax seed, 360 bushels; apples, 370 bushels; corn, 
400 bushels; Irish potatoes, 430 bushels; oats, 680 bushels; 
bran, 1.000 bushels; butter, 20.000 pounds; 400 bushels of 
barley; 300 bushels of sweet potatoes; 200 kegs of nails. 

TO MEASUREGRAIN IN BINS. 
Multiply the length of the bin in inches by the width in 
inches, and that by the height in inches and divide by 2150 
for struck bushels, and by 2748 for heaped bushels. The 
quotient will be the number of bushels contained in the 
bins, or— 

TO MEASURE GRAIN IN THE GRANARY. 

Divide the cubic feet by 56, multiply by 45, and the result 
will be struck measure in bushels. 

TO MEASURE CORN IN CRIB. 

Multiply the length, breadth and height together, in 
feet, to obtain the cubic feet; multiply this product by 4, 
and strike otf the right figure; and the result will be shelled 
bushels, nearly. 

TO MEASURE CORN. 

In Cob.— Two heaping bushels of corn on the cob will 
make 1 struck bushel of shelled corn. Some claim that 1 
and 1/2 bushels of ear will make 1 bushel of shelled corn. 
Much will depend upon the kind of corn, shape of the ear, 
size of the cob, etc. 

In Crib.— To measure corn in a crib, multiply the length 
of the crib in inches by the width in inches, and that by the 



POCKET COMPANION. 197 

height of the corn in the crib in inches and divide the 
product by 2,748 and the quotient will be the number of 
heaped bushels of ears. If the crib flares at the sides, 
measure the width at the top and also at the bottom, add 
the two sums together, and divide by 2, which will give the 
mean width, 

MEASUREMENT OF HAY. 

The only method exact of measuring hay is to weigh it, 
but the rules given below will be found sufficient for ordi- 
nary practical purposes: 

To Find the Number of Tons of Meadow Hay in Wind- 
rows.— Multiply together the length, breadjth and height, in 
yards, and divide the product by 25. The quotient will be 
the number of tons in the windrow. 

To Find the Number of Tons of Hay in a Mow. --Multiply 
together the length, height and width, in yards, and divide 
by 15 if the hay be well packed. If the mow be shallow, 
and the hay recently placed therein, divide by 18, and by 
any number from 15 to 18, according as the hay is well 
packed. 

To Find the Number of Tons of Hay in Square or Long 
Stacks.— Multiply the length of the base in yards by the 
width in yards, and that by half the height in yards, and 
divide by 15. 

To Find the Number of Tons of Hay in a Load. — Mul- 
tiply together the length, width and height, in yards, and 
divide the product by 20. 

To ascertain the value of a given number of pounds of 
hay, straw, or other commodity sold by the ton, at a given 
price per ton. multiply the number of pounds by i/| the 
price per ton. and point oif three figures from the right. 
The result will be the price of the article. 

A ton is 100 cubic feet in the mow; that is, when it has 
settled down and becomes solid. A truss of Hay is, new. 
60 pounds, old, 50 pounds, straw, 40 pounds. A load of hay 
is 36 trusses. A bale of hay is 300 pounds. 

TO MEASURE CISTERNS AND CASKS. 

Circular Cisterns.— To ascertain the contents of circular 
cisterns, multiply the square of the diameter in feet by 
the depth in feet and that product by jVnn for the contents 
in hogsheads, or by ^-^^ for barrels, or 4% for the contents 
in gallons. 

Square Cisterns. —To ascertain the contents of square 
cisterns multiply the width in feet by the length in feet, 
and that by the depth in feet, and that again by i-ir^ for 
hogsheads, or 1% for barrels, or l^-io for gallons. Another 
and simple method is to multiply together the length, 



198 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

width, and depth, in inches, and divide by 231, which will 
give the contents in gallons. 

Cask Gauging. — To measure the contents of cylindrical 
vessels, multiply the square of the diameter in inches by 
34, and that by the height in inches, and point off four 
figures. The result will be the contents in, or capacity, in 
wine gallons and decimals of a gallon. For beer gallons 
multiply by 28 instead of 34. If the cask be only partially 
filled, multiply by the height of the liquid instead of the 
height of the cask, to ascertain the actual contents. In 
ascertaining the diameter, measure the diameter at the 
bung and at the head, add together, and divide by 2 
for the mean diameter. 

TO COMPUTE THE WEIGHT OF CATTLE. 

Multiply the girth in inches, immediately back of the 
shoulders, by the length in inches from the square of the 
buttock to the point of the shoulder blade, and divide the 
produ3t by 144, which will give the number of superficial 
feet. If the animal has a girth of from 3 to 5 feet, multi- 
ply the number of superficial feet by 16, which will give the 
weight of the animal. If the girth is from 5 to 7 feet, 
multiply by 23, and if from 7 to 9 feet, multiply by 31. If 
less than 3 feet girth, as in the case of small calves, hogs, 
sheep, etc., multiply by 11. Of course many circumstan- 
ces, such as the build of the animal, mode of fattening, con- 
dition, breed, etc., will influence the weight, but the above 
will be found approximately correct. 

TO TELL THE AGE OF CATTLE. 

A cows horn is generally supposed to furnish a correct 
indication of the age of the animal. This is not always 
true. However, for ordinary purposes, the following will 
be found approximately correct. 

At two years of age a circle of thick matter begins to 
form on the animal's horns, which becomes clearly defined 
at three years of age, when another circle or ring begins to 
form, and so on year after year. Its age. then , can be deter- 
mined by counting the number of rings and adding two to 
their number. The rings on the bulls horns do not show 
themselves until he is five years old. so to the number of 
rings we must add five to arrive at his age. Unless the 
•rings are clear and distinct this rule will not apply. 
Besides, dealers sometimes file off some of the rings of old 
cattle to make them appear younger. 

AGE OF SHEEP AND GOATS. 

At 1 year old they have eight front teeth of uniform size. 
At 2 years of age the two middle ones are supplanted by 
two large ones. At three a small tooth appears on each 
side. At four there are six large teeth. At five all the 
front teeth are large and at six the whole begins to get 
large. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



199 



WEIGHT OF A CUBIC FOOT 

of various substances, from which the bulk of a load of 
one ton may be easily calculated : 
115s, 

Cast Iron 450 

Water 62 

White Oak 52 



it)s. 
Common Soil, compact, about. . 124 

Clay, about .135 

Brick, about 125 



Loose Earth, about 95 Stone, about 170 

Legal Weights of Grain, Seed, etc., in Different States. 



ARTICLES. 




d 

O 


I 


'6 




i 

o 


3 


si 


d 

8 


Mass. 
R. I. 
Ky. 
N.J. 


> 


1 


1 


Wheat, lb., 


60 


60 601 


60i60 


^ 


60 


60] 56 


60 




60 


60:60 


60 


60 


Rye. 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


54 


56 


56 


56 




56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


Corn. 


58 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 


56 




56 


56 


56 


52 


56 


Oats. 


32 


32 


32 


32 


35 


35 


32 


32 


28 


30 




33 


30 


32 


M 


34 


Barley. 


48 


48 


47 


48 


48 


48 


44 


48 


45 


46 




48 


48 


46 


M 


48 


Buckwheat. 


48 




48 


50 


42 


52 


40 


42 




46 




52 


50 


46 


M 


48 


Clover seed. 


60 


64 




60 


60 


60 




60 








60 


64 




M 


60 


Timothy seed. 


40 


62 




45 




45 




M 




M 




45 






M 


48 


Flax seed. 


55 


56 




56 




56 




M 




M 




56 


55 




M 


56 


Hemp seed. 


44 






44 




44 






















Blue grass seed. 


14 






14 




14 






















Apples, dried. 


22 


25 






28 


24 




28 
















22 


Peaches, " 


32 


33 






28 


33 




28 
















22 


Coarse salt. 


56 


50 


85 


50 




50 








70 




50 






50 


56 


Fine salt. 


56 


50 


83 


50 




50 








70 




50 






50 


56 


Potatoes. 


60 






60 




66 






60 


60 


60 






60 






Pleas. 


60 


















60 












60 


Beans. 


62 


56 




60 




60 








60 




60 








60 


Castor beans. 


46 






46 




46 






















Onions. 


57 






57 




57 








50 


50 




52 








Corn meal. 


! 


,50 


1 










501 


__ 









The letter "M" shows the sale in that State is by 
measure instead of weight. 

To reduce cubic feet to bushels, struck measure, divide 
the cubic feet by 56 and multiply by 45. 



yaijVe of food for domestic animals. 

The figures below give the comparative number 



of 



pounds of each substance to equal in effect that of any 
vStandard food— as, for instance, that of hay. 
Good hay, to give a certain nourishment, requires . . 100 lbs. 
Good clover hay will give same effect by the use of . 95 " 
Rye Straw " " " 355 " 

Oat Straw " '* " 220 "• 

Potatoes " •' " 195 " 



200 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Carrots will give same effect by the use of 280 lbs. 

Beets •' " '• 346 " 

RutaBagas " " •' 262 " 

Wheat '' " ♦' 43 •' 

Peas " " " 44 " 

Beans " " " 46 *' 

Rye " " ♦' 49 " 

Barley " •' " 51 " 

Indian Corn *' " '* 56 *' 

Oats " " " 59 " 

Buckwheat *' " *' 64 " 

Oil Cake " '* " 64 " 



NUTRITIVE QUALITIES OF FODDER. 

The proportion of nutritive matter in 100 pounds of the 
following substances is as follows : 

Flesh Fat 

Formers. Formers. 

Clover Hay in pounds, 131/2 30 

Timothy 9% 4834 

Corn 10 68 

Oats 12 61 

Wheat Bran 14 50 

Shorts 10 56 

Buckwheat Bran 51/2 48 

Potatoes 21 

Apples V2 14 

Mangels 1 9 

The whole of these amounts may not be digestible, but 
they serve to give a good idea of their relative value. 

CONSUMPTION OF HAY, 

The hay consumed by different animals does not vary 
greatly from three pounds daily for each hundred pounds 
weight of the animals. The following table is the result 
of various experiments by different persons, and will be 
useful for farmers who wish to determine by calculation 
beforehand, how their hay will hold out for the winter; 500 
cubic feet of timothy hay, in a full bay being about one ton. 



Working Horses, 3.08 lbs 

Working Oxen, 2.40 

Milk Cows (Boussingault's),2.25 ' 
Milk cows (Lincoln's), 2.40 * 

Young growing cattle, 3.08 ' 

All ihe articles enumerated in these food tables are 
estimated as of good quality. If the fodder be of poor 
quality, more must be allowed. 



Steers, 2.84 lt)s 

Dry Cows. 2.42 '' 
Pigs (Estima- 
ted), 3.00 " 
Sheep, 3.00 



POCKET COMPANION. 201 

RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT FOODS 
IN STOCK RAISING. 

To produce the same effect as 100 pounds of hay will 
require of the following articles the number of pounds 
opposite each : 

Beets, white ~ 669 pounds. 

Turnips 469 

Eye straw 429 " 

Clover, red, uncured 373 '' 

Clover, red, dry 88 " 

Carrots 371 

Carrot leaves 135 

Mangolds 368.5 " 

Potatoes 350 

Oat straw 317 

Lucerne 89 

Buckwheat . 78.5 " 

Corn 62.5 *' 

Oats 59 

Barley 58 

Rye 53.5 '' 

Wheat 44.6 " 

Oilcake, linseed 43 

Peas, dry 37.5 " 

Beans 28 

FOOD FOR POULTRY. 

The table shows the percentage of nutriment in different 
kinds of food for poultry. 





b£ - 


Warmth- 


^^^ . 


i 






•S.N o 


giving and 


■0^^ 


^ 




There is in Every 




Fattening 
Material 


S S cd c 
J. (t ;-i aj 




Water. 


100 Parts by Weight 


v-^S 


viz. 


o 


of— 


^SS 




^■4-j oil^ 


^' 








Fat or 
Oil. 


Sta- 
rch. 


s^r 


a: 




Beans and Peas 


25 


2 


48 


2 


8 


15 


Oatmeal 


18 


6 


63 


2 


2 


9 


Middlings Thirds, 


18 


6 


53 


5 


4 


14 


or Fine Sharps 














Oats 


15 


6 


47 


2 


20 


10 


Wheat 


12 


3 


70 


2 


1 


12 


Buckwheat 


12 


6 


58 


11/2 


11 


111/2 


Barley 


11 


2 


60 


2 


14 


11 


Indian Corn 


11 


8 


65 


1 


5 


10 


Hempseed 


10 


21 


45 


2 


14 


8 


Rice 


7 


A trace 


80 


A trace 




13 


Potatoes 


61/2 




41 


2 




50V2 


Milk 


41/2 


3 


5 


34 




86^4 



202 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



FOOD FOR SHEEP. 

The table shows the number of pounds, live weight, and 

the number of pounds of wool and of tallow, produced 

by 1,000 pounds of each of the articles named, 

when used as food for sheep. 





:^ 


II 


U 


KIND OF FOOD. 


«2 -. 


-^'^ 


^'C 




Oj-— 1 


o a^ 


O 0^ 




Incr 
weig 




gl 


Barley 


136 


111/2 


60 


Buckwheat 


120 


10 


33 


Corn Meal, wet 


129 


131/2 


171/2 


Mangel-wurzel, raw 


B81/2 


51/4 


61/2 


Oats 


146 


10 


■ 421/2 


Peas 


134 


141/2 


41 


Potatoes, raw, with salt 


461/2 


61/2 


121/2 


Potatoes, raw, without salt 


44 


61/2 


111/2 


Rye, with salt 


133 


14 


35 


Rye, without salt 


90 


12 


43 


Wheat 


155 


14 


591/2 



CORN AND HOGS. 
A bushel of corn will make 101/2 pounds of pork gross. 
Then— 



When corn costs 


Pork costs 






121/2 cents per bushel. 


11/2 cents per 


pound. 


17 




2 


' » 


25 




3 


*' 


35 




4 


" 


42 




5 


" 


50 




6 


'« 


60 " 




7 


'« 


65 

A 




8 


'' 


GES OF A 


XIMALS. 




Whales, estimated, 1.000 Yrs. 


Cow, 


20 Yrs. 


Elephant, 400 " 


Deer, 


20 ' 




Swan, . 300 " 


Rhinoceros, 


20 ' 




Tortoise. 100 " 


Swine. 


20 * 




Eagle, 100 '' 


Wolf, ' 


20 ' 




Raven, 100 '' 


Cat 


15 ' 




Camel, 100 " 


Fox, 


15 ♦ 




Lion, 70 '• 


Dog. 


10 ' 




Porpoise, 30 '* 


Sheep, 


10 ' 




Horse, 20 '• 


Rabbit. 


7 ' 




Bear, 


20 " 


Squirrel. 


7 ' 





POCKET COMPANION. 



203 



Careful observations have shown the following to be 
about the average growth in twelve years, of several var- 
ieties of hard wood, when planted in groves and cultivated: 

Inches Feet 





diameter. 


high. 


White Maple, 


12 


30 


Ash, Leaf Maple or Box Elder, 


12 


20 


White Willow, 


18 


35 


Lombardy Poplar, 


10 


40 


Blue and White Ash, 


10 


25 


Black Walnut, and Butternut. 


10 


20 



NUTRITION IN FOOD. 

The following is "Boussingault's Scale of Nutritive 
Equivalents," and shows how many parts of the various 
articles of food in common use it takes to be equal in nu- 
trition to 100 parts of wheat flour: 



Wheat Flour, 


100 


Rye, 




111 


Wheat. 


107 


Rice, 




177 


Barley Meal, 


119 


Buckwheat, 




108 


Barley, 


180 


Maize, 




130 


White Haricots. 


56 


Horse Beans, 


44 


Lentils, 


57 


Peas, 




67 


White. Cabbage, 


810 


Potatoes, 




813 


Dried do at 212°, 


88 


Carrots, 




777 


Oats, 


117 


Turnips, 




1885 


WEIGHTS (MISCELLANEOUS). 




Bbl. flour weighs 




196 pounds. 


Salt 




280 


'' 


Beef 




200 


*' 


Pork 




200 


" 


Fish 




200 




Keg Powder 


equals 


25 


" 


Stone of lead or Iron 


equals 


14 


•* 


Pig of " 


equals 


211/2 


stone. 


1 bush, of Oats 




32 pounces. 


1 " Barley 




48 




1 " Corn, Rye, or 


nax seed 


56 




1 " Blue grass 




14 




1 " Castor Beans 




46 




1 " Hemp seed 




44 




1 ., 5 Wheat, beans, clover- 


60 




1 seed, peas, oi 


• potatoes 




1 " Timothy seed 




45 




1 '* Onions 




57 




1 " Apples, or dr 
1 " Salt 
A sack of wool 


ied peaches. 


28 

50 

308 






" 


A pack '* " (for a horse) 




240 


'* 



204 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



A bale of cotton is 400 pounds, but it is put up in differ- 
ent States varying from 280 to 720 pounds. Sea Island cot- 
ton is put up in sacks of 300 pounds. 

AGES ATTAINED BY BIRDS . 



Blackbird lives 


13 yrs 


Parrot lives 


65 yrs 


Blackcap lives 


15 '• 


Partridge lives 


15 " 


Canary lives 


24 '' 


Peacock lives 


24 " 


Crane lives 


27 " 


Pelican lives 


58 " 


Crow lives 


100 " 


Pheasant lives 


15 '' 


Eagle lives 


100 '' 


Pigeon lives 


20 " 


Fowl (common) lives 


12 " 


Raven lives 


100 " 


Goldfincli lives 


15 " 


Robin lives 


12 ** 


Goose lives 


50 *' 


Skylark lives 


30 " 


Heron lives 


60 " 


Sparrow Hawk lives 


40 " 


Lark lives 


18 " 


Swan lives 


100 *' 


Linnet lives. 


23 '' 


Thrush lives 


10 - 


Nightingale lives 


18 " 


Wren lives 


3 " 



FRESH WATER. 
The component parts, by weight and measure, is— Oxy- 
gen 88.9 weight, and 1 by measure; hydrogen 11.1 weight, 
and 2 by measure. One cubic inch of distilled water at its 
maximum densiiy, 39.83, the barometer 30 inches, weighs 
252.7 grains. A cubic foot weighs 62.5 pounds. 

AMOUNT OF OIL IN SEEDS. 
Kinds of Seed. Per cent oil. 
Rapeseed 55 

Sweet Almond 47 

Turnip seed 45 

White mustard 37 

Bitter Almond 37 

Hempseed 19 

Linseed 17 

Indian .corn 7 

The English Quarter, at which wheat is quoted in the 
English reports, is 560 pounds, or 1/4 of the ton gross 
weight of 2.240 lbs. The English legal bushel is 70 pounds, 
and consequently 8 of those bushels is a quarter— equal to 
91/2 of our statue bushels of 60 pounds. 

HOUSEHOLD WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
1 Teaspoonful equals 1 dram. 
1 dessertspoonful equal2 teaspoonfuls, or 2 drams. 

1 tablespoonful equals 2 dessertspoonfuls, or 4 teaspoon- 

fuls. 

2 tables poonfuls equal 8 teaspoonfuls, or 1 ounce. 

1 common size wineglassful equal 2 ounces, or 1/2 gill. 
A tea cup is estimated to hold 4 fluid ounces, or 1 gill. 



Kinds of Seed 


Per cent oil. 


Oats 


6V2 


Clover hay 


5 


Wheat bran 


4 


Oat-straw 


4 


Meadow hay 


3V2 


Wheat-straw 


3 


Wheat flour 


3 


Barley 


21/2 



POCKET COMPANION. 



205 



1 pound of wheat is equal to about 1 quart. 

1 pound and 2 ounces of Indian meal Is equal to 1 quart. 

1 pound of soft butter is equal to about 1 pint. 

1 pound of sugar is equal to about 1 pint. 



TOWNSHIP PLAT. 



Township Range.. 



NOllTSr 



..County,. 



'X'^'l' 


...i..5|.. 


3x:. 


. '. Q.J .. 


...'..<>.;... 


■•f-i-f- 




..... ^ . _ 


::|::7:];;: 


J..8-V- 


•■v-9r 


■;ip 


..jli..;... 


..iii2:-. 


-fi8-;- 


-;i7-;- 


:SE 


-;i5;- 


-|li]- 


-jisf- 


4i9; 


.labf 


-;-21y- 


...•.2'2:- 


-{23-- 


•:24i- 


isp; 


..;.29;- 


-|28y- 


••f^7f- 


-;26f- 


■■\ib\-- 




■•\s^'r 


-••33;-- 


••{sW- 


-i^s;- 


: ■ ! 



* School section. 

A township is 6 miles square = 86 sections. 

A section *' 1 '' '* = 640 acres. 

1/4 *' "1/2 *' '• = 160 " 

M6 '* ''1/4 " " = 40 " 

Hence a township contains 23,040 acres. The smallest 
tract of land sold by the government is a "quarter-quarter 
section," which contains 40 acres. The sections are num- 
bered from 1 to 36 commencing at the north-east corner. 

Any citizen (or foreigner who has declared his inten- 
tion to become one), who has actually settled upon an 



206 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

unappropriated quarter section (160 acres), and has 
erected* a dwelling-house thereon, acquires the right of 
" pre-emption," that is, the right to purchase that 160 acre 
plot at the minimum price, though he had not located the 
tract before his settlement. He is permitted to take up, 
without payment of any price, except certain fees, 160 acres 
of $1.25 land, or 80 acres of $2.50 land, as a homeste'ad. But 
the patent or deed will not be issued until he has resided 
on it for five years. The •' patent " or deed is issued by 
the U. S. Land Commisioner. 

THE CENTER OF POPULATION. 

The centre of population of the United States is stedily 
moving westward, at the rate of fifty miles every ten years. 
The following is the centre point at each census: 

1790 22 miles east of Baltimore. 

' west of Baltimore. 

' north-west 01 Wasnington. 

' north of Woodstock, Va 

' west by south-west Moorefield, W. Va. 

' west of Clarksburg W. Va. 

' south-east Parkersburg, W. Va. 

' south of Chillicothe, O. 

' east by north of Cincinnati. 

' west by south of Cincinnati. 

POWER OF AN ORDINARY MAN. 

1 man can raise 10 pounds, 10 feet, in a second, 10 hours 
a day. 

1 man can raise 100 pounds 1 foot. 

1 man can draw on a level 640 pounds. 

A man can press with hands equal to 110 pounds. 

A man's force, drawing horizontally, 110 pounds. 

A man can lift with both hands 236 pounds. 

A man can support on his shoulders 330 pounds. 

5 men working 10 hours a day are equal to 1 horse work- 
ing 8 hours. 

3 men carrying 100 pounds each will ascend a hill quicker 
than 1 horse carrying joo pounds. 

A man's strength is ji oater in n. sing a weight when his 
own weight is to that «f *^is load as four is to three. 

POWER OF A HORSE. 

1 horse can raise 1 50 pounds 220 feet high in a minute: 8 

hours a day. 
1 horse-power is reckoned at from 30.000 to 36,000 pounds, 

raised 1 foot high per minute. 
1 horse's force drawing horizontally is estimated at 

770 pounds. 
1 horse can draw on a level 4480 pounds,— 2 tons— equal to 

7 men. 



1810 


40 


1820 


16 


1830 


19 


1840 


16 


1850 


23 


1860 


20 


1870 


48 


1880 


8 



POCKET COMPANION. 207 

FORCE REQUISITE TO MOVE A BODY. 

A stone along a rough chiseled floor require's % of its 
weight. The same on rollers, 1-32. 

A stone along a wooden floor, 3-5 of its weight. The 
same on rollers 1-40. 

DISTANCE IN FEET GONE BY IN A SECOND. 

A man walking, 4; a horse, harnessed, 12; a ship, 14; a 
steamship, 18; a reindeer on ice, 26; a race horse, 43; a 
hare. 88; a locomotive engine, 117; a 24 pound cannon ball, 
1.300; the moon, 3.300; the earth, 99.733; an eagle, 117; a 
hawk, 50; a crow, 36. 

The electric telegraph, 1.520.640.000, or more than eleven 
times around the world. 

A swift bird would be 3 weeks in flying round the world. 

Light travels about 192.000 miles in a second. 

Light could pass round the earth in the 18th of a second. 

SOUND. 
Sound passes through air in a second 1.130 ft. 

"■ " along water 4.900" 

Cast-Iron 11.090" 

Steel 17.000" 

Glass 18.000" 
Wood 4636 to 17.000 " 
Cold air conducts sound better than warm. 

MEASURES OF ROCK AND EARTH. 

25 cubic feet of sand equal 1 ton. 

18 " " Earth 1 " 

17 " " Clay 1 " 
13 " " Quartz, unbroken in lode 1 " 

18 " " Gravel or earth before digging equals 27 
cubic feet when dug. 

20 cubic feet of quartz, broken (of ordinary fineness from 
the lode), equals one ton, contract measurement. 

R A I L W A Y S I G N A L CO D E . 

One whistle signifies "down brakes," Two whistles sig- 
nify "off brakes," Three whistles signify "back up," Con- 
tinued whistles signify "danger." Rapid short whistles "a 
cattle alarm." A sweeping parting of the hands on the level 
with the eyes, signifies " go ahead." Downward motion of 
the hands with extended arms, signifies "stop." Beckon- 
ing motion of one hand, signifies " back." Red flag waved 
up the track, signifies " danger." Red flag stuck up by the 
roadside, signifies " danger ahead." Red flag carried on a 
locomotive, signifies " an engine following." Red flag 
hoisted at a station, is a signal to "stop." Lanterns at 
night raised and lowered vertically, is a signal to " start." 
Lanterns swung at right angles across the track, means 
"stop." Lanterns swung in a circle, signifies "back the 
train." 



208 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

REMARKS ON USING FILES. 

A new file should always be used with a light pressure 
on the work till the needle-like points of the teeth are 
worn away; after this, a much heavier pressure may be 
used with much less danger of breaking off the teeth at 
their base. Many new flies are violently diminished half 
their efficiency by a few careless strokes when first applied 
to the work. 

Do not use a new file on the chilled and gritty skin of 
castings, or on a weld where borax or any vitreous fluxes 
have been employed— no file can endure such usage. 

Every flier should keep a worn file with which first to 
attack the rough, gritty or oxy dized surface of iron work, 
and thereby pave the way for a more efficient work with 
his sharp files. A piece of gritty or chilled casting that 
would rapidly destroy the cutting qualities of a new file, 
would produce scarcely any damaging effect to a worn one. 

In filing steel, better results can generally be obtained 
by using files of a grade not coarser than " 2d cut; " finer 
grades being employed according to the finish and delicacy 
of the work under manipulation. 

Parties using files should always seek to discover the 
fitness or adaptibility of cut and form of files especially 
suited to their work. No one should expect the best 
results from a file on brass or spelter which was intended 
for use on iron or steel. 

SHRINKAGE OF CASTINGS. 



Iron, Small cylinders. 


= 


1-16 in. 


per foot. 


" Pipes 


= 


i/k " 


*' *' 


•' Girders, Beams, etc. 


= 


1^ - 


in 15 Ins. 


** Large cylinder the contraction 


I 






*' of diameter at top 


=z 


1-16 '' 


per foot. 


" Ditto at bottom 


z= 


1/2 " 


a t< 


*' " in length 


=z 


1^ " 


in 16 Ins. 


Brass, thin 


=: 


1/8 - 


in 9 '• 


" thick 


= 


1/8 " 


in 10 '* 


Zinc 


— 


5-16 '' 


in a foot 


Lead 


= 


5-16 " 


in '* " 


Copper 


= 


3-16 '' 


in" '^ 


Bismuth 


= 


5-32 '' 


in " *' 



SPEED OF SA WS. 
To ascertain the proper number of revolutions per min- 
ute of any size saw, divide 36.000 by the diameter of the saw 
in inches, thus— 36.000 -^ 60 = 600, the number of revolu- 
tions a 60 inch saw should make. 

Weight of Grindstones.— Rule:— Square the diameter 
(in inches) multiply by thickness (in inches) ; then by the 
decimal .06363; the product will be the weight of the stone 
in pounds. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



209 



TO ASCERTAIN THE DEGREE OF HEAT OF STEEL. 

Steel becomes a very faint yellow at (Fahr). 430*^ 

Straw color 450 

Full yellow 470 

Brown 490 

Brown with purple spots 510 

Purple 530 

Blue 550 

Full blue 560 

Dark blue verging on black 600 

Average of the Lineal Expansion of a few 
Metals from 32° to 2 12°. 



Increased len- 
gth at 212°. 
Zinc sheet 1 part in 340 



Name. 



cast 
Lead 
Tin pure 
" impure 
Silver 
Copper 
Brass 
Gold 
Bismuth 



322 
351 
403 
516 
524 
581 
584 
682 
719 



Name. 

Iron 

Antimony 

Palladium 

Platinum 

Glass 

Marble 

Iron soft 

Iron cast 

Steel tempered. 

Steel 



Increased length 
at 212° 
1 part in 



812 

923 

1000 

1167 

1160 

2833 

818 

900 

806 

926 



Quantity of water that will flow through a pipe 500 feet 
long in 24 hours, with a fall of 10 feet. 



inches bore 



1 

11/4 



576 
1,150 
2,040 
3,200 
6.624 
10,000 



gallons. 



METAL IN THEIR PROBABLE ORDER OF 
THEIR HARDNESS. 

Mercury, Sodium, Potassium, Lead, Zinc, Tin, Antimony, 
Gold. Silver, Cadmium, Bismuth, Tellurium, Copper, Cop- 
per and Zinc, (Brass) Platinum, Copper and Tin, (gun 
metal) Palladium, Iron, Cobalt. Nickel, Crude Iron, (grey) 
Steel, (soft) Steel, (hardened) Manganese, Titanium, 
Crude Iron, (white) Chromium, Rhodium, Iridium, Osmin- 
um, Hardest steel varying from white iron to top of list. 

The following Table Represents the pressure in pounds 
on the square inch at a given depth of water. 

20 Feet 8I/2 lbs. 70 Feet 301/2 tbs. 120 Feet 52l/4lbs. 

30 " 123/4 '• 80 " 348/4 '' 130 " 561/2 '' 

40 '' 171/4 '" 90 " 39 " 140 " 6O3/4 *' 

50 '' 213/4 '* 100 " 431/2 •* 150 " 651/4 '' 

60 *• 261/4 '* 110 •* 4734 •♦ 



210 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

SOLDERS. 

For lead, one of tin and one and one-half of lead. 

For tin, one of tin and two of lead. 

For pewter, two of tin and one of lead. 

For brazing (hardest), three of copper and one of zinc. 

For brazing (hard), one of copper and one of zinc. 

For brazing (soft), one of tin, four of copper, and three of 
zinc; or, two of tin and one of antimony. 

For silver (hardest), four of fine silver, and one of copper. 

For silver (hard), three of silver one part brass wire. 

For silver (softest) , two of silver and one of brass wire. 

For gold (hardest), four of copper seven of silver and 
eighty-nine of gold. 

For gold (hard), sixty-six of copper and thirty-four of 
zinc. 

i'or gold (soft), sixty-six of tin and thirty-four of lead. 

For iron, sixty-six of copper, 33 of zinc and one of anti- 
mony. 

For copper, fifty-three of copper and forty-seven of tin. 

For steel, thirteen of copper, five of zinc and eighty-two of 
silver. 

For brass, forty- seven of copper forty-seven of zinc. 

FLUXES FOR SOLDERING OR WELDING. 

For iron or steel, borax or sal-ammoniac, 

For tinned iron, resin or chloride of zinc. 

For copper and brass, sal-ammoniac or chloride of zinc. 

For zinc, chloride of zinc. 

For lead, tallow or resin. 

For lead and tin pipes, resin and sweet oil. 

ACTUAL HORSE-POWER OF ENGINES. 

Rule:— Multiply the area of the piston by the pressure 
per square inch; the product by the speed of the piston 
per minute, equals the force in pounds; this last divided 
by 33.000 equals the actual horse-power, including the 
friction. 

Simple Rule to Ascektain Horse-Power of Steam 
Engine.— Area of cylinder in inches multiply by pounds 
of steam in boiler, less 20 per cent off, the remainder by 
speed of piston in feet per minute; divide the product by 
33.000 

Thus: engine 20-inch cylinder (area 314 inches), boiler 
pressure 80 pounds, less 20 per cent off=64 pounds, speed 
of piston 250 feet per minute. 

Then: 314X61X250^33.000=152 H. P. 

EASY RULE FOR FINDING THE AREA OF A CIRCLE. 

A short and easy method of finding the area of a circle, 

is to multiply the square of the diameter by 7 and divide 

by 9, and you will have the area (nearly). This rule does 



POCKET COMPANION. 211 

not give it exact; it falls a little short, but is near enough 
for all ordinary purposes. 

To find the circumference when the diameter is given.— 
Multiply the diameter by 22 and divide by 7, and you will 
have the circumference (nearly). 



EFFECTS OF HEAT. 





Degrees Fahr 


Fine Gold Melts 2590 


'' Silver 


1860 


Copper 


2548 


Wrought Iron 


3980 


Cast •' 


3479 


Glass 


2377 


Brass 


1900 


Antimony . ' ' 


951 


Bismuth. 


476 


Cadmium 


600 


Steel 


250 


Lead ' 


600 


Tin 


424 


Mercury boils 


600 


volatilizes 


806 


Platinum 


4561 


Zinc 


766 


Mercury 


39 


Bronze (100 copper 10 tin) 


1652 


Sodium 


190 


Potassium 


136 


Nicke) 


3950 


Tellerium 


850 


Indium ' 


349 



BLASTING. 
In small blasts 1 pound of powder will loosen about 41/2 
tons. 

In large blasts 1 pound of powder will loosen about 23^ 
tons. 

Inclosing 50 or 60 pounds of powder, in a resisting bag 
hung or propped up against a gate or barrier, will demol- 
ish any ordinary construction. 

One man can bore, with a bit 1 inch in diameter, from 
50 to 100 inches, per day of 10 hours in granite, or 300 to 
400 inches, per day in lime stone. 

Two strikers and a holder can bore with a bit 2 inches 
in diameter 10 feet in a day in rock of medium hardness. 



212 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

COLORS FOR DRAWING. 



MATERIAL. 


COLOR. 


Brass. 


Gamboge. 


Brick. 


Carmine. 


Cast-iron. 


Neutral tint. 


Clay. 


Burnt umber. 


Concrete. 


Sepia with dark spots. 


Earth. 


Burnt umber light. 


Copper. 


Lake and burnt sienna. 


Granite, 


Indian Ink light. 


Lead, 


'' Ink & Prussian blue 


Steel. 


Light blue and lake. 


Water. 


Cobalt or Yerdigris. 


Woods. 


5 Burnt Sienna, deep and light for dark 
I and light wood. 


Wrought-lron. 


Prussian blue, light. 



STRENGTH OF ICE. 

Ice two inches thick will bear men on foot; four inches, 
men on horse back; six inches thick will bear cattle and 
teams with light loads; eight inches thick, teams with 
heavy loads. Ten inches will sustain a pressure of LOGO 
pounds per square foot. The above is on the supposition 
that the ice is sound, and not "snow-ice." 

Comparative VAlue of Wood for Fuel. 
Taking shell-bark hickory as the highest standard, and 
calling that 100, other trees will compare with it for burn- 
ing purposes, as follows: shell-bark hickory, 100; pignut 
hickory, 95; white oak, 84; white ash, 77; dogwood, 75; 
scrub oak, 73; white hazel. 72; apple tree, 70; white beach 
69; black birch, 65; hard maple, 65; black walnut, 62; yellow 
oak, 60; white elm, 58; red oak, 56; red cedar, 56; wild 
cherry, 55; yellow pine, 54; chestnut, 52; yellow poplar, 51; 
butternut, 43; white birch, 43; white pine, 30. 

THE SIZES OF SKATES. 
COMPARE WITH SIZES OF SHOES AS FOLLOWS. 



Slates, Ins. 


1 7 ! 71/2t 8 1 81/21 9 1 91/21 10 1 IOV2I H ^ IIV2 


Shoes, No. 


i 91/2I 11 1 121/2! 1 ! 21/2I 4 1 51/2I 71/2 i 9 1 101/2 



FL Y WHEELS. 

A fly-wheel should always have high velocity. 

The diameter should be from 3 to 4 times that of the 
stroke of the driving engine. 

The weight of the rim should be about 85 to 95 pounds 
per actual horse-power, the momentum of the wheel being 
41/2 times that of the piston. 



POCKET COMPANION. 213 

When the engine to which a fly-wheel is to be attached 
is single-acting, it is customery to make the weight of the 
wheel 5 times greater than when it is to be attached to a 
double-acting engine. The weight of a fly-wheel in 
engines that are subjected to irregular motions, as in a 
cotton-press, rolling-mill, etc., must be greater than in 
the others where so sudden a check is not experienced. 

FILING, 

Piles may be loaded to 1000 pounds per square inch of 
head, if driven to firm bottom. 

In sandy soil, the greatest force of a pile-driver will not 
drive a pile over 15 feet. 

MASONR Y . 

Concrete or Beton should be thrown, or let fall from a 
height of at least 10 feet, or well beaten down. The aver- 
age weight of brick-work in mortar is about 102 pounds per 
cubic foot. 

A Foot Soldier Travels in One Minute. 

Common time, 90 steps equals 70 yards. 

In quick time, 110 " " 86 " 

In double quick timel40 " " 110 " 

He occupies in the ranks a front of 20 inches, and a 
depth of 18, without a knapsack; the interval between the 
ranks is 13 inches. Average weight of men, 150 pounds 
each. Five men can stand in a space of 1 square yard. 

Table of Proportions of the Circle and its Equal. 

The diameter of any circle X 3. 1416= the circumference. 
The circumference of a circle X (s.iVtb =0-31831) =the 
diameter. 
The square of the diameter x (^^^-^^=0.7854)= the area. 

The square of the circumference X( 5-Vrn7i- 0.07958 ! = 
the area. V^-l^l^ / 

The diameter of a circle x (v 0.7854 = 0.8862)= side of 
equal square. 

The circumference of a circle X (VO. 07958 =0.2821)= side 
of equal square. 

The side of any square X (n.5V!jT= 3. 545)= circumference 
of equal circle. 

The side of any square x d^ 5^^=1.1284) = diameter of 
equal circle. 

Square of side X (Ty,7is5T= 1-27324366)= square of diameter 
of equal circle equal so called round inches. 

Round inches x («f4\^-*= 0.0546)= square feet. 

Square of diameter of equal circle x 0.7854 = square 
side. 



214 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

MENSURATION OF SURFACES. 

Area of any parallelogram = base x perpendicular 
height. 

Area of any triangle = base X 1/2 perpendicular height. 

Area of section of circle = arc )< 1/2 radius. 

Area of segment of circle==area of sector of equal radius, 
less area of triangle. 

Area of parabola = base X % height. 

Area ot ellipse= longest diameter x shortest diameter X 
.7854. 

Area of any regular polygon = sum of its sidesx perpen- 
dicular from its centre to one of its sides, divided by 2. 

Surface of cylinder = area of both ends + height X cir- 
cumference. 

Surface of segment = height of segment X whole cir- 
cumference of sphere of which it is a part. 

Cubic contents of a cylinder = area of one end X length. 
MENSURATION OF SOLIDS. 

Cylinder = area of one end X length, 

Sphere = cube of diameter X .5236. 

Segment of sphere = square root of the height added to 
three times the square of radius of base x by height and 
by .5236. 

Cone of pyramid = area of base X 1/3 perpendicular 
height. 

Frustrum of a cone= product of diameter of both ends+ 
sum of their squares, X perpendicular height x .2618. 

Frustrum of a pyramid=:sum of the areas of the two ends 
4- square root of their product, X by 1/3 of the perpendic- 
ular height. 

Solidity of a wedge = area of base X 1/2 perpendicular 
height. 

Frustrum of a wedge=l/2 perpendicular heightxsum of 
the areas of the two ends. 

Solidity of a ring= thickness + inner diameter, x square 
of thickness, X 2.4674. 

To Find the Diameter and the Breaking Strain 
OF A Bolt. 

Multiply the area of 1 d inch by 20, of 2 d inch by 19, of 
3 3 inch by 18, of 4 d inch by 17, of 5 d inch by 16, of 6 o 
inch by 15, etc.. for Upset Bolts: but with 12.6 tor 1 g inch, 
12.54 for 2 n inch, 12.50 for 3 d inch, 12.31 for 4 d inch, 11.90 
for 5 D inch, and 11.34 for 6 d inch, for common, not Upset 
Bolts. The result will be the net breaking weight, which 
is to be divided by the required factor of safety. 



POCKET COMPANION. 215 

Example:— What weight can a 2 inch bolt carry before 
breaking with a factor of 3? 

Area of 2=3.1416 X ^i = 19.9 tons if upset, or ^*^i-^~^ x 
12.54 = 13.13 if not upset. 

What size of Bolt is required to carry 19.9 tons? 
19.9 X j% = 3.142 = 2 inch round bolt upset. 19.9 X 12=^54 
= 4.76 = 2.45 inch round, not upset. 

RULES FOR WEIGHTS OF CASTINGS. 

ri2 for Cast-Iron,^ 
Mnitiniv thA wAicrht! 1^ " Brass, I and the product 

of thenattem^^^ " Lead, Ms the weight of 

or tne pattern oy j ^2.2*' Tin, | the casting. 

L11.4" Zinc, J 

SHRINKAGE IN CASTINGS. 



r Cast -Iron, i/g ^ 
I Brass, " "* 



PATTERK MAKERS J f^ '^^ [ ^e/^plfCeS 

^^^^' I Tin, 1-12 I foot. 

LZinc, 3-16J 

Reduction for Round Cores and Core Prints. 

Rule:— Multiply the square of the diameter by the 
length of the core in inches, and the product by 0.017 is 
the weight of the Pine Core to be deducted from the 
weight of the pattern. 

SHIPPING ADMEASUREMENT. 

Register Ton.— For Register tonnage or for measure- 
ment of the entire internal capacity of a vessel: 100 cubic 
feet = 1 Registered Ton. 

This number is arbitrarily assumed to facilitate com- 
putation. 

Shipping Ton for the Measurement of Cargo: 

( 1 U. S. shipping ton. 
40 cubic feet = \ 31.16 Imperial bushels. 

(32.143 U. S. 

( 1 British shipping ton. 
42 cubic feet = -J 32.719 Imperial bushels. 

(33.75 U. S. 

How Wines and Liquors are Put up and the Number 

OF Gallons they Contain. 
Butt of Sherry 108 gallons. 

Pipe of Port 115 

Pipe of Teneriffe 100 

Butt of Malaga 105 " 

Puncheon of Scotch Whiskey 110 to 130 

Brandy 110 to 120 

Rum 100 to 110 



216 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Hogshead of Brandy 55 to 60 gallons. 

Pipe of Madeira 92 

Hogshead of Claret 46 " 

A hogshead is one-half, a quarter cask is one-fourth, an 
octave is one-eighth of apipe, butt, or puncheon. 



Proportion of Alcohol In 100 parts of the 
following Liquors. (Brande). 



Small Beer 

Cider 

Porter 

Brown Stout 

Ale 

Perry 

Rhenish 

Moselle 

Johannisberger 

Elder Wine 

Claret 

Tokay 

Rudesheimer 

Marcobrunner 

Gooseberry Wine 

Frontignac 

Hockheimer 

Vin de Grave 

Champagne 

" Burgundy 
Hermitage, red 

" white 

Amontillado 
Barsac 
Santerne 
White Port 



1.08 
9.8 
5.3 
6.8 
10. 
7.3 
7.6 
8.7 
8.71 
8.8 
8.9 
9.4 
10.7 
11.6 
11.8 
12.9 
12.1 
12.8 
12.7 
14.6 
12.3 
17.4 
12.6 
13.9 
14.2 
15. 



Bordeaux 
Shiraz 


15.1 
15.5 


Malmsey 


16.4 


Sherry 


17.2 


" old 


23.9 


Alba Flora 


17.3 


Constantia, red 


18.9 


Port 


23. 


Colares 


19.7 


Lisbon 


18.9 


Malaga 


17.2 


Cape Muscat 


18.3 


Tenneriffe 


19.8 


Lachryma 


19.7 


Currant Wine 


20.6 


Maderia 


22.3 


Sercial 


27.4 


Marsala 


25.1 


Raisin Wine 


25.2 


Cape Madeira 


29.5 


Gin 


51.6 


Brandy 


53.4 


Rum 


53.7 


Irish Whiskey 


53.9 


Scotch " 


54.4 



COMMON NAMES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES. 



Common Names, 
Aqua Fortis 
Aqua Regia 
Blue Vitriol 
Cream of Tartar 
Calomel 
Chalk 

Caustic Potassa 
Chloroform 
Common Salt 
Copperas, or Green Vitrio] 
Corrosive Sublimate 
Diamond 



Chemical Names. 

Nitric Acid. 
Nitro-Muriatic Acid. 
Sulphate of Copper. 
Bitartrate of Potassium. 
Chloride of Mercury. 
Carbonate Calcium 
Hydrate Potassium. 
Chloride ot Gormyle. 

" of Sodium. 
Sulphate of Iron. 
Bi-Chloride of Mercury. 
Pure Carbon. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



217 



Common Names, 
Dry Alum 

Epsom Salts 

Ettnops Mineral 

Fire Damp 

Galena 

Glauber's Salt 

Glucose 

Goulard Waters 

Iron Pyrites 

Jewelers Putty 

Kings Yellow 

Laughing Gas 

Lime 

Lunar Caustic 

Mosaic Gold 

Muriate of Lime 

Nitre or Saltpetre 

Oil of Vitriol 

Potash 

Realgar 

Bed Lead. 

Rust of Iron 

Sal-Ammoniac 

Salt of Tartar 

Slacked Lime 

Soda 

Spirits of Hartshorn 

Spirits of Salt 

Stucco or Plaster of Paris 

Sugar of Lead 

Verdigris 

Vermilion 

Vinegar 

Volatile Alkali 

Water 

White Precipitate 

White Vitriol 



Chemical Names. 

Sulphate Aluminum and Pot- 
assium. 

Sulphate of Magnesia. 

Black Sulphide of Mercury. 

Light Carbureted Hydrogen. 

Sulphide of Lead. 

Sulphate of Sodium. 

Grape Sugar. 

Basic Acetate of Lead. 

Bi-Sulphide Iron. 

Oxide of Tin. 

Sulphide of Arsenic. 

Protoxide of Nitrogen. 

Oxide of Calcium. 

Nitrate of Silver. 

Bi-Sulphide of Tin. 

Chloride of Calcium. 

Nitrate of Potash. 

Sulphuric Acid. 

Oxide of Potassium. 

Sulphide of Arsenic. 

Oxide of Lead. 

Oxide of Iron. 

Muriate of Ammonia. 

Carbonate of Potassa. 

Hydrate Calcium. 

Oxide of Sodium. 

Ammonia. 

Hydro-Chloric or Mur'ic Acid. 

Sulphate of Lime. 

Acetate of Lead. 

Acetate of Copper. 

Sulphide of Mercury. 

Acetic Acid. (Diluted). 

Ammonia. 

Oxide of Hydrogen. 

Ammoniated Mercury. 

Sulphate of Zinc. 



WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. 

There are four notable temperatures for pure water, 
viz:— 

1. Freezing point at sea level, 32° F. weight per cubic foot 
62.418 pounds; per cubic inch, .03612 pounds. 

2. Point of maximum density. 39. 1° F. weight per cubic 
foot 62.425 pounds; per cubic inch, .036125 pounds. 

3. British standard for specific gravity 62° F. weight per 
cubic foot 62,355 i)Ounds; per cubic inch .03608 pounds. 



218 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



4. Boiling point at sea level, 212° F. weight per cubic foot 
59.760 pounds; per cubic inch .03458 pounds. 
Sea water, (average), has a specific gravity of 1.028, boils 

at 213.2° F., and weighs 64 pounds, per cubic foot at 62° F. 

A British Thermal Unit (or heat unit), is that quantity 
of heat which will raise one pound of water at or about 
the freezing point, 1° Fahrenheit. A French "Caloric" 
is the heat required to raise one l^ilogramme of water 1° 
Centigrade, and is equal to 3.96832 British thermal units. 



Herschel's Table for Foretelling the Weather. 

This table and the accompanying remarks, originally 
formed by Dr. Herschel, and approved with some altera- 
tions, by the experienced Dr. Adam Clarke, are the result 
of many years' close observation, the whole being on a due 
consideration of the sun and moon in their several 
positions respecting the earth. They show what kind of 
weather will most probably follow the entrance of the 
moon into any of its quarters; so probably, indeed, that it 
has been seldom found to fail. If the new moon, first 
quarter, full moon or last quarter happens— 



BETWEEN 


IN SUMMER. 


12 and 2, morning. 


Fair 


2 and 4 


Cold, with frequent showers. 


4 and 6 " 


Rain. 


Band 8 


Wind and rain. 


8 and 10 


Changeable. 


10 and 12 


Frequent showers. 


12 and 2. afternoon, 


Very rainy. 


2 and 4 


Changeable. 


4 and 6 


Fair. 


6 and 8 


5 Fair if wind N. W. ; rainy 
I if winds S. or S. W. 


8 and 10 


10 and midnight, 


Fair. 



BETWEEN 


I N WINTER. 


12 and 2, morning, 


Hard frost, unless wind be S. or W. 


2 and 4 " 


Snow and stormy. 


4 and 6 ' 


Rain 


6 and 8 


Stormy. 


8 and 10 


Cold rain if wind be W. ; snow if E. 


10 and 12 


Cold and high wind. 


12 and 2, afternoon. 


Snow or rain. 


2 and 4 


Fair and mild. 


4 and 6 " 


Fair. 


Band 8 


5 Fair and frosty if wind N. or N. E. 
I rain or snow if S. or S. W. 


8 and 10 


10 and midnight. 


Fair and frosty. 



POCKET COMPANION. 2B 

Observations.— 1. The nearer the time of the moon's 
change, first quarter, full or last quarter is to midnight, the 
fairer will the weather be during the seven days following. 

2. The space for this calculation occupies from 10 at 
night till 2 next morning., 

3. The nearer to midday, or noon, the phases of the 
moon happen, the more foul or wet weather may be 
expected during the next seven days. 

4. The space of this calculation occupies from 10 o'clock 
in the morning to 2 in the afternoon. 

Alphabets of Different Languages. 
The English alphabet contains 26 letters; the French' 
25; Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac, 22; Greek, 24; Latin. 25; 
Spanish, 27; Italian, 20; Arabic, 28; Persian, 31; Turkish, 
33; Georgian, 36; Coptic, 32; Muscovite, 43; Sclavonic, 27; 
Dutch, 26; Ethiopic, 222; Tartarian, 222; Bengal India, 21; 
Brachman, 19; Sanscrit, 28. 

FACTS IN LA W, 

Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

An agreement without consideration is void. 

Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. 

A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. 

The acts of one partner bind all the others. 

Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. 

A contract made with a lunatic is void. 

Contracts for advertisements in Sunday newspapers are 
invalid. 

Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. 

Agents are responsible to their principals for errors. 

Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the 
whole amount of the debts of the firm. 

Notes bear interest only when so stated. 

It is not legally necessary to say on a note "for value 
received." 

Part payment of a debt which has passed the time of 
statutory limitation revives the whole debt. 

An oral agreement must be proved by evidence. A 
written agreement proves itself. The law prefers written 
to oral evidence because of its precision. 

RELATING TO NOTES, 
Demand Notes are payable on presentation without 
grace, and bear legal interest, after a demand has been 
made, if not so written. An endorser on a demand note 
is holden for a limited time, variable in different States. 

A Negotiable Note must be made payable either to 
bearer, or be properly endorsed by the person to whose 



220 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

order it is made. If the endorser wishes to avoid respon- 
sibility, he can endorse " without recourse." 

A Joint Note is one signed by two or more persons, who 
each become liable for the whole amount. 

Three Days Grace are allowed on all time notes, after 
the time for payment expires; if not then paid, the endor- 
ser, if any, should be legally notified, to be holden. 

Notes Falling Due Sunday, or on a legal holiday, must be 
paid the day previous. 

Notes Dated Sunday are void. 

Altering a Note in any manner by the holder, makes it 
void. 

Notes Given by Minors or Lunatics are void. 

The Maker of a Note that is lost or stolen is not released 
from payment if the amount and consideration can be 
proven. 

Notes Obtained by Fraud, or given by an intoxicated 
person, cannot be collected 

An Endorser has a right of action against all whose 
names were previously on a note endorsed by him. 

Deposits of Money in a Bank placed to the credit of 
depositors, are always subject to their check for full 
amount due. 

If The Letter Containing a Protest of non-payment be 
put into the post-office, any miscarriage does not affect the 
party giving notice. 



READY RECKONING AND DISCOUNTS. 

To Find Net Cost of a Single Article 
AT Various Discounts. 

15 per cent, off, multiply price per dozen by .07 1-12 



20 *' " divide 

20 and 5 " multiply 

20 " 10 

25 per cent. " *• *' " 

331/3 '' " - •' - 

35 " . " 

40 

40 and 5 per cent, off, multiply by .4^4^ 
40 '^ 10 " " '• .41/2 

45 per cent, off, multiply by .04 7-12 
50 ^' " '' .04 1-6 

60 " " " .031/3 



.15 

.06V3 

.06 

.0614 

1-18 

.05 5-12 

.05 



POCKET COMPANION. 221 

Table for Marking Each Article at a Given per cent. 
Advance, when Bought by the Dozen. 

To gain 20 per cent, remove point one place to left. 
" 25 " after moving point, add 1-24 

1-20 

28 
30 
32 

iV3 :: :: :: :: 

40 
44 

50 
60 



1-15 
1-12 
1-10' 
1-9 

l/§ 
1-6 
1-5 

1/4 
1/3 

V2 

Example 1.— If goods cost $20.00 per dozen, what is the 
price each, at 20 per cent, profit? 

$2.00 Answer. 
Example 2.— At 35 per cent. 
8)2.00 

.25 



$2.25 Answer. 

TO FIND OUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PER- 
CENTAGE ON AND DISCOUNT OFF A PRICE. 

60 per cent, on a price, i. e. $1.00, is $1.60. This is 371/2 per 

cent, from a price, $1.60=$1.00. 
50 per cent, on a price, i. e. $1.00, is $1.50. This is 331/3 per 

cent, or 1/3 from a price, $1.50=$1.00. 
40 per cent, on a price, i. e. $1.00, is $1.40. This is about 

281/2 per cent, from a Price, $1.40=$1.01. 
33 per cent, on a price, i. e. $1.00, is $1,331/3- This is 25 per 

cent, from a price. $1.331/3 =$1.00. 
25 per cent, on a price, i. e. $1.00 is $1.25 This is 20 per 

cent, or 1-5 from a price, $1.25 =$1.00. 
20 per cent, on a price, i. e. $1.00, is $1.20. This is 16% per 

cent, or 1-6 from a price, $1.29=$1.00. 
162/3 per cent.on a price, i. e. $1.00 is $1,162/3. This is about 

121/2 per cent, or 1/8 from a price, $1.16%=$1.02. 
121/2 per cent, on a price, i. e. $1.00, is $1,121/2. This is 

about 103/4 per cent, from a price, $1.121/2 =$1.01. 
10 per cent on a price, i. e. $1.00, is $1.10. This is about 

91/8 per cent, from a price, $1.10=$1.00. 



To Find out the Price for Single Pieces when Gross Price is 
Known Cthis is very convenient in buying or selling 
articles by the piece when list price is by the gross^. 
Multiply gross price by 7, and point ofE 3 figures from the 

right; those remaining are cents if gross price is dollars 



222 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

and will give the price very near, i. e. $10.00x7=7.000 or 
nearly 7^ each, or 84<f per dozen =$10.08 per gross. 

To Make a List Price from, which a Percentage can be 
Taken and Find Net Cost or Leave a Profit. 

For cost 60 per cent, off, multiply by 10 and divide by 4. 

Example.— $1.00xl0=$10.00^4=$2.50; this less 60 per 
cent. i. e. $1.50= $1.00. 

For profit 60 per cent, off add the profit you intend to 
make and proceed as above. 

For 50 per cent, profit on: 

Example.— $1.00+50=$1.50xl0=15.00^4=$3.75; less 60 
per cent., i. e. $2. 25 =$1.50. 

If you want to make cost price 60 per cent, and wish to 
sell at 40 per cent, for retail for 50 per cent, profit on or 
331/3 per cent, off of sales: 

Example.— $2.50 list less 40 per cent. =$2.50-$1.00=$1.50 
the amount of sale. 

If you wish to sell at wholesale at 50 per cent, and for 25 
per cent, profit on or 20 per cent, off: 

Example.— $2.50 list less 50 per cent. =$1.25, amount of 
sale. 

For cost 50 per cent, off, multiply by 10, divide by 5 
40 " *' '' 10 " 6 

30 '' '' ^' 10 " 7 

25 " *' '• 10 *' 71/2 

20 " '' " 10 *' 8 



The Following Suggestions are Given for Readily 

Obtaining tlie Cost of Goods Sold at a Discount 

From List Prices. 

To deduct 21/2 per cent., subtract 1-40 from amount. 

To deduct 5 per cent., subtract 1-20 from amount. 

To deduct 5 and 21/2 per cent., subtract 1-20 from the 

amount; then 1-40 from remainder. 
To deduct 71/2 per cent. , subtract IV2 times 5 per cent. 
To deduct 10 per cent., subtract 1-10 from amount. 
To deduct 10 and 5 per cent., subtract 1-10 from amount; 

then 1-20 from remainder. 
To deduct 121/2 per cent., subtract l/g from the amount. 
To deduct 15 per cent. , subtract II/2 times 10 per cent. 
To deduct 15 and 5 per cent., subtract 11/2 times 10 per 

cent, from amount, and 1-20 from remainder. 
To deduct 20 per cent., subtract 1-5 from the amount. 
To deduct 20 and 5 per cent. , subtract 1-5 from the amount ; 

then 1-20 from remainder. 



I 



POCKET COMPANION. 



223 



To deduct 25 per cent., subtract 1/4 from amount. 

To deduct 25 and 5 per cent., subtract 1/4 from the amount; 
then 1-20 from remainder. 

To deduct 331/3 per cent. , subtract 1/3 from amount. 

To deduct 35 per cent., add 30 per cent, to 1/2 the amount. 

To deduct 40 per cent., subtract 1/4 from the amount; then 
subtract 1-5 from remainder. 

To deduct 40 and 5 per cent., subtract 14 ; then subtract 1-5 
from remainder; then 1-20. Or, subtract 4-10, and 1-20 
from remainder. 

To deduct 45 per cent., divide by 2 and add 10 per cent. 

To deduct 45 and 5 per cent., divide by 2, add 1-10 and sub- 
tract 1-20. 



Cost 


of Articles by the Piece, from 1 


to 1 Dozen. 


Price 
per 


Cost per Quantity 


Dozen. 


11 ! 10 i 9 1 8 i 7 1 6 1 5 1 4 


3 1 2 1 1 



$1.00 
1.25 
1.50 
1.75 
2.00 
2.25 
2.50 
2.75 
3.00 
3.50 
3.75 
4.00 
4.25 
4.50 
4.75 
5.00 
5.25 
5.50 
5.75 
6.00 
6.25 
6.50 
6.75 
7.00 
7.25 
7.50 
7.75 
8.00 



$.92 
1.15 
1.38 
1.60 
1.83 
2.06 
2.29 
2.52 
2.75 
3.21 
3.44 
3.67 
3.89 
4.13 
4.23 
4.58 
4.81 
5.04 
5.27 
5.50 
5.73 
5.96 
6.19 
6.42 
6.65 
6.88 
7.11 
7.33 



$.83 
1.04 
1.25 
1.46 
1.67 
1.88 
2.08 
2.29 
2.50 
2.92 
3.13 
3.33 
3.54 
3.75 
3.96 
4.17 
4.38 
4.58 
4.79 
5.00 
5.21 
5.42 
5.63 
5.83 
6.04 
6.25 
6.46 
6.67 



$.75 
.94 
1.13 
1.29 
1.50 
1.69 
1 

2.06 
2.25 
2.63 
2.81 
3.00 
3.19 
3.38 
3.56 
3.75 
3.94 
4.13 
4.31 
4.50 
4.69 
4 
5.06 
5.25 
5.44 
5.63 
5.81 
5.0c 



$.67 
.83 
1.00 
1.17 
1.33 
1.50 
1.67 
1.83 
2.00 
2.33 
2.50 
2.67 
2.83 
3.00 
3.17 
3.33 
3.50 
3.67 
3.83 
4.00 
4.17 
4.33 
4.50 
4.67 
4.93 
5.00 
5.17 
5.33 



$.58 

.73 

.88 

1.02 

1.17 



$.50 
.63 
.75 

.88 
1.00 



1.3111.13 
1.4611.25 



1.60 
1.75 
2.04 
2.19 
2.33 
2.48 
2.63 
2.77 
2.92 
3.06 
3.21 
3.35 
3.50 
3.65 
3.79 
3.94 
4.08 
4.28 
4.38 
4.5'. 
4.61 



1.38 

1,50 

1.75 

1.88 

2.00 

2.13 

2.25 

2.34 

2.50 

2.63 

2.75 

2.87 

3.00 

3.13 

3.25 

3.38 

3.50 

3.63 

3.75 

3. 

4.00 



$.42 

.52 

.63 

.73 

.83 

.94 

1.04 

1.15 

1.25 

1.46 

1.56 

1.67 

1.77 

1.1 

1.98 
2.08 
2.19 
2.29 
2.40 
2.50 
2.60 
2.71 
2.81 
2.92 
3.02 
3.13 
3.23 



$.33 

.42 

.50 

.56 

.67 

.75 

.83 

.92 

1.00 

1.17 

1.25 

1.33 

1.42 

1.50 

1.58 

1.67 

1.75 

1.83 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.17 

2.25 

2.33 

2.42 

2.50 

2.58 



3.33 2.67 



$.25 

.31 

.38 

.44 

.50 

.56 

.63 

.69 

.75 

.88 

.94 

1.00 

1.06 

1.13 

1.19 

1.25 

1.31 

1.38 

1.44 

1.50 

1.56 

1,63 

1. 

1.75 
1.81 
1.88 
1.94 
2.00 



$.17 

.21 

.25 

.29 

.33 

.38 

.42 

.46 

.50 

.58 

.63 

.67 

.71 

.75 

.79 

.83 

.88 

.92 

.96 

1.00 

1.94 

1.08 

1.13 

1.17 

1.21 

1.25 

1.29 

1.33 



$.081/3 
.IOV2 
.12V2 
.145/8 
.16% 
.183/4 
.211/8 
.23 
.25 
.291/4 
.311/4 
.33V3 
.351/2 
.37V2 
.395/8 
.41% 
.433/4 
.46 
.48 
.50 
.521/8 
.541/4 
.561/4 
.581/3 
.601/2 
,62V2 
.64^8 



224 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



HOW TO MARK GOODS, 
Suppose an article is bought by the dozen, and the mer- 
chant wants to make 20 per cent. All he has to do is 
remove the decimal point one place to the left. Suppose 
brooms are $2.50 a dozen; then 25 cents each is the cost 
with 20 per cent, added. To make 25 per cent, remove the 
point one place to the left and add 1-24. 
To make 30 per cent, add 1-12 itself. 
331/3 " " " 1-9 

35 - - - l/g 

40 '' " '* 1-6 

44 *' '' '' 1-5 

50 " '' " 14 

60 '^ " " 1/3 

80 " " '' 1/2 

Always remove the decimal point one place to the left 
before making the additions and the sum will be the sell- 
ing price of the single article. 

In calculating the per cent, on a single article if you 
wish to make 
10 per cent, divide by 10, multiply by 11 

^" " " " ■ 12 

8 
13 



20 *' 


" " 10 


25 " 


'' multiply '' 10 divide ' 


30 - 


" divide '* 10 multiply ' 


331/3*^ 


addVs of itself. 


33V3" 


' • divide by 3 multiply by 


50 - 


•' add 1/2 of itself. 



ANTIDOTE FOR POISONS. 
In cases where the other articles to be used as antidotes 
are not in the house, give two tablespoonfuls made nms- 
tard in a pint of warm water. Also give large draughts of 
warm milk or water mixed with oil, butter, or lard. If 
possible, give as follows: 

Poisons. Antidotes. 

Beb-Bug Poison, l 

Blue Vitriol, 
Corrosive Sublimate, i 
Lead Water, i 

Saltpetre. I Give Milk or White of Eggs, in 

iSS^L^^^^'^NC. ^ large Quantities. 
Red Precipitate. 
Vermilion, 
Bismuth, 
Verdigris, 



POCKET COMPANION. 



225 



Poisons. 

Fowler's Solution, 
White Precipitate, 
Arsenic, 



Antidote. 



~] Give prompt Emetic of Mus- 
'■ tard and Salt, tablespoonful 
I of each; follow with Sweet 
J Oil, Butter, or Milk. 

1 Drink warm water to encour- 
! age vomiting. If vomiting 
f does not stop, give a grain of 

J Opium in water. 



'I 

I Magnesia or Soap, dissolved in 
] water, every two minutes. 

J 

/ Drink freely of water with Vin- 
V egar or Lemon Juice in it. 



Antimonial Wine, 
Tartar Emetic, 

Oil Vitriol, 
Aqua Fortis, 
Bi-Carbonate Potass, 
Muriatic Acid, 
Oxalic acid, 

Caustic Soda, 
Caustic Potash, 
Volatile Alkali, 

Carbolic Acid, 

Iodine, 

Iodide OF Potass, 

Chloral Hydrate, 
Chloroform, 

Carbonate op Soda, 

Copperas, 

Cobalt, 

Laudanum, ) Strong Coffee followed by Ground Mustard 
Morphine, > or Grease in warm water to produce 
Opium, ) vomiting. Ke ep in motion. 

Nitrate of Silver, f-Give common Salt in water. 



f Give Flour and 
[ inous drinks. 



Water or Glut- 



) Pour cold water over the head 
[ and face, with artificial res- 
) piration, Galvanic Battery. 

} Prompt Emetics; Soap or Mucil- 
C aginous drinks. 



Strychnine, 
TiNCT. Nux Vomica, 

Phosphorus, 



I Emetic of Mustard or Sulphate 
) of Zinc, aided by warm water. 

Magnesia with water and copious 
draughts mucilaginous drinks. 

In all cases of poisoning, the first step is to evacuate the 
stomach. This should be effected by an emetic which is 
quickly obtained. Mustard or salt (tablespoonful) mixed 
in a tumblerful of water, or 1/2 teaspoonful powdered Ipe- 
cac evory 10 to 15 minutes. When vomiting has already 
taken place, copious draughts of warm water should be 
given to keep up the effect till the poisonous substance 
has been thoroughly evacuated. If vomiting can not be 
produced the stomach-pump must be used. 



226 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



TABLE OF UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN 


MONEY. 


Argentine Republic. 


Peso. 


(t 


$.965 


Austria. 


Florin. 


G 


.336 


Belgium 


Franc. 


G 


.193 


Bolivia. 


Boliviano. 


S 


.68 


Brazil. 


Milreis. 


G 


.546 


British Possessions, N. A. 


Dollar. 




1.00 


Chili. 


Peso. 




.912 


Cuba. 


Peso. 


G 


.926 


Denmark. 


Crown. 


G 


.268 


Ecudor. 


Sucre. 


G 


.68 


Egypt. 


Pound (100 piastres). 


G 


4.943 ' 


France. 


Franc. 


G 


.193 


German Empire. 


Mark. 


G 


.238 


Great Britain. 


Pound sterling. 


G 


4.8665 


Greece. 


Drachma. 


G 


.193 


Guatemala. 


Peso. 


S 


.68 


Hayti. 


Gourde. 


S 


.965 


Honduras. 


Peso. 


s 


.68 


India. 


Rupee. 


G 


.323 


Italy. 


Lira. 


G 


.193 


Japan. 


Yen. 1 


G 

S 


.997 
.734 


Liberia. 


Dollar. 




1.00 


Mexico. 


Dollar. 


G 


.739 


Netherlands. 


Florin. 


G 


.402 


Nicaragua. 


Peso. 


S 


.68 


Norway. 


Crown. 


G 


.268 


Peru. 


Sol. 


S 


.68 


Portugal. 


Milreis. 


G 


1.08 


Russia. 


Rouble. 


G 


.544 


Spain. 


Peseta. 


G 


.193 


Sweden. 


Crown. 


G 


.268 


Switzerland. 


Franc. 


G 


.193 


Tripoli 


Mahbub. 




.614 


Turkey 


Piastre. 


G 


.044 


United States Colombia. 


Peso. 


G 


.68 


Venezuela. 


Bolivar. 


G 


.136 



UNITED STATES. 



10 mills {m) 
10 cents 
10 dimes 
10 dollars 


make 1 

1 

1 

1 

FRANCE. 


cent <t. 
dim.e d. 
dollar $. 
eagle E, 




77. S. 


Value. $. f. m. 


10 Centimes equal 
10 Decime 
20 Franc 
40 " 
5 '' piece " 


1 Decime. .01.8 
1 Franc. ^.18.7 
1 Napoleon (or Louis). 3.72.0 
1 Double Napoleon and (Louis). 7.44.0 

.93.0 



12 Pence 
20 Shillings * 
2 " 


'' 1 Shilling. 

' 1 Found Sterling. 

" 1 Florin. 


10 Florins 
1 Crown 
1 Sovereign 
1 Guinea 


'* 1 pound. 
" 5 Shillings. 
'^ 20 - 
'• 21 *' 



POCKET COMPANION. 227 

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 

77. S. Value. $. <p. m, 
4 Farthings equal 1 Penny 

.22,2 
4.44,4 
.44,4 
4.44,4 
1.08,0 
4.86, 
5.07,5 

SPAIN. 

34 Maravedis equal 1 Real. .11,0 

8 Reals " 1 Dollar or Plate. .88,0 

275 Maravedis " 1 Ducat of Exchange. 2.21,0 

4 Dollars of Plate " 1 Pistole of " 3.88,4 

AMSTERDAM. 

16 Pfennings equal 1 Stiver. .02,0 

20 Stivers " 1 Florinour Guilder. .40,0 

12 Grotes, or Pence Flemish, or 5 1 Shilling. i ., ,. 

6 Stivers. :! Flemish. -^"^'^ 

"t 1ST'" " l^po'^''- ''■*'■' 

J^^Sr^ " {iRix Dollar. .96,0 

HAMBURG. 
12 Pfennings equal 1 Schilling or Sol. 
16 Schillings •• 1 Mark. .28,5 

3 Marks '' 1 Rix Dollar. .85,5 

F R VSSIA. 
12 Pfennings equal 1 Silver Groschen. .02,3 

30 Groschen •' 1 Dollar. .69.0 

DENMARK. 
12 Pfennings equal 1 Skilling. 
16 Skillings •' 1 Mark .08.7 

6 Marks Danish " 1 Rix dollar .52,5 



.07,5 
.75,0 





R VSSIA. 


10 Kopecks 
10 Grieves 


equal 1 Grieve 
1 Ruble 




AUSTRIA. 


4 Pfenning 
60 Kreutzers 
IV2 Florins 


equal 1 Kreutzer 
1 Florin 
" 1 Rix dollar 



.48,5 
.72.7 



228 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

F () K T V a A L . 

77. >S', Yalue. $. <•. m. 

1000 Rees eciuai 1 Milree. 1.24.0 

400 Rees " 1 Crusado of Exchange. .49.6 

480 Rees " 1 New Crusado, .59,5 

R OME . 

2 Mezzi Quattrini equal 1 Quattrino. 

5 Quattrini *' 1 Baioccho. .01,0 

10 Baioccbi *' 1 Paolo. .10,0 

10 Paoli •' 1 Scudo. 1.00,6 

BENGAL mid C ALCVTT A. 
12 Pice e(iual 1 Aiuia. .03.3 

16 Anna '* 1 Rupee. .50,0 

GREEC E . 
100 Lepta equal 1 Lrachma. .16,6 

TURKEY. 

3 Aspers equal 1 Para. .01,0 
40 Paras " 1 Piastre. .40,0 

POKTRAITS ON AMERICAN CURRENCY. 

$1, Washington; $2, Jefferson; $5, Jackson; $10, Webster, 
$20, Hamilton; $50, Franklin; $100, Lincoln; $500, Gener- 
al Mansfield; $1000, De Witt Clinton; $5000, Madison; $10- 
000, Jackson. On silver certificates— $1, Martha Washing- 
ton; $2, Gen. Hancock; $10, Robert Morris. Thos. A. Hen; 
dricks; $20, Commodore Decatur; $50, Edward Everett. 
$100, James Monroe; $500, Charles Sumner, and $1000, W. 
L. Marcy. On gold notes— $20, Garfield; $50, Silas Wright; 
$100, Thomas H. Benton; $500, A. Lincoln; $1000, Alexan- 
der Hamilton; $5000, James Madison; $10,000, Andrew 
Jackson. 

How Birds and Animals are Grouped. 
A table showing in a concise manner how various birds 
and animals are classed: -A covy of Partridges. A wide 
of Pheasants. A wisp of Snipe. A bevy of Quail. A flight 
of Doves or Swallows. A muster of Peacocks. A siege of 
Herons. A building of Rooks. A brood of Grouse. A 
plump of Wild Fowl. A stand of Plovers. A watch of 
Nightingales. A flock of Geese. A cast of Hawks. A 
trip of Dottrell. A swarm of Bees. A school of Whales. 
A shoal of Herrings. A herd of Swine. A skulk of Foxes. 
A pack of Wolves. A drove of Oxen. A sounder of Hogs. 
A troop of Monkeys. A pride of Lions. A sleuth of 
Bears. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



229 



Interest on %1 from 2'fr to 9% to thousandths of a cent, for 
any number of days, or months, and for 1 year. 



Time. 


2% 


3^ 


4%. 


5f. 


6%' 


li 


8f. 1 


9/o 


Ida. 


.00005 


.00008 


,00011 


.00014 


.00017 


.00019 


.00022 


.00025 


2 


.00011 


.00017 


.00022 


.00028 


.00033 


.00039 


.00044 


.0005 


3 


.00016 


.00025 


.00033 


.00042 


.0005 


.00058 


.00067 


.00075 


4 


.00022 


.00034 


.00044 


.00056 


.00067 


.00078 


.00089 


.001 


5 


,00028 


.00042 


.00056 


.00069 


.00083 


.00097 


.00111 


.00125 


6 


.00033 


.0005 


.00067 


.00083 


.001 


.00117 


.00133 


.0015 


7 


.00039 


.00058 


.00078 


.00097 


.00117 


.00136 


.00156 


.00175 


8 


.00045 


.00066 


.00089 


.00111 


.00133 


.00156 


.00178 


.002 


9 


.0005 


.00075 


.001 


.00125 


.0015 


.00175 


.002 


.00225 


10 


.00056 


.00083 


.00111 


.00139 


.00167 


.00194 


.00222 


.0025 


11 


.00061 


.00091 


.00122 


.00153 


.00183 


.00214 


-00244 


,00275 


12 


.00067 


.001 


.00133 


•00167 


.002 


.00233 


.00267 


.003 


13 


,00072 


.00108 


.00144 


.00181 


.00217 


.00253 


.00289 


.00325 


14 


.00078 


.00116 


.00156 


.00194 


.00233 


.00272 


.00311 


.0035 


15 


.00084 


.00125 


.00167 


.00208 


.0025 


.00292 


.00333 


.00375 


16 


.00089 


.00133 


.00178 


.00222 


.00267 


.00311 


.00356 


.004 


17 


.00095 


.00141 


.00189 


.00236 


.00283 


.00331 


.00378 


.00425 


18 


.001 


.0015 


.002 


.0025 


.003 


.0035 


.004 


.0045 


19 


.00106 


.00158 


.00211 


.00264 


.00317 


.00369 


.00422 


.00475 


20 


.00111 


.00166 


.00222 


.00278 


.00333 


.00389 


.00444 


.005 


21 


.00117 


.00175 


.00233 


.00292 


.0035 


.00408 


.00467 


.00525 


22 


.00122 


.00183 


.00244 


.00306 


.00367 


.00428 


.00489 


.0055 


23 


.00128 


.00191 


.00256 


.00319 


.00383 


.00447 


.00511 


.00575 


24 


.00134 


.002 


.00267 


.00333 


.004 


.00467 


.00533 


.006 


25 


.00139 


.00208 


.00278 


.00347 


.00417 


.00486 


.00556 


.00625 


26 


.00145 


.00216 


.00289 


.00361 


.00433 


.00506 


.00578 


.0065 


27 


.0015 


.00225 


.003 


.00375 


.0045 


.00525 


.006 


.00675 


28 


.00156 


.00233 


.00311 


.00389 


.00467 


.00544 


.00622 


.007 


29 


.00161 


.00241 


.00322 


.00403 


.00483 


.00564 


.00644 


.00725 


1 mo. 


.00167 


.0025 


.00333 


.00417 


.005 


.00583 


.00667 


.0075 


2 


.00334 


.005 


.00667 


.00833 


.01 


.01167 


.01333 


.015 


3 


.005 


.0075 


.01 


.0125 


.015 


.0175 


.02 


.0225 


4 


.00667 


.01 


.01333 


.01667 


.02 


.02333 


.02667 


.03 


5 


.00834 


.0125 


.01667 


.02083 


.025 


.02917 


.03333 


.0375 


6 


.01 


.015 


.02 


.025 


.03 


.035 


.04 


.045 


7 


.01167 


.0175 


.02333 


.02917 


.035 


.04083 


.04667 


.0525 


8 


.01334 


.02 


.02667 


.03333 1.04 


.04667 


.05333 


.06 


9 


.015 


.0225 


.03 


.0375 


.045 


.0525 


.06 


.0675 


10 


.01667 


.025 


.03333 


.04167 


.05 


.05833 


.06667 


.075 


11 


.01834 


.0275 


.03667 


.04583 


,055 


.06417 


.07333 


.0825 


1 Yr. 


.02 


.03 


.01 


.05 |06 


.07 


.08 


.09 



Example:- What is the Interest on $50.00 for 1 year; 
3 months and 16 days at 8 per cent? 

Interest on $1.00 for 1 year is . . .08000 

" 1.00 " 3 mo. " . . .02000 

*^ 1.00 '* 16 days" . . .00356 

Interest on $1.00, for 1 yr.. 3 mo., 16 da.. .10356 

Then $50.00 x .10356 = $5,178 interest at 8^, 



230 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Shotmng the Amount of $i Tinprovedat CornpouTijd Inter- 


est for any number of years not exceeding 50. 


Yrs. 


U 


n% \ 2% \ 2\$ \ 3% ! 3Wc i a ; Hfc 1 5^ 1 6^ 


1 


$1.01 


$1.02 


$1.02 


$1.03 


$1.03 $1.04 


$1.04 .$1,051 


$1.05 


$1.06 


2 


1.02 


1.03 


1.04 


1.05 


1.06 1.07 


1.08 


1.09 


1.10 


1.12 


3 


1.03 


1.05 


1.06 


1.08 


1.09 1.11 


1.12 


1.14 


1.16 


1.19 


4 


1.04 


1.06 


1.08 


1.10 


1.13 1.15 


1.17 


1.19 


1.22 


1.26 


5 


1.05 


1.08 


1.10 


1.13 


1.16 1.19 


1.22 


1.25 


1.28 


1.34 


6 


1.06 


1.09 


1.13 


1.16 


1.19 


1.23 


1.27 


1.30 


1.34 


1.42 


7 


1.07 


1.11 


1.15 


1.19 


1.23 


1.27 


1.32 


1.36 


1.41 


1.50 


8 


1.08 


1.13 


1.17 


1.22 


1.27 


132 


1.37 


1.42 


1.48 


1.59 


9 


1.09 


1,14 


1.20 


1.25 


1.30 


1.36 


1.42 


1.49 


1.55 


1.69 


10 


1.10 


1.16 


1.22 


1.28 


1.34 


1.41 


1.48 


1.55 


1.63 


1.79 


11 


1.12 


1.18 


1.24 


1.31 


1.38 


1.46 


1.54 


1.62 


1.71 


1.90 


12 


1.13 


1.20 


1.27 


1.34 


1.43 


1.51 


1.60 


1.70 


1.80 


2.01 


13 


1.14 


1.21 


1.29 


1.38 


1.47 


1.56 


1.67 


1.77 


1.89 


2.13 


14 


1.15 


1.23 


1.32 


1.41 


1.51 


1.62 


1.73 


1.85 


1.98 


2.26 


15 


1.16 


1.25 


1.35 


1.45 


1.56 


1.68 


1.80 


1.94 


2.08 


2.40 


16 


1.17 


1.27 


1.37 


148 


1.60 


1.73 


1.87 


2.02 


2.18 


2.54 


17 


1.18 


1.39 


1.40 


1.52 


1.65 


1,79 


1.95 


211 


2.29 


2.69 


18 


1.20 


1.31 


1.43 


1.56 


1.70 


1.86 


2.03 


2.21 


2,41 


2.85 


19 


1.21 


1.33 


1.46 


1.60 


1.75 


1.92 


2.11 


2.31 


2.53 


3.03 


20 


1.22 


1.35 


1.49 


1.64 


1.81 


1.99 


2.19 


2.41 


2.65 


3.21 


21 


1.23 


1.37 


1.52 


1.68 


1.86 


2.06 


2.28 


2.52 


2.79 


3.40 


22 


1.24 


1.39 


1.55 


1.72 


1.92 


2.13 


2.37 


2.63 


2.93 


3.60 


23 


1.26 


1.41 


1.58 


1.76 


1.97 


2.21 


2.46 


2.75 


3.07 


3.82 


24 


1.27 


1.43 


1.61 


1.81 


2.03 


2.28 


2.56 


2.88 


3.23 


4.05 


25 


1.28 


1.45 


1.64 


1,85 


2.09 


2.36 


2.67 


3.01 


3.39 


4.29 


26 


1.30 


1.47 


1.67 


1.90 


2.16 


2.45 


2.77 


3.14 


3.56 


4.55 


27 


1.31 


1.49 


1.71 


1.95 


2.22 


2.53 


2.88 


3.28 


3.73 


4.82 


28 


1.32 


1.52 


1.74 


2.00 


2.29 


2.62 


3.00 


3.43 


3.92 


5.11 


29 


1.33 


1.54 


1.78 


2.05 


2.86 


2.71 


3.12 


3.58 


4.12 


5.42 


30 


1.35 


1.56 


1.81 


2.10 


2.43 


2.81 


3.24 


3.75 


4.32 


5.74 


31 


1.36 


1.59 


1.85 


2.15 


2.50 


2.91 


3.37 


3.91 


4.54 


6.09 


32 


1.37 


1.61 


1.88 


2.20 


2.58 


3.01 


3.51 


4.09 


4.76 


6.45 


33 


1.39 


1.63 


1.92 


2.26 


2.65 


3.11 


3.65 


4.27 


5.00 


6.84 


34 


1.40 


1.66 


1.96 


2.32 


2.73 


3.22 


3.79 


4.47 


5 25 


7.25 


35 


1.42 


1.68 


2.00 


2,37 


2.81 


3.33 


3.95 


4.67 


5.52 


7.69 


36 


1.43 


1.71 


2.04 


2.43 


2.90 


3.45 


4.10 


4.88 


5.79 


8.15 


37 


1.45 


1.73 


2.08 


2.49 


2.99 


3.57 


4.27 


5.10 


6.08 


8.64 


38 


1.46 


1.76 


2.12 


2.56 


3.07 


3.70 


4.44 


5.33 


6.39 


9.15 


39 


1.47 


1.79 


2.16 


2.62 


3.17 


3.83 


4.62 


5.57 


6.70 


9.70 


40 


1.49 


1.81 


2.21 


2.69 


3.26 


3.96 


4.80 


5.82 


7.04 


10.29 


41 


1.50 


1.84 


2.25 


2.75 


3.36 


4.10 


4.99 


6.08 


7.39 


10.90 


42 


1.52 


1.87 


2.30 


2.82 


3.46 


4.24 


5.19 


6.35 


7.76 


11.56 


43 


1.53 


1.90 


2.34 


2.89 


3.56 


4.39 


5.40 


6.64 


8.15 


12.25 


44 


1.55 


1.93 


2.39 


2.96 


3.67 


4.54 


5.62 


6.94 


8.56 


12.99 


45 


1.56 


1.95 


2.44 


3.04 


3.78 


4.70 


5.84 


7.25 


8.99 


13.76 


46 


1.58 


1.98 


2.49 


3.11 


3.90 


4.87 


6.08 


7.57 


9.43 


14.50 


47 


1.6( 


2.01 


2.54 


3.19 


4.01 


5.04 


6.32 


7.92 


9.91 


15.47 


48 


1.61 


2.04 


2.59 


3.27 


4.18 


5.21 


6.57 


8.27 


10.40 


16.39 


49 


l.GS 


2.07 


2.6^ 


3.3£ 


4.2C 


5.40 


■6.88 


8.64 


10.92 


17.38 


50 


1.64 


2.11 


2.61 


1 3.41 


4.3^ 


5.58 


7.11 


9.03 


11.47 


18.42 



POCKET COMPANION. 



231 



Table showing the net amount of earnings of One Cent 
to Fifty Dollars per day for Five Years of 313 work- 
ing days, without interest and with interest at 5, 6, 
7, and 8, per cent., improved each six montJis. 



^'UTI Vk/VO 


Without 
interest. 


With 


With 


With 


With 


J5tlVlugS 

per day. 


interest 
at 5 ^0 


interest 

ac 6:^ 


interest 

at 1% 


interest 

at Sfc 


1 


$15 65 


$17 53 


$17 94 


$18 36 


$18 79 


2 


3130 


35 07 


35 88 


36 72 


37 58 


3 


46 95 


52 60 


53 82 


55 08 


56 37 


4 


62 60 


70 13 


7176 


73 44 


7516 


5 


78 25 


87 67 


89 70 


9180 


93 95 


6 


93 90 


105 20 


107 65 


110 16 


112 74 


7 


109 55 


122 73 


125 59 


128 52 


13153 


8 


125 20 


140 27 


143 53 


146 88 


150 32 


9 


140 85 


157 80 


16147 


165 24 


16911 


10 


156 50 


. 175 33 


179 41 


183 60 


187 90 


15 


234 75 


263 00 


267 11 


275 39 


281 84 


20 


313 00 


350 00 


358 82 


367 19 


375 79 


25 


39125 


438 33 


448 52 


458 99 


469 74 


30 


469 50 


526 00 


538 23 


550 79 


563 69 


40 


626 00 


70133 


717 64 


734 39 


75158 


50 


782 50 


876 66 


897 03 


917 98 


939 48 


60 


939 00 


1,052 00 


1,076 46 


1,101 58 


1,127 37 


70 


1,095 50 


1,227 33 


1,255 87 


1,285 17 


1,315 27 


80 


1,202 00 


1,402 66 


1,435 28 


1,468 77 


1,503 16 


90 


1,403 50 


1,578 00 


1,614 69 


1,652 37 


1,691 06 


$100 


1,565 00 


1,753 33 


1,794 10 


1,835 96 


1,878 96 


2 00 


3,130 00 


3,506 66 


3,588 19 


3,671 93 


3,757 91 


3 00 


4,695 00 


5,259 99 


5.382 29 


5,507 89 


5,636 87 


4 00 


6,260 00 


7,013 32 


7,176 39 


7,343 85 


7,515 82 


5 00 


7,825 00 


8,766 65 


8,970 49 


9,179 82 


9,394 78 


6 00 


9,390 00 


10,519 98 


10,764 58 


11,015 78 


11,273 73 


7 00 


10,955 00 


12,273 30 


12,558 68 


12.851 74 


13,132 69 


8 00 


12,520 00 


14,027 63 


14,352 78 


14.688 70 


15,031 65 


9 00 


14,085 00 


15.779 93 


16,146 87 


16,523 67 


16,910 60 


10 00 


15,650 00 


17,533 29 


17,940 96 


18,359 63 


18.789 56 


15 00 


23,475 00 


26,299 94 


26.711 46 


27,539 45 


28,184 34 


20 00 


31,300 09 


35,036 58 


35,881 94 


36,719 26 


37,57912 


25 00 


39,125 00 


43,833 23 


44,852 43 


45,899 08 


46,973 89 


30 00 


46,950 00 


52,599 88 


53,822 91 


55,078 89 


56,368 67 


35 00 


54.775 00 


61,366 52 


62,793 40 


64,258 71 


65,763 45 


40 00 


62,600 00 


70,133 17 


71.763 88 


73,438 52 


75,158 23 


45 00 


70,425 00 


78,899 82 


80,734 37 


82.618 34 


84.533 01 


50 OJ 


78,250 00 


87,666 46 


89,704 86 


^i,7ds m 


93,947 79 



232 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Time at which Monet Doubles at Compound Interest. 
At 10 per cent interest, in 7 years 31/2 months; at 9 
per cent., in 8 years 1/2 month; at 8 per cent., in 9 years; 
at 7 per cent., in 10 years 3 months; at 6 per cent, in 11 
years 11 months; at 5 per cent., in 14 years 21/2 months; at 
4 per cent, in 17 years 8 months; at 3 per cent, in 23 
years 51/2 months; at 2 per cent, in 35 years. 

Handy Interest Rules. 
For finding the interest on any principal for any num- 
ber of days, multiply in each case the dollars by the num- 
ber of days, and for ascertaining at the rate of— 
3 per cent.. Divide by 120 9 per cent.. Divide by 40 



90 10 ^' " 36 

72 12 '' " 30 

60 15 " " 24 

52 18 " '' 20 

45 20 " '' 18 



Then by cutting off the two right hand figures, you have 
the interest in dollars and cents. 

Example .'—Interest on $50 for 30 days at 4 per cent., 
50 X 30 equals 15.00, which divided by 90 equals 16%, the 
required result. 

Calculating Interest. 

To find the interest on any given amount for a given 
time: 

For 1 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 36,000. 

For 2 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 18,000. : 

For 3 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 12,000. 

For 4 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 9,000. 

For 5 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 7,200. 

For 6 per cent, multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divde by 6,000. 

For 7 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 6,000 and add 1. 

For 8 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 4.500. 

For 9 per cent. , multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 4,000. 

For 10 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 3,600. 

For 11 per cent., multiply the amount by the^riumber of 
days and divide by 3,600 and add ,\,. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



233 



For 12 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide b.v 3,000. 

For 13 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 3,000 and add A-. 

For 14 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 3,000 and add i 

For 15 per cent., multiply the amount by the number of 
days and divide by 2,400. 

The formula is as follows: 

36,000 

Principal x number of days ^ = interest 

Rate io 



Table showing the number of days from any given day 
in one month to any given day in another month. 



Mo. 


Ja. 


Fe. 


M. 


Ap. 


Ma. 


Ju. 


J'y. 


Au. 


Se 


Oc. 


No. 


De. 


Jan. 


365 


31 


59 


90 


120 


151 


181 


212 


243* 


273 


304 


334 


Feb. 


334 


365 


28 


59 


89 


120 


150 


181 


212 


242 


273 


303 


Mar. 


306 


337 


365 


31 


61 


92 


122 


153 


184 


214 


245 


275 


Apr. 


275 


306 


334 


365 


30 


61 


91 


122 


153 


183 


214 


244 


May. 


245 


276 


304 


335 


365 


31 


61 


92 


123 


153 


184 


214 


Jun. 


214 


245 


273 


304 


334 


365 


30 


61 


92 


122 


153 


183 


Jul 


184 


215 


243 


274 


304 


335 


365 


31 


62 


92 


123 


153 


Aug. 


153 


184 


212 


243 


273 


304 


334 


365 


31 


61 


92 


122 


Sep. 


122 


153 


181 


212 


242 


273 


303 


334 


365 


30 


61 


91 


Oct. 


92 


123 


151 


182 


212 


243 


273 


304 


335 


365 


31 


61 


Nov. 


61 


92 


120 


151 


181 


212 


242 


273 


304 


334 


365 


30 


Dec. 


31 


62 


90 


121 


151 


182 


212 


243 


274 


304 


335 


365 



Rule:— Find the first given month in the left hand col- 
umn, and the second given month in the line at the top 
of the table, and to the number of days found at the in- 
tersection of the two lines, add the difference between the 
days mentioned in the two given months. 

When the number of days given in the first mentioned 
month is greater than the given number of days in the 
second month, then the difference of the days must be 
subtracted. 

Example:— How many days from March 21st to the 
23rd of next September. 

184, the number of days at intersection of the lines, and 
23 - 21 = 2. the difference of the days in the two given 
months. Henco 184 -f 2 = 186 days. 

When February has 29 days, proper allowance must be 
made. 



234 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



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iS-S-S-a o o^l3^ ® 1^ = 1 1 S S o c^iS 



POCKKT COMPANION. 



235 



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236 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Statutes of Limitations— State 
itation of Actimi, the limit 



Lav)s with reference to Lim- 
of years to bring Action. 



STATES 

and 

TERRITORIES. 



Assault. 
Replev- 
in etc. 



Open 
ac'nts. 



^^^^'.ments. 



Sealed <& 
imtnes^d 
InstrHs 



Alabam^ 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District of Columbia.. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts, 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hamp shire 

New Jersey , 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Ontario (U. Canada).. 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Quebec (L. Canada). .. 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington Territory. 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
2 
1 
3 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
2 
2 

2,6 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 

1.2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
5 
2 
5 
2 
1 



6 
5 
4 
2 
6 
6 
6 
3 
5 
6 
4 
10 
20 
10 
5 
5 
5 

20 
3 
20 
6 
6 
6 

20 
4 

20 
20 

6 
10 
15 
10 
15 
5 
6 
6 
5 
6 
6 
6 
4 
4 
14 
5 
6 
6 
6 
15 



20 
10 
5 
3 
6 

20 

20 

12 

20 

7 

5 

20 

20 

20 

5 

15 

10 

20 

12 

20 

10 

10 

7 

5 

5 

20 
20 
10 
20 
10 
15 
10 
15 
30 
10- 
20 
30 
20 
20 
20 
10 
5 
8 

10 
9 
10 
20 
10 



10 
10 



POCKET COMPANION. 237 

EXEMPTION LAWS OF UNITED STATES, 



STATES. 



Value of 
Personal 
Property. 



Acres 

of 
Land. 



Value 

of 

Homestead. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District of Columbia. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts,. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



$1,000 
900 
500 
900 

1,000 
500 

L500 
200 
300 

1,000 
300 
300 
300 
600 
200 
800 
200 

300 
100 
450 
400 
800 
550 
300 
900 



900 
450 
200 
900 
250 
500 
100 
175 
300 
500 
500 
1.200 



200 

200 
450 
900 



160 

160 

§ 

160 



160 
50 



40 
160 

160 



40 

80 

80 

160 

160 



200 

t 
40 



$2,000 
5,000 
2.500 
5,000 
2,000 



1.600 
5,000 
1.000 



1,000 

500 

800 
1,500 

2,000 
1.500 
5,000 
2,000 
5,000 
500 
1,000 
5,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 



1,000 
1,000 
5,000 
1,000 
500 

I 
1.000 

5,000 



* No Homestead Law. f The homestead, land and per- 
sonal property not to exceed $2,000. t Similar to Cahfor- 
nia. § Any number. i| No limit. 



238 HANDY MECHANICAL, 

Rules of Pakliamentary Procedure. 

Trace each motion to its respective references on the 
next page, and you master at a glance the intricacies of 
Parliamentary usages, comprising some three hundred 
points of order: 

Motion to adjourn la*BaJx 

Motion to determine time to which to ad- 
journ 2atAaJx 

Motion to amend 3 a f A <x J x 

Motion to amend an amendment 3a*AaJx 

Motion to amend the rules SafA&Jx 

Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision 

re indecorum lafAaJn 

Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision 

generally 3a*A«Jn 

Call to order la*AaSn 

Motion to close debate on question lafA&Jx 

Motion to commit SbfAaJx 

Motion to extend limits of debate on ques- 
tion lafAaJx 

Leave to continue speaking after inde- 
corum la*A«Jx 

Motion that ... do lie on the table la*CaJx 

Motion to limit debate on question 1 a t A ft J x 

Objection to consideration of question la*A&Sn 

Motion for the orders of the day la*AaSn 

Motion to postpone to a definite time . . 4 a f A a J x 

Motion to postpone indefinitely 3&*AaJx 

Motion for previous question la*AftJx 

Questions touching priority of business 1 a f A a J x 

Questions of privilege SafAaJx 

Reading papers la*AaJx 

Motion to reconsider a debatable question. 3 b * B a J z 
Motion to reconsider an undebatable ques- 
tion la*BaJ z 

Motion to refer a question SbfArtJx 

Motion that committee do not rise la*B«Jx 

Question whether subject shall be discussed 1 a * A & S n 

Motion to make subject a special order 3 a f A 6 J x 

To substitute in the nature of an amend- 
ment 3atAaJx 

Motion to suspend the rules la*BftJx 

Motion to take from the table la*CaJx 

To take up question out of its proper order 1 a * A & J x 

Motion to withdraw a motion 1 a * A a J x 

Questions of precedence of questions 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 

Forms in which questions may be put ... . 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 



POCKET COMPANION. 239 

RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PR0CE1>TJB,E— Condensed. 

1. Question undebatable: sometimes remarks tacitly al- 
lowed. 

2. Undebatable if another question is before the assem- 
bly. 

3. Debatable question. 

4. Limited debate only on propriety of postponement. 

a. Does not allow reference to main question. 

b. Opens the main question to debate. 
*. Cannot be amended. 

f. May be amended. 

A. Can be reconsidered. 

B. Cannot be reconsidered. 

C. An affirmative vote on this question cannot be recon- 
sidered. 

b. Requires two-third vote unless special rules have 
been enacted. 
a. Simple majority suffices to determine the question. 
J. Motion must be seconded. 

5. Does not require to be seconded. 

X. Not in order when another has the floor. 

n. Always in order though another may have the floor. 

z. May be moved and entered on the record when anoth- 
er has the floor, but the business then before the assem- 
bly may not be put aside. The motion must be made by 
one who voted with the prevailing side, and on the same 
day the original vote was taken. 

5. Fixing the time to which an adjournment may be 
made; ranks first. 

6. To adjourn wihout limitation; second. 

7. Motion for the Orders of the Day; third. 

8. Motion that . . do lie on the table; fourth. 

9. Motion for the previous question; fifth. 

10. Motion to postpone definitely; sixth. 

12. Motion to commit; seventh. 

13. Motion to amend; eighth. 

14. Motion to postpone indefinitely; ninth. 

15. On motion to strike out words, "Shall the words 
stand part of the motion ? " unless a majority sustains 
the words they are struck out. 

16. On motion for previous question the form to be ob- 
served is, " Shall the main question be now put?" This, 
if carried, ends debate. 

17. On an appeal from the Chair's decision, "Shall the 
decision be sustained as the ruling of the house?" The 
chair is generally sustainded. 

18. On motion for Orders of the Day, " Will the house 
now proceed to the Orders of the Day? " This, if carried, 
supersedes intervening motions. 

19. When an objection is raised to considering question, 
"Shall the question be considered?" objection may be 
made by any member before debate has commenced, but 
not subsequently. 



240 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Law of Grace on Sight Drafts, and Damages on 
Protested Bills of Exchange. 



STATES. 


ON SIGHT DRAFTS. 


Alabama 


Grace is allowed. 


Arizona 


Grace allowed. 


Arkansas 


No statute. 


California 


No grace. 
No grace. 


Colorado 


Connecticut 


No grace. 

Allowed by statute of 1873. 


Dakota 


Delaware 


No grace. 


District of Colmnbia. .. 
Florida 


No grace. 

No grace by custom. 


Georgia 


No grace. Act Feb. 8, 1850. 
No grace. 


Idaho 


Illinois 


No grace. 


Indiana 


Grace allowed. 


Iowa . 


Grace allowed. 


Kansas 


Grace allowed. 


Kentucky 


Grace allowed. 


Louisiana 


Grace not allowed by custom. 
Grace allowed. Rev. St'ts., p. 264. 
Grace not allowed 


Maine 


Maryland . 


Massachusetts, 


Grace allowed 


Michigan 

Minnesota 


Grace allowed by custom. 
Grace allowed by custom. 
Grace allowed by custom. 


Mississippi 


Missouri 

Montana 


Grace not allowed by custom. 
Grace allowed by custom. 


Nebraska 

Nevada 


Grace allowed by statute. 
Grace not allowed 


New Hampshire 

New Jersey . . ^ 


Grace allowed by Rev. St'ts p 389. 
Grace allowed by statute. 
Grace allowed. 


New Mexico 


New York 


Grace not allowed. Act Ap'l. 1857. 
Grace allowed. Act Jan'y, 1849. 
Grace not allowed Act Feb 1861. 


North Carolina 

Ohio 


Oregon 


Grace allowed by statute. 


Pennsylvania 


Grace not allowed. Act May 1857. 


Rhode Island 


Grace not allowed. Act May 1857. 


South Carolina 

Tennessee 


Grace allowed. Act 1848. 
Grace not allowed by statute. 


Texas 


Grace not allowed by usage. 


Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 


Grace allowed by custom. 
Grace not all'ed. St'te Jan. 1873. 
Grace not allowed by statute 1873. 
No Grace. 


West Virginia 


No grace by custom. 


Wisconsin 


Grace all'ed. Rev. statutes, 1849. 


Wyoming 

Canada 


Grace allowed by custom. 
Grace allowed by custom. 



POCKET COMPANION. 241 

The damages on a domestic Bill of Exchange or note, 
consist of Notaries' fees, postage, &c., and range from 
$1.25 to $2.50, according to the Statute of the State where 
it goes to protest. Foreign Bills, that is, drafts drawn by 
a person out of the United States upon another within the 
same, or the reverse, and protested for non-paymeut, are 
subject to a total expense for protest, &c., of from $1.50 
upwards. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Avoirdupois Weight. 

16 drachms equal 1 ounce. 

16 ounces " 1 pound. 

25 pounds *' 1 quarter. 

4 quarters *• 1 hundred. 

20 hundred " 1 ton 

The English quarter is 28 Il)s. Hundred weight 112 JTjs. 
Ton 2240 pounds. 

Troy Weight. 
24 grains equal 1 pennyweight. 

20 pennyweight " 1 ounce. 

12 ounces '' 1 pound. 

Weighing Diamonds 31/3 grains equal one carat. 
The standard unit of weight (the Troy tb.) is equal to 
22.794422 Inches of distilled water, at the temperature of 
39.83°, the barometer being at 30 inches. This is the 
unit measure of weight, (in the U. S. Mint). 

7000 Troy grains equal 1 lb. avoirdupois. 
175 " pounds *' 144 lb. " 

175 '' ounces " 192 oz. *' 

4371/2 '* grains " 1 oz. *' 

Apothecaries Weight. 

20 grains {gr) equal 1 scruple, or s 

3 scruples '' 1 dram, or 3 

8 drams " 1 ounce, or | 

12 ounces " 1 pound, lb or lb. 

Apothecaries Fluid Measure. ' 
60 minims (or drops) equal 1 fluid dram fl 3 • 

8 fluid drams '* 1 " ounce fl 5. 

16 " ounces *' 1 pint. 

8 pints " 1 gallon. 



242 HANDY MECHANICAL 

45 drops, or a common teaspoonful, make about 1 fluid 
dram; 2 teaspoonfuls about 1 fluid-ounce; a wiueglassful 
about 11/2 fluid-ounces; and a teacupful about 4 fluid- 
ounces. 

Liquid or Wine Measure. 



4 gills equal 


1 pint. 


2 pints 


1 quart. 


4 quarts '' 


1 gallon. 


311/2 gallons 


1 barrel. 


42 gallons *' 


1 tierce. 


63 gallons 


1 hogshead, 


2 tierces " 


1 puncheon. 


2 hogsheads '* 


1 pipe or butt, 


2 pipes 


1 tun. 


The following cylinders contain some of these measures 


very closely. 




Diameter. Height. 


Diameter. Height. 


Gill 13/4 inches. 3 ins. 1 Gallon 


7 inches. 6 ins. 


V2Pmt 21/4 '• 35/8" 2 •• 


7 '• 12 '' 


Pint 31/2 " 3 " 8 


14 " 12 *• 


Quart 31/2 " 6 '' 10 


14 " 15 " 



The Standard Unit of Liquid Measure adopted by the 
U. S. Government is the Winchester Wine Gallon, which 
contains 231 cubic inches, and holds 8.339 lbs. Avoirdupois 
of distilled water, at its maximum density weighed in air, 
the barometer being at 30 inches. 

The Imperial Gallon adopted by Great Britain contains 
277.274 cubic inches, containing 10 lbs. Avoirdupois of dis- 
tilled water, weighed in air, at a temperature of 62°, the 
barometer at 30 inches and equals 1.20032 U. S. gallons. 

To convert Imperial gallons to U. S. gallons multiply 
by 1.20032. And to convert U. S. gallons to Imperial gal- 
lons multiply by .83311. 

United States and British Lineal Measure. 

The Standard Unit of the U. S. and British linear mea- 
sure is the yard. It was intended to be exactly the same 
for both countries, but in reality the U. S. yard exceeds 
the British Standard by =00087 inch. The actual Standard 
of length of the U. S. is a brass scale 82 inches long pre- 
pared for the Coast Survey and deposited in the office of 
Weights and Measures at the U. S. Treasury Department 
Washington. The yard is between the 27th and 63rd in- 
ches of this scale. The temperature at which this scale is 
designed to be standard and at which it is used in the 
U. S. Coast Survey, is 62° Fahrenheit. 

The Imperial (British) standard yard is referred to a 
natural standard, which is the length of a pendulum vi- 



POCKET COMPANION. 243 

brating seconds in vacuo in London, at the level of the 
sea; measured on a brass rod, at a temperature of 62°. 

Long Measure. 

12 inches equal 1 foot. 

3 feet '• 1 yard. 

51/2 y'ds or I6I/2 ft. *' 1 rod. 

40 rods " 1 furlong. 

8 furlongs " 1 mile. 

One yard is .000568 of a mile. One inch is .0000158 of a 
mUe. 

Square Measure. 

144 square inches equal 1 sq. foot. 

9 " feet " 1 sq. yard. 

301/4 " yards " 1 sq. rod. 

40 *' rods " 1 rood. 

4 roods " 1 acre. 

640 acres •' 1 sq. mile. 

An acre is 69.5701 yards square; or 208.710321 feet square; 
220 feet by 198 feet square equal 1 acre. 

Surveyor's Measure. 
7.92 inches equal 1 link. 

25 links '• 1 rod. 

4 rods " 1 chain (66 ft). 

80 chains '' 1 mile. 

A Nautical mile contains 6080 feet. A Statute mile 5280 
feet. Three Nautical miles 1 league; 20 leagues 1 degree; 
6 feet 1 fathom. One knot or geographical mile is 1-60 of 
a degree; 3 knots make 1 marine league; 60 knots or 69.19 
statute miles equal 1 degree. A hair's breadth is 1-48 part 
of an inch. A ship's cable is a chain usually about 120 
(720 ft.) fathoms long. 

Dry Measure. 

2 pints equal 1 quart. 

4 quarts " 1 gallon. 

2 gallons " 1 peck. 

4 pecks " 1 bushel. 

The standard bushel is the Winchester, containing 
2150.42 cubic inches, or 77.627 avoirdupois pounds of dis- 
tilled water at its maximum density. Its diameter (cylin- 
der) inside is I8V2 inches, outside 191/2 inches, its depth is 
8 inches. 

The Imperial (English) bushel equals 2218.192 cubic 
inches, equals 1.03152 U. S. bushels. 

36 U. S. bushels equals 1 chaldron equals 58.658 cubic 
feet and weighs 3,136 pounds. 



244 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



Heaped bushel, 19V2 inches in diameter, cone 6 inches 
equals 2815.4872 cubic inches. 

32 British or Imperial bushels are equal to 38 U. S. bush- 
els. The English quarter equals 8% (nearly) U. S. bushels 
and contains 10.2694 cubic feet. Four quarts or 1/2 peck 
equals 282 cubic inches. 

SOLID OR Cubic Measure. 
1728 cubic inches equal 1 cubic foot. 

27 " feet " 1 " yard. 

128 '' feet '' 1 cord. 

8 feet long, 4 feet wide, 4 feet high, equal 128 cubic feet 
or 1 cord of wood. 2434 cubic feet equal 1 perch of stone, 
or masonry. One cubic foot of water weighs 62iy^ pounds. 
A cubic foot contains 2200 cylindrical inches, 3300 spheri- 
cal inches, or 6600 conical inches. 



214 inches 



4 
4 
3 
5 
6 
4 2-15 



nails 
quarters 



Cloth Measure. 
equal 



1 nail. 
1 quarter. 
1 yard. 

1 ell Flemish. 
1 ell English. 
1 eil French. 
1 ell Scotch. 



Metric, or French Liquid and Dry Measure. 



Litres. TJ. S. Cu. Ins. 



U. S. 



MiUiUtre equal .001 equal .061 = \ ]dJ.^"*^ ooif |?nt. 

Centilitre equal .01 equal .61 = j Brr"^ ioif pini. 

Decilitre equal .1 equal 6.1 = { Dry"^^ .fl^ pint. 

Litre equal 1. equal 61.02 ={^1.7^?;^^^ '''^''^ 

Decalitre equal 10. equal 610.16 ={^f^^^ 2^^ ^'!?^^- 

77. S. Cu. Ft. 
Hectolitre equal 100. equal 3.531 = { ^^^^^ ^'H^ fugh.* 
Kilolitre equal 1000. equal 35.31 = | d^^^ ^28.37^4 bu^sh! 
Myrialitre equal 10000. equal 353.1 = { Dry^^^ m*7^bush. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



245 



Metric, cr French 


Lineal 


Measure. 




Metres. 




U. S. Measure. 


Mynametre 

Kilometre 

Hectometre 

Decametre 

Metre 

Decimetre 

Centimetre 

Millimetre 


equal 10,000. 

1,000. 

100. 

10. 

1. 
.1 

.01 

.001 


equal 


6.2137 miles. 
.62137 " 
328.1 feet. 
393 7 inches 
39.37 
3.937 
.3937 " 
.03937 '' 



Metric, or French Square Measure. 

Sq. Metres. 77. S. Sq. Measure. 

Sq. Centimetre equal .01 equal .155 sq. inches. 
Sq. Decimetre " .1 " 1.55 sq. " 

Centiare '' 1. " 10.763 sq. feet. 

Are " 10. " 119.6 sq. yards. 

Hectare " 100. " 2.47 Acres. 

Sq. Kilometre equal .38607 sq. miles equal 247 acres. 

Sq. Mynametre equal 38.607 sq. miles equal 24708 acres. 



Metric, or French Cubic or Solid Measure. 

Cu. Metres. U. S. Cu. Measure. 

Cubic Centimetre equal .0001 equal 6.10165 cu. inches. 



" Decimetre 


.001 " 61.0165 cu. " 


Centistere 


.01 '^ .353105 cu. feet. 


Decistere 


.1 " 3.53105 cu. " 


Stere 


1. '' 1.3078 cu. yards. 


Decastere 


" 10. " 13.078 cu. '• 


Hectostere 


" 100. " 130.78 cu. " 


Metric, or French Weights. 




Grammes. Avoir. 


Mille2:ramme 


.001 = .00003528 ounce 


Centigramme 


.01 = .0003528 •• 


Decigramme 


.1 = .003528 


Gramme 


2. = .03528 


Decagramme 


10. = .3528 


Hectogramme 


100. = 3.52758 


Kilogramme 


= 1,000. - 35.2758 


Myriogramme 


= 10,000. = 22.04737 pound 


Quintal 
Tonneau 


= 100,000. = 220.4737 


-1,000,000. = 2204.737 



246 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 
THE FRENCH METRE. 



The French metre is intended to be the one ten-mil- 
lionth part of the distance from either pole of the earth 
to the equator; but after it had been introduced into use, 
errors were discovered in the calculations employed for 
ascertaining that distance; so that the French metre, like 
the British standard yard, is not what it was intended to 
be. By the British standard, the length of the metre is, 
approximately, 1.093633 yard; or 3.280899 feet; or 39.37079 
inches. By the U. S. standard it is. very approximately, 
1.0935697 yard; ar 3,280709 feet; or 39.368505 inches. 

The unit of Length is the Metre. The unit of Weight is 
the Gram. The unit of Capacity is the Liter. The unit of 
Area is the Are. A Cubic Metre is called Stere. 

The higher denominations are expressed by prefixing to 
the unit, the Greek words: Deca {\{)),Becto (100), and 
Kilo (1000). Thus, a decametre = 10 Metres; a hfctoliter 
= 100 Liters; a kilogram = 1000 Grammes. 

The lower denominations are expressed by prefixing 
the Latin words : Beei (10) , Centi (100) , Milli (1000) . Thus, 
a decigram is the 10th part of a Gram; a centimetre is the 
100th part of a Metre, etc. 

Common Measures and Weights, with their Metric 
Equivalents. 



Common Measure. 


Equivalents. 


An inch 


2.54 Centimetres. 


A foot 


.3048 Metres. 


A yard 


.9144 


A rod 


5.029 


A mile 


1.6093 Kilometres. 


A square inch 


6.452 Sq. Centimetres. 


A square foot 


.0929 Sq. Metres. 


A square yard 


.8361 Sq. 


A square rod 


25.29 Sq. 


An acre 


.4047 Hectare. 


A Square mile 


259.008 Hectares. 


A cubic inch 


16.39 Cu. Centimetres. 


A cubic foot 


.02832 Cu. Metre. 


A cubic yard 


.7646 Cu. 


A cord 


3.624 Steres. 


A liquid quart 


.9465 Liter. 


A gallon 


3.786 Liters. 


A dry quart 


1.101 


A peck 


8.811 


A bushel 


35.24 


An ounce Avoir. 


28.35 Grams. 


A pound 


.4536 Kilogram. 


A ton 


.9072 Tonneau. 


A grain Troy 


.0648 Gram. 


An oz; " 


31.104 Grams. 


A lb., 


.3732 Kilogram. 



POCKET COMPANION. 



247 



WAGES TABLE — YEARLY, MONTHLY, WEEKLY AND 
DAILY— TEN HOURS TO THE DAY. 



Wages 


Wages 


Wages 


Wages 


Wagis 


Wages 


Wages 


Wages 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 


Year. 


Month. 


Week. 


Day. 


Year. 


Month. 


Week. 


Day. 


$1000 is 


$83.33 


$19.23 


$2.74 


$295 is 


' $24 58 


$5.67 


8lc. 


975 


81 25 


18.75 


2 67 


290 


24.17 


5.58 


79 


950 


79.17 


18,27 


2.60 


285 


23 75 


5.48 


78 


925 


77.08 


17. T9 


2.53 


280 


23.33 


5.38 


77 


000 


75 00 


17.31 


2.47 


275 


22 92 


5.29 


75 


875 


72.92 


16 83 


2.40 


270 


22.50 


5.19 


?4 


SoO 


70.83 


16 35 


2.33 


2G0 


21.67 


5 00 


71 


825 


08.75 


15.87 


2.26 


250 


20.80 


4 81 


69 


^00 


06.07 


15.88 


2.19 


240 


20.00 


4.62 


G& 


715 


C4.58 


14.90 


2.12 


235 


19 58 


4 52 


64 


i50 


C2.50 


14 42 


205 


230 


19.17 


4 42 


63 


Ti5 


GO 42 


13.94 


1 99 


225 


18.75 


4 33 


62' 


roo 


58 33 


13.46 


1.92 


220 


18.33 


4 23 


60 


C75 


56.25 


12.99 


1.85 


215 


17.92 


4 13 


59^ 


G50 


54 17 


12.50 


1.78 


210 


17.50 


4 04 


58 


C>5 


52.08 


12.02 


i.ri 


205 


17.08 


3 94 


56 


coo 


50.00 


11 54 


1 64 


200 


16.67 


3 85 


55 


675 


47.92 


11.00 


1.58 


195 


16.25 


3 75 


53 


650 


45.83 


10 58 


1.54 


190 


15.83 


3.64 


52 


525 


43.75 


10.10 


1.44 


185 


15.42 


3 50 


51 


6(»0 


41.C7 


9.62 


1.37 


180 


15.00 


3 46 


49' 


475 


39.58 


9.13 


1 30 


175 


14.58 


3.37 


48. 


450 


37.50 


8.66 


1.23 


170 


14.17 


3 27 


47 


425 


85.42 


8.17 


1.16 


165 


13.75 


3 17 


45- 


400 


33.33 


7 69 


1.10 


160 


13.33 


3 OS 


44- 


300 


32.50 


7.50 


1.07 


155 


12.02 


2.98 


42i 


3^0 


31.6? 


7.31. 


1.04 


1.50 


12.50 


2 88 


41 


375 


SI. 25 


7.21 


1.03 


145 


12.08 


2 79 


4» 


370 


30.83 


7.12 


l.Ol 


140 


11.67 


2 69 


3'^. 


3C0 


30 00 


0.92 


.99 


135 


11.25 


2.60 


37 i 


350 


29.17 


6.73 


.96 


130 


10.83 


2 50 


3f> 


31) 


28.33 


6.54 


.93 


125 


10 42 


2 40 


3« 


330 


27.50 


;6.35 


.90 


120 


10.00 


2 31 


35 


325 


27 08 


6.25 


.89 


115 


9.58 


2.21 


3L 


320 


20 07 


6.15 


.88 


110 


9.17 


2 11 


30' 


310 


2-i.m 


5.9(5 


.85 


105 


8 75 


2 02 


21 


m) 


2.".. Of) 


5.77 


.82 


100 


H.33 


.,1.92 - 


■^ 27 



TABLE OF BOARD OR RENT. BY THE W.EEK, SHOW* 
ING IT FOR DAYS. 



75 


SI 


().■) 


.07 


11 


.14 


2(» 


.2!i 


32 


.43 


43 


57 


.54 


.71 


(M 


.hi; 


;.' 


I 00 



.29 

l!l4 
1.71 

2.ii!) 
2.86 
3 43 

4.00 



.71 



3.43 
4.29 
5.14 
6. (M) 8.00 



sio 



$11 



l.i 

3.14 
4.71 
6.29 
7.86 
9.43 
11 00 



$12 



10.20 
12.00 



$1& 



lO.Ti 
12.K0 
15.T3U 



248 



HANDY MECHANICAL 



TABLE OF WAGES 
For One IVeek, Two Weeks, Three Weeks, or Four Weehi. 





< 


$1 00 


SI 50 


S2 00 


(2 60 


$3.00 


$3.50 


$1.00 


Si.50 


$5.00 


$5.50 


$6.p^ 


1 


.16% 


,25 


.3314 


.41% 


.V)0 


•5S4 


.06% 


.75 


.834 


.91% 


l.OC^^ 


I 


2 


■ 3314 


.50 


.66% 


.83H 


1.00 


1.16% 


1.3.34 


I.dC 


1.60% 


1.834 


2.0c 


3 


.50 


.75 


1.00 


1.25 


1.5<1 


1.75 


2.00 


2 25 


2.. 50 


2 7.'} 


31KI 




4 


M% 


1 00 


1.33H 


1.66% 


2.00 


2.3.314 


2.66% 


3 00 


3.334 


3.06% 


4.00 




6 


.83Wi 


A.2h 


1.6K% 


2.081^ 


2.50 


2.91% 


3.334 


3.75 


4.10% 


4.. '384 


5.0<] 




ti 


t 00 


1.50 


2.00 


2.50 


3.00 


3.50 


4,00 


4.50 


5.00 


5.50 


GM 


fl 


7 


1.16% 


1.75 


2.33!^ 


2.91% 


3..5() 


IS 


4.66% 


5.25 


5.834 


6.4J% 


7.0ffl 


B 


1.331^ 


2.00 


2 66% 


3.38)/d 


4.00 


5 334 


6.00 


6.66% 


7.334 




^ 


9 


1.50 


2.25 


3.00 


3.75 


4 SI 


5.25 


6.00 


7,5 


7,50 


8.25 


9 0(11 


10 


1 .66^^ 


2.50 


3331^ 


4.16% 


5.00 


5.834 




7..50 


8.. 3.314 


9.10% 


11.00! 


i 


11 


I sm 


2.75 


3 66% 


4.59^ 


5..'JU 


6.^1% 




8 25 


9,10% 


10.084 


12 


2 00 


3 00 


4.00 


5.00 


6.00 


7.00 


8.00 


y.oo 


10.00 


11.00 


12.UQ| 


i 


2331^ 


3.25 


4.3.3% 


5.41% 


6.50 


7.584 


8 00% 


9.75 


10.834 


11.91% 


13.001 


14 


3.50 


4.66% 


5,8314 


7.00 


8.10% 


9.3.34 


10..5(: 


11.06% 


12.8.34 


14 001 


^ 


15 


2,50 


3.75 


5.00 


6.25 


7,. 50 


8.75 


10.00 


11 2r. 


12. .50 


13.75 


1.5.0O' 


16 


2.66% 


4.00 


5.33>^ 


6.66% 


8.00 


9.3.34 


10 66% 


12.00 


13.3.34 


14.60% 


10 001 


1 


17 


2.83}^ 


4.25 


5.66% 


7.08^ 


8.50 


9.91% 


11.334 


12.75 


14.16% 


15-. .584 


17.00 


18 


3 00 


4.50 


e.oo 


7.50 


9 00 


10.50 


12.00 


13.50 


15.00 


16.50 


18.00 


t 


19 


3.16% 


4.75 


6.33V^ 


T.91% 


0.50 


11.084 


12.06% 


14.25 


15,834 


17.41% 


19.00 


20 


3.33>6 


5.00 


6.66% 


8.33vf, 


10.00 


11.60^3 


13.3.34 


15.00 


16.66% 


18.3.3% 


20(K1 


^ 


21 


3.50 


5.25 


7.00 


8.75 


10..50 


12.25 


14.00 


15.75 


17.50 


19.25 


21 0(1 


22 


m 


5.50 


7-335^ 


9.16% 


11.00 


12.834 


14.66% 


16.50 


18.334 


20.16% 


22 001 


t 


23 


5.75 




9.534 


11.50 


13.41% 


15.334 


17.2-. 


10.16% 


21 OSU 


23.0(^ 




24 


4.00 6.00 


8.00 


10.00 


la.oo 


14.00 


16 00 llS.OO 


20.00 22.00' 


24.00 


1 


1 


$6.50 


$7.00 


$7.50 


$3.00- 


$9.00 


$10 


$11 


$12 


$13 


$li 


$15 


ill 


1.08^ 


1.10% 


1.25 


1.334 


1.50 


1 66% 


1.834 


2.00 


2 16% 


2.3.34 


2. .5ft 


2 


2.182^ 


2.3314 


2.50 


2.66% 


3.00 


3.3.34 


3.60% 


4.00 


4.334 


4.60% 


5.00i 


nc 


M 


3.t-> 


3.50^ 


3.75 


4.00 


4.50 


5.00 


5., 50 


6.0(1 


6.50 


7.00 


7..*.(> 


£ 


4 


4.33U 


4.6G% 


5.00 ^ 


5.3314 


6.00 


8! 334 


7.3.314 


8.00 


8.6«% 


9.3.34 


10.00 


5 


5.41% 


5.831^ 


6.25 


6.66% 


7.50 


9.16% 


10.00 


10.834 


11.66% 


12.50 




jb 


6.50^ 


7.00 


7.50 


8.00 


y.oo 


10.00 


11.00 


12.00 
14.00 


13.00 


14.00 


15.00 


1 


>l 


7.5314 


8.16% 


875 


9.3.34 


10.50 


11.66% 


12 834 


15.16% 


J6-33H 


17.50 


8.66% 


9.331^ 


10.00 


10.66% 


12.00 


13.334 


14.60% 


10.00 


17.334 


20.00 


b 


» 


9.75 . 


10.50 


11.25 


12.00 


13.,5(: 


15.00 


16.. 50 


18,0(1 


19.50- 


21.00 


22 50- 


10 


10.63^ 


11.66% 


12.50 


13 3.314 


15.00 


16.66% 


18. 3314 


20.00 


21.0C% 


23.334 


25.00 


o 


11 


11.91% 


12.83^ 


13.75 


14.06% 


16..50 


18.3.34 


20.10% 


2J.00 


23.834 


25.60% 


27.50 


^ 


12 


13.00 J 


14.00 


15.00 


16.00 , 


18.00 


20.00 


22.00 


24.00 
20.00 


26.00 


28.00 


30.00 




13 


14.03H 


15.16% 


16.25 


17.3314 


19.50 


•31.60% 


23.834 


28.10% 


30.334 


32.50i 


td 


14 


15.16% 


16.3.31^ 


17.50 


18.66% 


21.00 


23.334 


25.CC%1 


28.00 


.30.3.34 


.32.66% 


35.OO1 


^ 


lb 


16.25 


17.50 


18. T5 


20.00 


22.50 


25.00 


27.50 


30.(M1 


32.50 


35.00 


37 50 


16 


17.33V^ 


18.66% 


20.00 


21.33% 


24.00 


26.66% 


29.334 


32.00 


.34.60% 


37.334 


40.00 


o 


17 


18.41% 


19.83>4 


21.25 


2.'.GG% 


25.50 


2S.3.34 


31.10% 


34.00 


36.834 


39.06% 


42.50 




18 


10.50 


21.00 


22.50 


24.00 


27.00 


.30.00 


33 00 


3G.00 


39 00 


42.00 


45.00 




19 


OO.bSk, 


-'2.16% 


23.75 ■ 


2.5.3314 


2S.50l31.6C% 


34.834 


38.00 


41.16% 


44.334 


47.50 


s 


20 


21.C6% 


23.331^ 


25.03, 


25.06% 


30.00 33.. 3.314 


.3G.ec% 


40.00 


43.3.34 


46.00% 


.50.00 


^" 


21 


22.75 


24.50 


26.25. 


23,00 


31. .50 35.00 


.38 50 


42.00 


45.50 


49.00 


,52 ."=.0 


22 


•23.831/, 


2.-..6G% 
•26.8.31^ 


27.50 " 


29,33V,!.33,00;3G 66% 


40.334 


44.00 


4?.0(i% 


51.3.34 


.55 00 


^ 


23 


ii.^ria 


28.75 


.30.65% .34 .'■.0,38.. 334 


42.10% 


40,00 


49.834 


53.06^'/, 


.57.50 
60.0* 


z. 


24 


♦J6.00 


2^,00 


.30 00 


.32 00 |36.00!40.00 


44 00 


4S.00 


52.00 |56 00 



POCKET COMPANION. 



249 



TABLE OF WAGES BY THE WEEK, FROM .^3 


TO $gO. 


$2 


12H 


$3 


W^ 


Zi 


%iH 


$5 


Urn 


$7 


S8 


$9 


1.43 


$12 
1.71 


2.14 


$20 


.29 


.36 


.43 


.50 


.57 


.64 


.71 


1 


1.(10 


1.14 


1.29 


2.80 


.08 


.10 


^.13 


.15 


.17 


.10 


.21 




.28 


.33 


.38 


.42 


.50 


.^i 


.83 


.17 


.21 


.25 


.29 


,3:^ 


.38 


.42 


\2 


M 


.67 


.75 


.as 


l.OC 


1.25 


1.67 


.25 


.31 


.38 


.44 


.50 


: .56 


.63 


\i 


M 


1. 00 


i.ia 


1.25 


1.50 


1.88 


2.50 


.33 


A'2 


.50 


.58 


.67 


.75 


.83 


t 


1.17 


i.Jia 


1.50 


1.67 


2.00 


2 50 


3.33 


.50 


.63 


.75 


.88 


1.00 


1/13 


t.25 


,x^ 


1 .75 


2.00 
2.67 


2.25 


2.50 


3.0(J 


3.75 


6.00 


.6? 


.83 


1.00 


1.17 


l.*i 


l..')0 


1.67 


!2r ■ 


2.ai 


iJ.OO 


3.33 


4.00 


5.00 


6 67 


.m 


1.04 


1.25 


1.46 


1.67 


1.8^ 


2. Oh 


ZH 


2.92 


3.75 


4.17 


5.00 


R.;i5 


8.33 


1.00 


1.SJ5 


1.50 


1.75 


2.00 


2.25 


3.50 


3 


3.50 


1,00 


4.50 


5 00 


fi.OO 


7.50 


10.00 


1.17 


1.46 


1.75 


2.04 


2.33 


2.63 


3.92 


ZU. 


4.08 


4.67 


5.25 


6.83 


7.00 


8.75 


11.67 


\M 


1.67 


2.00 


2.33 


2.67 


3.00 


3.3:^ 


i 


4.67 


5.3;^ 


G,OU 


6.«7 


8.(HJ 


10.00 


13.33 


,50 


1.88 


2.25 


ZM 


3.0(1 


3.3^ 


3.75 


«^ 


5.25 


6,00 


6.7& 


7. SO 


9.00 


11.25 


15 00 


V67 


a.oe 


2.50 


2.92 


3.33 


3.75 


4.17 


5 


5.83 


6.67 


7.50 


8 33 


10.00 


1',>.50 


16 67 


\'m 


2.29 


2.75 


3.21 


3.67 


4.1.1 


4.58 


6^ 


6.42 


7.33 


8.25 


0.17 


11.00 


13.75 


18.33 


2.00 


2.50 


3,00 


3.50 


4.00 


4.50| 


5.00 


6^ 


7.00 


8.00 


9.00 


10.00 


12.00 


15.00 


20.00 



ExpLANATiONs.—The rate per week will be found in the top lines, 
and the time, in the middle columns. For example, at $7 per week, 
the wages for four-and-A-balf days will amount to |5.S5. 



TABLE OF WAQES BY THE DAY.— T-*^ 10 Hour System, 



$1 


WH 


$1H 


11% 


%z 


$2H 


MM 


Sours. 


$2% 


%l 


?3J^4 


5S3/a 


%l 


$1H 


$B{ 


.10 


.13 


.15 


.18 


.20 


.23 


.25 


1 


2« 


30 


.:« 


35 


40 


45 


50 


.20 


.25 


.30 


.35 


.40 


.45 


.5(1 


2 


55 


60 


0/, 


70 


80 


90 


1 00 


.30 


.3S 


.45 


.53 


.60 


.68 


.75 


3 


>3 


90 


98 


1,0.-) 


1.20 


1.35 


1.50 


.40 


.do 


.60 


.70 


.80 


.90 


1.00 


4 


1 10 


1.20 


1 , 30 


1 40 


1 6(1 


1 80 


2.00 


.50 


.63 


.75 


.88 


1.00 


1.13 


1.25 


' 5 


1-.38 


l.f)0 


1 -m 


1.75 


2 00 


2 25 


2 50 


.60 


.75 


.90 


1.05 


1.20 


1.35 


1.50 


6 


1 fi5 


1 80 


1 95 


2 ]() 


2,40 


2.70 


:i 00 


.70 


.88 


1.05 


1.23 


1.40 


\.h^ 


1.75 


7 


1.93 


2 10 


2 28 


2.45 


2.80 


3,15 


3.50 


.80 


1.00 


1.20 


1.40 


1.60 


1.80 


2.00 


8 


2.20 


2.40 


2.60 2.80 


:j 20 


3,60 


4.00 


.90 


1.13 


1.35 


1.,% 


1.80 


2.03 


2.25 


9 


2.48 


2.70 


2.93 3.15 


3.60 


4.05 


4..iO 


1 00 


1 26 


1..50 


1.75 


2 00 


'Z.2T> 


2.50 


10 


2.75 


3.00 


3.25'3.50 


4.00 


4.50 5.00 



TABLE OF WAGES BY THE DAY 


.— The 8 Hour 


System. 


$1 


$1M 


$1^ 


%\% 


$2 


$2^ 


$2H 


Ccurs. 


$2% 


$3 


$3^4JS3H 


,50 


$1H 
56 


$3 


.13 


.16 


.19 


.22 


.25 


.28 


.31 


1 


.34 


.3S 


41 


44 


63 


.25 


.31 


.38 


.44 


..-^^o 


..56 


.63 


2 


.69 


75 


.81 


.88 


1 00 


1 13 


1.25 


.38 


.47 


.50 


.6(i 


.75 


.84 


.94 




1.03 


1 13 


1.22 


1,3] 


1 50 


1 69 


1 88 


.50 


.63 


.75 


.88 


1.00 


1.13 


1.25 




1.38 


1.^0 


1.G3 


1 75 


2 00 


2 25 


2.50 


.63 


.78 


.94 


1.09 


1.25 


1.41 


1.56 




l.'A> 


1.H8 


2.03 


2 19 


2 50 


2 81 


3,13 


.15 


.94 


1.13 


1.31 


1.50 


1.69 


\M 




2.06 


2,25 


2.44 


2 63 


3 00 


3 38 


3 75 


M 


1.09 


1.31 


1.53 


1.75 


1.97 


2.19 




2.41 


2.63 


284 


3 06 


3.50 


3 94 


4 38 


1.00 


1.25 


1.50 


1.75 


L' 00 


2.25 


2 50j 


[ 8 


2.75 


3 00 


3 25 


3 50 


4.00 


4.E.0 


5 00 



250 



HANDY MECHANICAL, 



TABLE OF WAGES BY THE WEEIC. 
''TentHours *llcr Day. 



Per 


5 


4 


3 


2 ^ 


'1 


H 


Va. 


/I 


Week. 


Days. 


Days. 


Days. 


Days. 


Day. 


Day. 


Day. 


Hour. 


2.00 


2.08^ 


1 33V4 


1.00 


.66% 


..33H 


.16.00 


. 8 33 


3 r.c 


2.50 


l'6t)% 
2.33U 


1 2-> 


.21% 
.084 


.20 08 


.10 4 


4 k 


3.50 


2.91^ 


1.75 


1.10% 


.20 J 


10.06 


5 OS 


4.00 


s.asvf. 


5J.66% 


2.00 


1.3,3^^ 


66% 


.33 33 


6 C6 


4.50 


3.75 


3.00 


2.25 


1.50^ 


75 


.374 


.18 y, 

.20 08 


7 4 


6.00 


IJsH 


3.33^ 


2..'-)0 


K83ii 


.834 


.41.06 


8 33 


5.f)0 


3 66% 

4 33V^ 


2.75 


.01% 


.•15.03 


.22 23 


9 k 


6.00 


5.41% 
5>83^ 


3 25 


Vii 


1.084 


.54 ^ 


.27.12 


10.08 


7.00 




3.50 


1,10% 


.58.33 


,29 k 
31 4 


11 06 


7.50 


G.25 


5:00~"^ 


3.75 


2 50 


1 25 


.024 


!1S^ 


8.00 


fi.GG^ 


5.33'/^ 


4.00 


2 GC,% 


1,3.34 


.60.60 


.33,33 


9.00 


7.50 


6.00 


4.50 


3.00 ■ 


i.r,o 


.75 


.37 4 


15 \ 


10.00 


8.33V^ 


7.33^ 


5.00 


3.3314 


1 00% 


.83 33 


.41.C6 


10 66 


11.00 


9. 1C% 


5.50 


3,60% 


1.834 


.01.06 


.45,08 


18.33 


13.00 


10.83H 


8 66% 

9 .3.3^ 


6.50 


4.33>/, 


2 10% 


1.08.33 


.54 4: 


21.60 


14.00 


11.66^. 
13 33|^- 


7 00 


4.00% 


2,33>$ 


1 . 10 66 


.58.66 


.23^3 


16 00 


io.6r.% 


8.00 


5 3014 


2,60% 


1.33.33 


,66.66 


26 66 


17.00 


I5.83i| 


11.3.3^ 


8.. 58 


5.66% 
3.3>/i 


2.834 


1,41,66 


.70.03 


28.3.3 


10 00 


12.66% 
13.3314 


0.50 


3 16% 


1,58,33 


.70 ^: 


31^66 


20.00 


16 66% 


10.00 


6 66% 


3 334 


1.66 66 


,83.33 


a3;33 


21.00 


17.50 


14.00 


10 50 


7.00 ' 


3 50' 


1 . 75 


■ S7 4 
.01.60 


85 


22.00 


18 3.31/, 


14.66% 
15.33>/<{ 


11.00 


7.3.34 


3 06% 


1.83.33 


36.rtr, 


tJ3 00 


19.16% 
20,83>^ 


11.50 


7.60% 


3 H34 


1.01.00 


.95,0a 


38.33 
Sl.i-6 


25.00 


16.66%, 


lij.50 


8,334 


4 16% 


•.; OS aa 


1 .01 %, 



IIsTDEX. 

Page No, 

Acre, hills and plants on 1^ 

hills in an - |^ 

planted in rows or drills |o/ 

measure of - 'looiok 

seeds, bulbs, etc., required for .... ^'^'1^5 

seeds to an 1^ 

square feet and feet square |^ 

to estimate grain crops for j^^ 

Air, in motion 1{^ 

Alcohol in liquors, proportion of -io 

Alloys and composition - - - - - - - - "^'^a 

fusible points of ^^ 

Alphabets of different languages ^1^ 

American and German type - l*g 

currency, portraits on ^^° 

Amount of earnings of 1 cent to $50 per day, for live yea is 1«1 

Animals, ages of -- -^^ 

Appleby's table single-acting pumps lo^ 

Area of a circle, rule for - -'}:^ 

Areas, circumferences, etc irt 

of cylinders ... - oo ol 

Belting, horse-power of . - - o_-gt 

planing machines g^ 

remarks on .-- do 

velocity of 'tqi i5k 

Bins and graneries, contents of ... - - l=^*'l^ 

Birds and Animals, grouping of ..---- ^ 

Birds ages attained by 204 

Black wash --.., lo2 

Blackening, for moulds . - IKi 

Blasting 211 

Blue print solution 't^n^^a 

Board measure . - , . ,....- ^^^^j^^ 

contents of 1 lineal foot of timber ... - loO 

Boiler makers, facts for „ - 23 

tubes, surface of ........ ^]^ 

pressure allowed for Government rule " " " o? 

decrease of strength 2| 

Fairbairn's dimensions of rivets for . , . 23 

horse-power of , . . 24 

thickness of . . . , 22 

Bolts and nuts, dimensions of 52 

diameters and breaking strain . . . 214 

Boots, to render water-proof . 184 

Boring and turning = • • • ^aI 

Boxes, capacity of 195-196 

Brazing 1^ 

Brick work 88-89 

Bricks, number required ,90 

red wash for 89 

Bronzing 181-182 

Castings, shrinkage of ........ . 208 

Cattle, age of . , 198 

Cements 176-178 

Chemical kingdom 5-6 

substances, common names for . . 216-217 



II 

Cisterns, capacity of 170-171 

Consumption of coal in engines 167 

of hay for food 200 

Copyright, regulations lU. S.) ..... . 175 

Cores and core prints, reduction for 215 

Corn, to protect newly planted 189 

Clorn stalks, to protect from mice 190 

Cost of articles by piece or dozen 223 

Couplings, tlang and half lap .... = . 16 

Cubic feet, weight of in different substances . . 199 

Cutter, speed of 20 

Days from 1 month to given day in another . . . 233 

Decimal approximation for calculations . . 144-145 

equivalents for fractions of 1 inch ... 147 

fractional equivalents . . . . . . 148 

parts of a carat ....... 148 

foot 146-147 

pound 148 

Difference between percentage on and discount . . 221 

Distance in feet gone by in a second .... 207 
Domestic animals, value of food for .... 199-200. 

Draining, laying pipe for 191 

Drawing, colors for 212 

Dyeing _ 95-98 

Electricity, conductors and non-condxxctors of . . 80 

Enamels 179 

Engines, horse-power of ,...,.. 210 

Etching, solution for iron and steel .... 183 

Everlasting paste 183 

Exemption laws of the United States .... 237 

Farmers, facts for 185 

Fields and lots, contents of 191 

Files, recutting 181 

remarks on the use of 208 

Flour paste - 182 

Fly-wheels , . . . . 212 

Fodder, nutritive qualities of 200 

Food in stock raising, relative value of - - - - 201 

Foods, nutrition in 203 

Foot soldier, speed of in 1 minute - - - - - 213 

Force requisite to move a body - 207 

Freight car, capacity of - 196 

Fresh water, component parts ------ 204 

Gas, delivery of coal ........ 54-55 

Gas metre, state of _ ^6 . 

Gas pipe, diameter and length of ----- 55-56 

Gearing, horse-power of ------- ig 

pitches for 8 

scales for - .9-12 

simple rules for ------- 13 

Glues - - 180 

Goods, how to mark -------- 224 

Grains, legal weights of - 199 

and fruits, comparative yield of . -- - 191 

Grindstones, weight of ------- 208 

Gross price known, to find single i)rice - . - - 221 

Hands, to clean from dye 182 

Heat, effects of 211 

Hersshel's table for foretelling weather - - - - 218-219 

Hogs, corn for food for ---.-.. 202 

Holes in castings, cement for ------ 181 

Hoops, angle iron - - - 17 

Horn, to soften - 182 

Horse, power of - 206 



Ill 

Household weights and measures 204-205 

How to bend brass rule 105 

Ice, strength of 212 

Interest, calculating 232 

compound, time money douliles . . . 232 

handy rules on 232 

$1 compounded 230 

rates of 234-235 

on$l 229 

Iron, to prevent rusting 183 

value of per ton . 181 

Knots, to kill 181 

Law, facts in . . . , 219 

List price by which to find per cent, and net cost . 222 

to find cost discounted from . . . 222 

Loam - . 182 

Logs and planks, to prevent splitting .... 184 

Machinery, depreciation of 174 

Man, power of 208 

Masonry 213 

Measurement, cisterns and casks 197 

corn in cob 196 

" crib ...... 19S 

grain in bins ...... 196 

of hay 197 

Mensuration of solidity of timber ..... 151 

of solids 214 

of surfaces 214 

of timber, flat or board measare . . 150 

Metals, average lineal expansion of . . - . 209 

relative hardness of 209 

to convert weight of 145 

Metric equivalents 246 

Metre French , . . . . 246 

Notes, relating to . - - 219-220 

Number rivets in 100 pounds ..--.- 44-45 

Painting, glazier's putty 94 

rules for -...---. 94 

to soften putty - - 94 

washes - 95 

Paints or inks, how to mix .--... 109 

Parliamentary proceedings 238-239 

Parting sand 182 

Patent fees, schedule of (U.S.) 176 

Patterns, shrinkage of castings in ----- 215 

weights of castings for 215 

Petroleum, cutting metal with . . . . . 184 

Piling 213 

Pipes, gallons and cubic feet of water in - - 172 

Piston speeds, length of stroke . . - - . 168 

units of H. P. for 168 

Pitch, diametral and circular 12 

Plants, hills or trees in acre - 186-187 

Plastering, materials for 90-91 

Plating metals 81-84 

cleansing of 85-87 

Plummer-blocks, proportions of 18 

Poisons, antidote for 224-225 

Polishing compounds 180-181 

Polygons --..----..- 174 

Population, center of 206 

Poultry, food for 201 

Printing, a corrected proof sheet ----- 115 

amount of paper required - - - . 107-108 

casting of copy 104 

colored on paper - 112 

combination leads - 103 



lY 

Printing, complete table of signatures . . . , 117-119 

composition rollers ...... 109 

corrections of the press , . . , , 113 

first proof from the type . . . . , 114 

folding paper 106-107 

how to estimate quantity of type ... 105 

imposition of forms ...... 120-143 

ink, how to mix 109 

leads and slugs Ill 

leads for newspapers Ill 

marks or punctuation . . - . , 113 

newspaper measurement . . , . , 110 

proof sheet corrected 116 

Riley's indispensable 105 

roman numerals 105-106 

standard newspaper measure . . , . Ill 

weight of matter ....... 112 

Proportion of the circle and its equal .... 213 

Pulleys, keys for 19 

metal, round eye of 19 

speed of . 35-36 

Rail fences - , . 193 

Railway signal code ,. = ,.,.. 207 

Ready reckoning and accounts 220 

Rock and earth, measure of .. = ... 207 

Rooting, corrogated iron .. = .-.. 93 

Round timber, cubic contents of . . , . . 158 

when squared, cubic contents of = 159 

Saw logs, reduced to board measure . . . .- 149 

Saws, speed of 208 

Scantling measure 152-154 

Screws, cutting by lathe , . 14 

gearing up lathes for cutting . , = . 15 

threads f orEnglish standard . , . - 16 

threads f or U. S 15 

Seeds, amount of oil in 204 

number in pound ....... _ 187 

quantity to plant a given space .... 185-186 

vitality of 188 

Shafting, distances between bearings - . - . 19 

horse-power of 27-31 

Sheep and goats, ages of 198 

food for 202 

Ship building, Lloyd's rule for 23 

Shipping admeasurement 215 

Shingles, facts about 91 

Skates, sizes compared with shoes - . - . - 212 

Slating, facts about 92 

Slates, sizes of - - 93 

Soldering or welding, fluxes for 210 

Solders 210 

Sound, speed of 207 

Sight drafts and protested bills 240 

Staining for wood 183-184 

Standard contents of logs .-----. 160 

Statutes of limitations ...--.- 236 

Steam boilers, covering for 162 

cylinders, thickness for 18 

lap required for slide valves .... 166 

pressure of 162-164 

remarks on 164 

temperature of 161 

to ascertain average pressure of - - - - . 166 

to find lap and lead 165 

vacuum to temperature, ratio . . - - 165 

velocity of - 167 

Steel, preservation of 3B3 



V 

Steel, to ascertain heat of . . . . . . . 209 

Stone work 88 

Strength of cast iron square beams .... 57 

cast iron columns 63-65 

flat and round ropes . . . . . 67-68 

hollow cast iron pillars .... 64 

manilla cordage 66 

materials to resist transverse strain . 65 

metals, relative power to resist torison 59 

metals, tensile . . , . . 59 

rolled iron beams ..... 65 

ropes, chain cables and anchors . . 67 

short linked crane chains or ropes . . 66 

white pine struts or pillars . . . 60-62 

wrought iron drawn tubes .... 68 

Sq.uar8 frames, number of feet in 173 

timber, cubic contents of 157 

Table for marking articles @ given per cent, advance 221 

Tempering recipes 21-22 

steel 20-21 

Tile, capacity of gallons 192 

draining of by different sizes of ... . 192 

Tin rooting, cost of 92 

To compute weight of cattle 198 

Township plat 205 

Tracing paper c . 184 

Trees, growth of . 203 

United States and foreign money , . . . . 226-228 

Varnishes 178-179 

Wages, tables, monthly, weekly, daily, etc - - - 248-250 

Watch maker's oil , . .- , 181 

Water annealing , 183 

at different temperatures ..... 217 

flows of, at fall of 10 feet 209 

power to raise . 170 

pressure lbs per square inch - . . . 209 

Weight of materials 38 

cast iron pipes, etc 43-44 

English tin plates 52-53 

flat rolled iron - 50 

galvanized sheet iron . . . . . SS 

iron, brass, copper, lead . . - _ 42 

iron, steel, copper and brass wire - - 46 

lead pipe 39-40 

leaden balls 40 

number nails in 1 pound . - . . 45 

tacks in 1 pound - . . . 46 

parallel angle and T iron .... 44 

round bolt copper 41 

sheet and bar brass --.--• 41 

shot 41 

square and round malleable bar iron - 4748 

taper, angle and T iron - - - - . 45 

water at different temperature ... 51 

*' in pipes of various diameters 51 

window glass 40 

wrought iron, steel, copper and brass 47 

Weights and measures 241-245 

miscellaneous 203 

Welding steel, mixture for --.... 183 

Wheat, English weight of - - .... 204 

Wines and liquors 215 

Wire guages, American and English .... 33 

rope, horse-power of 37 

Wood-working machinery, velocity of - - - - 7 

Woods for fuel, value of 212 

Wrought iron welded tubes, dimensions of - - - 53-54 



CELF-INSTRUCTIONiN 
PRACTICAL 

1 CHARLES S. MACNAIR. 

BUSINESS 
QUALIFICATIONS. ^ 



* 



PRICE, MAILED, $2.50. 

I HE greatest work ever produced 
J by human brain, a genuine Self- 
Instructor 0" every day business 

requirements and practical business 

book-keeping, etc- 



NOTE OUR CONFIDENCE. 

IF NOT SATISFIED, RETURN AND BACK 
GOES YOUR MONEY, 

CAN WE OFFER FAIRER? 

You cannot invest $2.50 to better advan- 
tage. Try it. Don't doubt s we know 
you will be deliglited. 

(e)ECOND EDITION contains a lucid and full (self-instruc- 
^ tion) explanation of Joint Stock Company Book-keeping, 
J filling a vacancy much needed, both for Students and 
practical Book-keepers. 

CHARLES S. MACNAIR PUBLISHING CO.. 

Detroit, Mich. 



K}Xj 













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